山黑豆属(豆科)的分类学修订

山黑豆属Dumasia DC.隶属于豆科、菜豆族、大豆亚族，广泛分布于亚洲、非洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区以及大洋洲的巴布亚新几内亚地区，其中大多数种在我国均有分布。该属形态变异复杂，命名混乱，缺乏世界性的系统分类学研究基础。基于这样的背景，本论文通过开展形态学、解剖学、细胞学及孢粉学等方面的综合研究工作，对该属进行了全面的分类修订，对属内种间关系及地理分布格局进行了分析和探讨，结果如下： 1、形态学 在研究了大量腊叶标本和进行了野外考察的基础上，对山黑豆属植物的形态性状的变异式样进行了分析。该属植物的根系形态较为多样，可以作为划分种的辅助形状，分为有主根类型 (2个种，心叶山黑豆D. cordifolia Benth. ex Baker和柔毛山黑豆D. villosa DC.) 和无主根类型 (5个种，云南山黑豆D. yunnanensis Y. T. Wei & S. K. Lee、小鸡藤D. forrestii Diels、硬毛山黑豆D. hirsuta Craib、山黑豆D. truncata Siebold & Zucc.和长圆叶山黑豆D. henryi (Hemsl.) B. Pan & X. Y. Zhu)；该属几乎全为多年生缠绕草本，只有柔毛山黑豆为半灌木，因此可能是该属中较原始的种类；该属植物的萼筒管状、筒口斜截形及花柱细长且弯曲处膨大等独特的解剖结构是区别该属其它近缘属的重要性状；花序和复叶的长度及荚果内种子数目变异幅度极大，缺乏稳定性，并非好的分类性状。 2、解剖学 应用光学显微镜，首次对山黑豆属7种植物 (心叶山黑豆、柔毛山黑豆、云南山黑豆、小鸡藤、硬毛山黑豆、山黑豆和长圆叶山黑豆) 的叶表皮进行了观察。结果表明，该属植物叶表皮细胞均呈不规则形，垂周壁为波状，气孔器类型以平列型为主。心叶山黑豆、柔毛山黑豆和云南山黑豆上表皮细胞垂周壁呈深波状；小鸡藤、长圆叶山黑豆、山黑豆和硬毛山黑豆上表皮细胞垂周壁呈浅波状。在一定程度上，上表皮细胞垂周壁的形态反映了山黑豆属种间的近缘关系。 3、细胞学 首次报道了山黑豆属3个种 (云南山黑豆、小鸡藤和硬毛山黑豆) 的染 色体数目，它们均为2n=20。在已报道染色体的植物种类中 (共计6种)，仅心叶山黑豆染色体数目为2n=22，其余5种 (柔毛山黑豆、山黑豆、云南山黑豆、小鸡藤和硬毛山黑豆) 染色体数目均为2n=20。与大豆亚族大多数属染色体数目为2n=22相比较，心叶山黑豆可能是该属中较为原始的种。 4、孢粉学 在光学显微镜下，对该属7种植物 (心叶山黑豆、柔毛山黑豆、云南山黑豆、小鸡藤、硬毛山黑豆、山黑豆和长圆叶山黑豆) 的花粉进行了观察，结果表明：该属植物为三角形6孔花粉，极轴短，每个角的萌发孔由一对小孔组成；外壁具网纹，网脊粗，网眼不规则。柔毛山黑豆和小鸡藤极面的网脊几乎不断裂；心叶山黑豆、云南山黑豆、硬毛山黑豆、山黑豆和长圆叶山黑豆极面的网脊断裂较多。外壁的纹饰在一定程度上反映了该属植物的近缘关系。 5、地理分布格局 该属植物主要分布在中国南部和西南，只有柔毛山黑豆分布到非洲和大洋洲。研究结果表明，具主根的2个种 (心叶山黑豆和柔毛山黑豆) 主要分布在中国西南部，其分布区域相互重叠；而无主根的5个种 (云南山黑豆、小鸡藤、硬毛山黑豆、山黑豆和长圆叶山黑豆) 由中国西南部向东到日本、韩国都有分布，分布区域几乎不重叠。本研究认为：有主根的心叶山黑豆和柔毛山黑豆可能代表了该属的原始类群；有主根类群衍生出其余无主根类型的各种，并由中国西南扩散到其他地区。 综合以上资料，本研究对山黑豆属进行了分类修订，认为该属含8种、1亚种及2变种，其中建立新组合1个，归并6个类群，并指定了4个后选模式。另外，本研究同时提供了该属植物的检索表、种的形态描述和插图以及地理分布图等信息。

Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes

Immunostimulants are the substances, which enhance the non-specific defence mechanism and provide resistance against the invading pathogenic micro-organism. In order to increase the immunity of shrimps against the WSSV, the methanolic extracts of five different herbal medicinal plants like Cyanodon dactylon, Aegle marmelos, Tinospora cordifolia, Picrorhiza kurooa and Eclipta alba were selected and mixed thoroughly in equal proportion. The mixed extract was supplemented with various concentrations viz. 100 (A), 200 (B), 400 (C), and 800 (D) mg kg(-1) through artificial diets individually. The prepared diets (A-D) were fed individually to WSSV free healthy shrimp Penaeus monodon with an average weight of 8.0 +/- 0.5 g for 25 days. Control diet (E), devoid of herbal extract was also fed to shrimps simultaneously. After 25 days of feeding experiment, the shrimps were challenged with WSSV, which were isolated and propagated from the infected crustaceans. The shrimps succumbed to death within 7 days when fed on no herbal immunostimulant diet (E). Among the different concentrations of herbal immunostimulant supplemented diets, the shrimps fed on diet D (800 mg kg(-1)) significantly (P < 0.0001) had more survival (74%) and reduction in the viral load. Also the better performance of haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters was found in the immunostimulant incorporated diets fed shrimps. The present work revealed that the application of herbal immunostimulants will be effective against shrimp viral pathogenesis and they can be recommended for shrimp culture. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

喀斯特峡谷区常见植物叶片δ^13C值与环境因子的关系研究

通过对贵州花江峡谷喀斯特石漠化区4种典型石漠化植物群落中11种常见植物种叶片的δ^13C值测定,研究了各植物种对影响植物碳同位素分馏的主要环境因子（土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、光照强度、土壤厚度）的响应,分析了石漠化梯度中不同土层土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、土壤有机质、年均气温、光照强度等环境因子梯度变化与植物叶片δ^13C值的关系。结果表明,大部分物种的δ^13C值对环境因子的变化趋势表现为随环境水分好转呈下降趋势,即水分利用效率下降；也有部分物种呈稳定不变或逆势上升趋势。相关性分析表明,清香木（Pistacia weinmannifolia）、石岩枫（Mallotus repandus）、红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）的主导因子是土层储水量；肾蕨（Nephrolepis cordifolia）、野桐（Mallotus japonicus var。floccosus）的主导因子是土壤厚度；肾蕨、八角枫（Alangium chinense）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）的主导因子是光照强度；而广西密花树（Rapanea kwangsiensis）、圆叶乌桕（Sapium rot undifolium）和灰毛浆果楝（Cipadessa cinerascens）则分辨不出主导因子,即环境影响因素更为综合。总体而言,叶片高δ^13C值是对低水分、高光、低资源环境的适应.