模拟降雨下初始含水量对砂黄土硝态氮迁移特征的影响

利用室内人工模拟降雨,研究了不同初始含水量砂黄土在降雨条件下入渗-径流、土壤侵蚀,以及NO3--N随径流流失和土壤深层淋溶特征。结果表明,初始含水量对产流时刻的影响在相对含水量为49.4%和76.9%之间存在一个转折点,高初始含水量较低含水量产流提前大约15 min;土壤侵蚀量随着土壤初始含水量的增加而增加,相对含水量为97.1%时,侵蚀泥沙量分别是相对含水量22.9%时的2.8倍,49.4%时的2.3倍,76.9%时的1.5倍。初始含水量高的处理径流初始NO3--N浓度高,随后各处理均衰减很快,10 min左右NO3--N含量趋于雨水本底值;土壤初始含水量越低,NO3--N被淋洗的程度越严重,土壤剖面中NO3--N的浓度峰越深。对于黄土高原坡地砂黄土NO3--N迁移特征来看,按照NO3--N迁移数量,随径流和泥沙流失量比向土壤深层迁移的数量小。说明在降雨条件下,NO3--N主要通过土壤深层淋溶损失,且土壤初始含水量越低其损失越严重。针对黄土高原降水量小、分布集中的特点,采取措施增加入渗,蓄积水分,在一定含水量下施肥,以提高氮肥利用率,降低NO3--N的淋溶。

Ab initio calculations of differential cross sections for single charge transfer in He-3(2+)+He-4 collisions

The single charge transfer process in He-3(2+)+He-4 collisions is investigated using the quantum-mechanical molecular-orbital close-coupling method, in which the adiabatic potentials and radial couplings are calculated by using the ab initio multireference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction methods. The differential cross sections for the single charge transfer are presented at the laboratorial energies E = 6 keV and 10 keV for the projectile He-3(2+). Comparison with the existing data shows that the present results are better in agreement with the experimental measurements than other calculations in the dominant small angle scattering, which is attributed to the accurate calculations of the adiabatic potentials and the radial couplings.

Oxalate decarboxylase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 is translocated by a twin arginine translocation system

Oxalate decarboxylases (OXDCs) (E.C. 4.1.1.2) are enzymes catalyzing the conversion of oxalate to formate and CO2. The OXDCs found in fungi and bacteria belong to a functionally diverse protein superfamily known as the cupins. Fungi-originated OXDCs are secretory enzymes. However, most bacterial OXDCs are localized in the cytosol, and may be involved in energy metabolism. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, a locus for a putative oxalate decarboxylase is present. In the study reported here, an enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and showed oxalate decarboxylase activity. Computational analysis revealed the A. tumefaciens C58 OXDC contains a signal peptide mediating translocation of the enzyme into the periplasm that was supported by expression of signal-peptideless and full-length versions of the enzyme in A. tumefaciens C58. Further site-directed mutagenesis experiment demonstrated that the A. tumefaciens C58 OXDC is most likely translocated by a twin-arginine translocation (TAT) system.

焦虑的因素结构及其在中学生中的验证

Since anxiety exists as a certain kind of relation between the subject and his stimuli, present study proposed the criterion that every one of the anxiety’s structural components had to manifest the properties of the relation, not the subject’s properties, and not the stimuli’s properties, too; and that every component must be a bridge from the subject to the object. Several structural models on anxiety were judged by the criterion, and three suited factors were drawn out, which were controllability, importance and urgency. Then through various methods of interview, questionnaire, laboratorial experiment, events graded, the research examined the relations between the three factors and normal anxiety, and explored the interaction of controllability, importance and urgency when they worked together. The results were as the following: 1. The hypothesis that controllability, importance and urgency were the structural components of normal anxiety sounds reasonable, which was supported in different degrees by the results of several secondary research with various methods. 2. With a totally different method of constructing items from the prevalent integrative anxiety inventory, an effective normal anxiety inventory of middle school students was developed based on this theoretical consideration. Reliability and validity research showed that the coefficient of homogeneity and test-retest reliability were high. The construct validity and criterion validity were good enough. The inventory was a useful scale to measure the normal anxiety for middle school students. 3. It’s through their interaction that controllability and importance effect on the level of anxiety which was produced by the relevant event. 4. Anxiety arises with the increasing of importance or urgency. Though there’s a very close connection between controllability and anxiety, the concrete situation is very complicated. Not only is the level of anxiety affected by the interaction of controllability and importance, but when controllability tends to be extremely high or extremely low, importance may also begin to vary with controllability. What’s more, dispositional optimism and self-efficacy still exert influences that cannot be ignored on the relationship between controllability and anxiety. All the results indicated that it was reasonable to regard and study anxiety as a kind of relation between the subject and his environment, and to some extent it’s even necessary if the intention was to clarify the structure of anxiety. Since all the other emotion also exists as a kind of relation between the subject and his stimuli, the wholeness principle which was first proposed and recommended in this study will be of great value to the related researchers. And the interaction between controllability and importance may suggest a valid coping strategy of anxiety.