Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of quaternary alkaloids in Coptis-scute herb couple by Electrospray mass Spectrometry

A practical solution of qualitatively analyzing quaternary alkaloids in coptis-scute herb couple by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) was developed. Without the complicated pretreatment of sample, the active ingredients including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine, and columbamine were identified and some relative content changing rules of alkaloids in coptis-scute couple were summarized in this article. The overall profiles of the complex extracts were obtained.

Synthesis and characterization of photo-cross-linked hydrogels based on biodegradable polyphosphoesters and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers

Novel biodegradable hydrogels by photo-cross-linking macromers based on polyphosphoesters and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are reported. Photo-cross-linkable macromers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic phosphoester monomer 2-(2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholoyloxy) ethyl methacrylate (OPEMA) using PEG as the initiator and stannous octoate as the catalyst. The macrorners were characterized by H-1 NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography measurements. The content of polyphosphoester in the macromer was controlled by varying the feed ratio of OPEMA to PEG. Hydrogels were fabricated by exposing aqueous solutions of macromers with 0.05% (w/w) photoinitiator to UV light irradiation, and their swelling kinetics as well as degradation behaviors were evaluated. The results demonstrated that cross-linking density and pH values strongly affected the degradation rates. The macromers was compatible to osteoblast cells, not exhibiting significant cytotoxicity up to 0.5 mg/mL. "Live/dead" cell staining assay also demonstrated that a large majority of the osteoblast cells remained viable after encapsulation into the hydrogel constructs, showing their potential as tissue engineering scaffolds.

Analysis of five pharmacologically active compounds from the Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A high performance capillary electrophoresis method with diode array detector detection for the determination of five bioactive ingredients in Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia, namely quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid, has been developed. The effects of several factors, such as the acidity, concentration of running buffer, separation voltage, temperature, and SDS concentration were investigated. The optimal conditions were 44 mmol/L boric acid running buffer (pH 8.5), 45 mmol/L SDS, 16 KV voltage, 20 degrees C, and 10.0% (V/V) of acetonitrile. Under the optimum conditions, five components could be separated with a good baseline resolution within 17 min. The calibration curves showed good linear relationship over the concentration range of 5 x 10(-4)similar to 0.1 mg/mL for quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and 1 x 10(-3) similar to 0.1 mg/mL for oleanolic acid. The average recoveries of the method and RSD were ( 99.2%, 3.2%) for quercetin, (102.1%, 2.1%) for rutin, (99.4%, 1.5%) for saussurenoside, (98.9%, 1.8%) for kaempferol, and (99.0%, 2.9%) for oleanolic acid, respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.1 x 10(-4) mg/mL for quercetin, 2.6 x 10(-4) mg/mL for rutin, 1.8 x 10(-4) mg/mL for saussurenoside, 2.9 x 10(-4) mg/mL for kaempferol, and 6.3 x 10(-4) mg/mL for oleanolic acid, respectively. The method was simple, rapid, and reproducible and could be applied for the determination of quercetin, rutin, saussurenoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid in Tibetan medicine Elsholtzia, and the assay results were satisfactory.

超声与磁粉强化含单宁废水生物处理研究

单宁是一种典型的有毒难降解污染物，在制革、造纸、制药、印染等行业废水中广泛存在，对水环境造成污染并且影响废水生物处理效果。本研究针对含单宁废水生物处理效率低、较高浓度时微生物受抑制且污泥容易膨胀等问题，采用超声和磁粉来强化含单宁废水生物处理，研究超声和磁粉对微生物活性、污染物去除及污泥沉降性能的影响，并对其作用机理进行了分析和探讨。 研究结果表明，活性污泥系统中单宁酸容积负荷可以达到1.8kgCOD/(m3·d)，单宁酸和COD去除率分别达到85.2%和79.6%，但如果负荷进一步增大则微生物活性迅速降低。系统在pH 5~8、温度20~35℃、DO>1 mg/L的条件下具有较好的单宁酸降解效果和处理稳定性。单宁降解动力学参数为：μmax =0.208h-1；Ks=226mg/L；Ki=522mg/L；kd=0.0092h-1；Y =0.594。 磁粉对系统处理效果和污泥沉降性能有一定的促进作用，且效果要优于外磁场。适宜的磁粉粒径和投加量分别为0.05~0.15mm和1.0g/L，COD去除率比对照系统提高6.4%，SVI降低28.6%，污泥絮体结构紧密。磁粉强化主要是通过其对污泥菌胶团的凝聚、吸附作用以及对微生物活性的强化作用实现。 在适当强度（0.4W/cm2）和辐照时间（20min）的超声作用下污泥絮体和细胞膜通透性增大，酶分泌也增多，系统的COD去除率比对照提高了8.8%，单宁酶酶活提高了11%。但超声也使污泥絮体结构松散，沉降性能下降，SVI比对照系统升高9.3%。 由于污泥流失加剧导致污泥浓度相对较低，声磁联合强化系统相对于磁粉强化系统其处理效果并没有提高。但相对于单纯活性污泥系统，声磁联合作用下系统处理效果、污泥沉降性能以及系统运行稳定性都得到明显改善。本研究为难降解废水的生物处理提供了一个新的思路。 Tannins are typical refractory and toxic pollutants that commonly exist in wastewater from dye, medicine, paper and leather industries and cause many problems associated with environmental pollution and biological treatment of wastewater. Biological treatment efficiency of tannin-containing wastewater is usually low owing to its biological toxicity and low biodegradability, microbes are usually inhibited under high tannin concentration and sludge bulking frequently occurs. In this study, ultrasound and magnetic powder were used to improve the biological treatment performance of simulated tannic acid-containing wastewater. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation and magnetic powder on microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were investigated. The augmentation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed. The experimental results showed that the microbes were prominently inhibited under high tannic acid concentration, but moderate degradation efficiency can be maintained under a tannic acid load of up to 1.8kgCOD/(m3·d), with the tannic acid degradation and COD removal percentage of 85.2% and 79.6% respectively. The highest degradation rates and treatment stability were achieved at pH range of 5~8, temperature range of 20~35℃ and DO concentration of above 1mg/L. The kinetic parameters were estimated, including: μmax =0.208h-1；Ks=226mg/L；Ki=522mg/L；kd=0.0092h-1；Y =0.594. The microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were improved by adding Fe3O4 magnetic powder, and the augmentation performance was better than external magnetic field. The appropriate particle size and dosage of magnetic powder were found to be 0.05~0.15mm and 1.0g/L, respectively, under which the COD removal percentage was improved by 6.4% and SVI value decreased by 28.6%, and compact floc structure was observed. This was mainly caused by the flocculation and adsorption effects of magnetic powder against sludge floc and the stimulation of microbial activity under appropriate magnetic field. Under appropriate ultrasonic irradiation (ultrasonic intensity 0.4W/cm2, ultrasonic irradiation time 20min), the permeability of floc and cell membrane are improved, transfer of substrate and oxygen were reinforced; meanwhile, more enzyme were produced by microbes under the slight damage caused by ultrasound. However, the floc structure became loose under ultrasonic irradiation, leading to relatively poor sedimentation, with the SVI value 9.3% higher than the control system. Although the magnetic powder-ultrasonic irradiation combined augmentation system showed no improvement in treatment performance compared with sole magnetic augmentation system owing to its relatively low sludge concentration, it guaranteed the stable operation of system, meanwhile the tannic acid degradation and sludge sedimentation were significantly improved compared with sole activated sludge system. This study gives a new idea for biological treatment of refractory wastewater.

中学生抑郁和素质、压力、环境因素的关系及其整合模型研究

As a kind of mood, depression is one of the emotions which people experienced usually. Depressive disorder is one of the common mental diseases. There are about 100 million people in the world be disturbed by depression every year. So it is long history that depression is investigated widely in medicine, psychology, and sociology. There are many theorial problems remain to be solved. Viewed from latest vocuments, the development of depression theory is tending to become more complicated. Most of the prior depression theory focused on relation between one factor and depression. Because depressed individuls have various characteristics and factors that cause depression are different, and each factor can explain only part of depression variance, these prior depression theories are defected. As the knowledge about depression accumulated, the view that depression be caused by multifactor is clearer. There is tendency to integrate these cooperational factor into a model while developing a depression theory. In the present study, depression status of 1625 middle school students from junior 1 to senior 3 are measured using Depression Scale of Middle-school Student which is developed by ourselves. From approach of depressive mood, the present study explored depressive diathesis including attributional style, personality, coping style, and self. The relation among depressive diathesis, stress and depression is analysed. The relation between depression and school life adaptation, depression and cohesion, adaptation in family are also analysed from environmental view. At last, relation among environment, stress, depressive diathesis is examined by using covariance structure modelling. Synthesizing the results from the present study, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) There is grade-characteristics in development of depression in middle school students. Depression degree increased with grade. The main reason may be that the stress middle-school students experience increase and self-acceptance decrease with grade; (2) High depressive diathesis is different from low depressive diathesis. the features of high depressive diathesis are that attributing failure to ability or background, low capacity for status, low sociability, low independence, low self-blame, more illusion. The features of low depressive diathesis are that not attributing failure to ability or background, high capacity for status, high sociability, high independence, high self-acceptance, while facing difficulties, using problem-resolving coping strategy, less self-blame, less illusion. Individuals who have high depressive diathesis showed serious depression, and individuals who have low depressive diathesis showed light depression; (3) Depressive diathesis had accumulative effect on depression. More low depressive diathesis, more light is depression. More high depressive diathesis, more serious is depression; (4) Depressive diathesis can predict present depression and future depression. Predicting present depression is more effective than predicting future depression; (5) Individual who has different depressive diathesis experiences different level of stress. Higher the depressive diathesis individual has, higher stress he will experience. Lower the depressive diathesis individual has, lower stress will he experience; (6) There is correlation between life event pressure and depression. Life event pressure can predict a part of variance of depression. Life event pressure has accumulative effect on depression. More life event and higher life event pressure, more serious depression individual will experience; (7) There exits high correlation between depression and school life adaptation which can predict depression; (8) There is high correlative relation between depression and cohesion, adaptation in family which can predict depression; and (9) Environment have more effect on diathesis than on stress. Diathesis has more effect on depression than stress does. The past depression can predict future depression. This study had enlarged the domain of depressive diathesis such as attributional style, personality, coping style, and self, which are analysed wholly. This study had also enriched the connotation of diathesis=stress theory. Above two aspects are theoretical significance of the study. This study provide a framework of mental health educational curriculum in high school and provide the guideline for prevention and cure of depression. It is the practical significance of this study.