18 resultados para Manly Hardy

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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结合野外生态调查与分子标记检测,本文探讨了显性遗传标记应用于居群遗传学研究时实验与数据分析需要注意的问题,并在此基础上对中国分布的疣粒野生稻(Oryza granulata Nees et Am. ex Watt.)居群遗传多样性与居群遗传结构进行了研究。然后从metapopulation结构动态、无性系生长和物种形成等角度研究了遗传结构的空间格局与生态学、系统学因素之间的相互作用,并将研究的空间尺度从聚群内(colony)、居群内、地区内推广到地区间和整个物种水平,反映了在不同空间等级上疣粒野生稻相异的进化模式。最后,综合上述结果,提出了保护疣粒野生稻的原则和策略。结果如下: 1.根据对分布于中国云南和海南33个分布点疣粒野生稻居群所做的野外生态学调查,该物种目前在中国的30个县(市)有分布,比1978-1982年全国野生稻普查时增加了3个县市(海南通什、云南思茅和勐腊)。疣粒野生稻具有较强的耐荫和抗旱能力,在群落总盖度为90-210%范围内生长良好。它是一种典型的适应中度干扰的物种,生长于有一定干扰的斑块状生境中。疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布格局为聚集型,其居群密度较小(1.13-2.95株/m2),依靠重力下落和动物传播种子。由于对热区资源的掠夺性开发,总计有12.9%的居群已因人为干扰而灭绝,83.9%的居群处于严重的危胁之下,处于濒危状态。对疣粒野生稻的破坏在不同地区间程度不同,生境恶化和放牧是造成其居群灭绝的最主要原因,对其进行保护已经迫在眉睫。在调查的基础上,本研究建立了含该物种34个居群共1109份个体样品的总DNA库,作为易位保护的一种措施,主要用于居群遗传学和保护生物学研究。 2.利用上述总DNA库中的材料,首先采用随机扩增多态(RAPD)对几类显性标记的居群遗传结构参数进行了比较。在衡量遗传多样性水平时,多态位点比率(PPB)会低估变异的程度,其价值不如Shannon多样性指数和Nei多样性指数。在计算个体之间的遗传关系时,Mantel检测表明17种相似性系数之间存在极显著的相关性。同时,基于Φst。遗传距离的分子方差分析(AMOVA)和基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡假设的Nei氏遗传距离分析的结果间具有显著的相关性,它们都适用于对疣粒野生稻居群遗传结构进行研究,且在使用后者时应对数据进行Lynch-Milligan矫正,剔除隐性基因型(0)频率小于3/N(N为样本总数)的条带数据,以矫正显性遗传方式对变异估计偏低的影响。此外,各类遗传结构分析参数之间的高度相关性也与疣粒野生稻居群内遗传多样性低,杂合体比率较低有密切关系。 利用RAPD和inter-简单重复序列(ISSR)对来自中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品,以及海南(M5)和云南(M27)两个居群各20个植株的遗传多样性进行了检测。ISSR的实验稳定性优于RAPD,且总的来说它能检测到更多的遗传变异。前者与它在PCR反应时退火温度较高,引物.模板复合物较稳定有关;而后者则与其引物靶序列容易在细胞分裂中产生突变有关。Mantel检测结果表明,衡量样品间的遗传关系时,这两种标记的分析结果在物种水平存在极显著的相关性(r = 0.917, t = 12789),而在居群水平不相关(r < 0.200)。这不但与它们所扩增的相应基因组片断的变异方式及在居群内分辩率下降有关,同时也反映了疣粒野生稻居群内和居群间存在着不同的进化模式。 3.利用RAPD和ISSR标记,对中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品的遗传多样性进行了研究。RAPD和ISSR分别扩增出209和122条PCR条带,其中各有64.1l%(134条带)和72.95%(89条带)为多态条带。基于Jaccard系数的UPGMA分析表明,同一地区内居群的遗传变异比较小。20个居群按来源聚为云南与海南两类,其间产生了一定程度的遗传分化。这种遗传多样性分布的特点可能与其起源、分布格局、交配系统和种子散布方式有关。此外,尽管混合取样会低估一定的遗传变异能力,也不能得到关于居群内的遗传结构情况,但它仍然是一种获取遗传多样性信息的高效方法,适用于对研究材料进行日常管理和评价。 4.按照居群取样的方法,利用RAPD对来自中国云南和海南的20个疣粒野生稻居群共396个植株进行了遗传结构分析。联合ISSR,对其中5个居群初步的分析表明该物种在居群内的遗传多样性水平很低,RAPD的多态位点比率(PPB)在居群内从4.52%到13.06%;而ISSR的PPB值在居群内从7.08%-26.55%。AMOVA分析表明,对于RAPD来说,云南与海南两地区之间遗传变异的量占总变异量的73.85%,地区之内占19.45%,而居群内仅占6.70%。对于ISSR,疣粒野生稻地区间,地区内和居群内遗传变异的分布比率分别为49.26%、38.070A和12.66%。UPGMA聚类将同一居群内的个体聚为一支,并将居群按来源分为云南和海南两类。由于疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布为典型的metapopulation格局,伴随各聚群(colony)在群落次生演替过程中周转(灭绝与定植)时发生的遗传漂变、建立者效应和居群内强烈的近交是造成其居群内遗传多样性极低的主要原因。 5.利用10个ISSR标记对中国4个疣粒野生稻居群内的无性系生长与基因型遗传多样性进行了分析。在小尺度取样(个体间隔1.0-1.5m)的情况下,所有居群中均检测到明显的无性系生长现象。参与无性系生长的个体百分比在各居群中从25%-60%不等,Simpson多样性指数表明疣粒野生稻居群内的基因型多样性保持在较高水平(0.837-0.958)。尽管如此,AMOVA对居群内遗传变异进行方差剖分的结果表明参与无性生长的个体所含有的变异量平均只占总变异量的16.7%。因此,疣粒野生稻居群内遗传变异的来源主要依靠有性生殖来维持。同时,处于人为中度干扰之下的疣粒野生稻居群不但个体密度较高,其居群遗传多样性也未因此而降低。 6.在假设RAPD在同一种及其近缘种内PCR产物同源性较高的前提下,利用该技术对来自世界的23份O. granulata和O. meyeriana样品进行了遗传多样性分析和系统学研究。在物种水平,O. granulata具有非常高的遗传多样性(多态位点比率达83.54%),表明该物种进化历史中存在大规模居群瓶颈效应的可能性较小。O.gramulata与O. meyeriana各居群的遗传分化与岛屿形成导致的地理隔离之间有密切的关系。基于Nei & Li遗传相似性系数,利用Neighbor-Joining和UPGMA聚类法构建的两个系统树并不完全一致。主坐标分析(PCoA)支持NJ法的结果:来自O.meyeriana的两个样品倾向于聚为一类,并获得bootstrap分析的支持,但它们的遗传变异范围并未超出O. granulata。因此,我们的结果支持将这两个种进行归并。 7.由于疣粒野生稻在物种水平的遗传多样性非常高,变异主要存在于各地区之间,因此要最大程度地维持该物种遗传多样性,使之不发生遗传侵蚀意味着保护应该针对整个物种的分布区进行。对于分布于中国的居群来说,一方面由于变异主要存在于云南和海南两地区之间,另一方面由于地区内和居群内的遗传多样性相对较低,因此,云南和海南应做为中国保护该物种的两个中心。此外,由于一定程度的人为干扰有利于为该物种创造适宜生境,增加其居群密度,且不会致使遗传变异能力下降,因此在实施就地保护时应充分考虑将其与当地的经济开发项目相结合,达到自然保护与地方经济可持续发展的目的。

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运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析.在10个座位中,每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~8个.有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高,分别为3.9、0.506 8、0.693 9、0.7;无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低,分别为2.2、0.179 6、0.523 5、0.528 6;淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间,分别为3.5、0.290 2、0.541 8、0.542 9.以上结果表明:草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富,而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低,遗传多样性下降的现象.邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0.219和0.246,而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0.034.这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重,而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱.各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明,10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平,GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著,其他座位分化不显著.针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现:由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失,草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡.实验表明:近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降,纯合速度加快.

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选用实验室克隆的17个鳙鱼微卫星分子标记分析四川泸州和江西鄱阳湖的两个种群鳙鱼的遗传多样性及种质特性,计算和统计了杂合度、多态信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数、等位基因频率、遗传距离、遗传相似系数、Hardy-Weinberg平衡偏离指数等方面内容。结果表明:选择使用17个微卫星标记,其中有4个为单态标记,13个为多态标记。江西和四川鳙鱼群体每个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数分别为3.325及3.882,平均有效等位基因数分别为3.531及2.676,多态位点百分率分别为82.4及70.5,17个微卫星标记

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采用垂直板状聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳分离技术,对企鹅珍珠贝闭壳肌、外套膜、鳃、消化盲囊、足组织的SOD、EST、LDH、G6PDH、MDH、ME 6种同工酶酶谱特征及其遗传控制进行了研究。6种同工酶在不同组织中的表达有明显的差异,同工酶分析共检测到18个位点,其中有16个位点具多态性,群体中,多态位点比例为88.8%,平均杂合度为0.396±0.029。有13个多态位点上的基因型频率与Hardy-Weinberg定律相符(P>0.05),位点Ldh-1、Ldh-2、Sod-2极显著偏离该平衡(P<0.01)

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采用垂直淀粉凝胶电泳及特异性组织化学染色技术研究了25尾草鱼的6种同工酶系统[ LDH ,MDH ,ADH, GDH, IDH, EST )约18—23个基因座位的遗传变异型。有7个基因座位(s-Mdh-A,Adh-B,Gdh-1,Gdh-2,Est-1,Est-6,Est-14)具有多态性,在其中4个基因座位(s-Mdh-A,Adh-B,Gdh-1,Est-1)上观察到的基因型频率与Hardy-Weinberg定律相符。实验表明草鱼的同工酶基因座位具有明显的多态性。这一结果为草鱼的人工选种和定向育种的可

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Largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti) is a medium-sized fish endemic from the upper Yangtze River of China and its survival is threatened by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This study reports 20 new polymorphic microsatellites from a repeat-enriched genomic library with a mean number allele of 5.2, and observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.035 to 1, and from 0.13 to 0.917, respectively. In a cross-species amplification test, nine of the 37 tested loci were found to be also polymorphic in a congeneric species, brass gudgeon (C. heterodon). In addition, other four loci from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were also polymorphic in C. guichenoti. Out of these 24 polymorphic microsatellites, only three loci significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the sampled population (P < 0.0025), and all pairwise tests for linkage disequilibrium among loci were nonsignificant after applying sequential Bonferroni correction (P > 0.0026). These novel microsatellites provide sufficient levels of polymorphism for studies on population genetics and conservation in C. guichenoti and its related species.

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Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are a source for microsatellite development. In the present study, EST-derived microsatelltes (EST-SSRs) were generated and characterized in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by data mining from updated public EST databases and by subsequent testing for polymorphism. About 5.5% (555) of 10,088 ESTs contain repeat motifs of various types and lengths with CA being the most abundant dinucleotide one. Out of the 60 EST-SSRs for which PCR primers were designed, 25 loci showed polymorphism in a common carp population with the alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 17 (mean 7). The observed (H-O) and expected (HE) heterozygosities of these EST-SSRs were 0.13-1.00 and 0.12-0.91, respectively. Six EST-SSR loci significantly deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) expectation, and the remaining 19 loci were in HWE. Of the 60 primer sets, the rates of polymorphic EST-SSRs were 42% in common carp, 17% in crucian carp (Carassius auratus), and 5% in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), respectively. These new EST-SSR markers would provide sufficient polymorphism for population genetic studies and genome mapping of the common carp and its closely related fishes. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Redfin culter (Culter erythropterus) is a small lethic freshwater fish and widely distributed in the adjacent lakes of the Yangtze River of China. Five microsatellite loci were applied to investigate the genetic variation and population structure of redfin culter from seven lakes in the middle-and-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The gene diversity was high among the populations (H > 0.9), the average number of alleles among seven populations was low with a range from 2.00 to 3.87. The mean observed (H-O) and expected (H-E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.111 to 0.419 and from 0.162 to 0.750, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium expectation were found in 50% of the total locus-population combination tests in which heterozygote deficits were apparent. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the percentage of variance among and within these populations were 6.18 and 93.82, respectively. The Fst values (0.062, P < 0.001) among studied populations indicated that there were significant genetic differentiations among redfin culture populations from the scattered lakes with different connections to the Yangtze River. These results are useful for the evaluation and conservation of small freshwater fishes. The factors that may be involved in low intra-population polymorphism and the pattern of the population genetic structure of redfin culter from the Yangtze River were discussed.

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Eighteen microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized using an enrichment protocol in the Chinese mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), a commercially important piscivorous fish in China. Out of 48 pairs of primers designed, 18 loci exhibited polymorphism with three to six alleles (mean 4.4 alleles/locus) and average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.633 to 0.833 (mean 0.748) in a test population from Dongting Lake of China. Except for two loci, all other 16 loci were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers would be useful for such studies as population genetics, ecology and selective breeding of the Chinese mandarin fish in future.

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Six polymorphic microsatellites (eight loci) were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of common carp from Dongting Lake (DTC), Poyang Lake (PYC), and the Yangtze River (YZC) in China. The gene diversity was high among populations with values close to 1. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11, and the average number of alleles among 3 populations ranged from 6.5 to 7.9. The mean observed (H (O)) and expected (H (E)) heterozygosity ranged from 0.4888 to 0.5162 and from 0.7679 to 0.7708, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium expectation were found at majority of the loci and in all three populations in which heterozygote deficits were apparent. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the percent of variance among populations and within populations were 3.03 and 96.97, respectively. The Fst values between populations indicated that there were significant genetic differentiations for the common carp populations from the Yangtze River and two largest Chinese freshwater lakes. The factors that may result in genetic divergence and significant reduction of the observed heterozygosity were discussed.

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Four microsatellites were used to examine the genetic variability of the spawning stocks of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, from the Yangtze River sampled over a 3-year period (1999-2001). Within 60 individuals, a total of 28 alleles were detected over four polymorphic microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 15, with an average allele number of 7. The number of genotypes per locus ranged from 6 to 41. The genetic diversity of four microsatellite loci varied from 0.34 to 0.67, with an average value of 0.54. For the four microsatellite loci, the deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was mainly due to null alleles. The mean number of alleles per locus and the mean heterozygosity were lower than the average values known for anadromous fishes. Fish were clustered according to their microsatellite characteristics using an unsupervised 'Artificial Neural Networks' method entitled 'Self-organizing Map'. The results revealed no significant genetic differentiation considering genetic distance among samples collected during different years. Lack of heterogeneity among different annual groups of spawning stocks was explained by the complex age structure (from 8 to 27 years for males and 12 to 35 years for females) of Chinese sturgeon, leading to formulate an hypothesis about the maintenance of genetic diversity and stability in long-lived animals.

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青杨(Populus cathayana Rehd.)是青杨派杨树的主要树种之一,为我国特有乡土树种,其主要分布区之一是我国的青藏高原,集中分布地带在甘肃省中部及青海省东部,四川省西北部岷江上游和松潘等地区。本研究以青藏高原东缘青杨天然分布区的6个群体143个个体为材料,用AFLP、SSR和叶绿体SSR分子标记分析青杨天然群体的遗传多样性,分析其遗传结构和分化,比较6个群体间遗传多样性的高低和群体间的遗传关系。旨在为青杨基因资源评价、保护与保存、遗传改良策略制定等提供科学理论依据。通过以上研究,得出如下主要研究结果: 1 AFLP分子标记研究结果 采用4对选择性引物对6个青杨天然群体143个个体进行分析,扩增谱带分析共检测到175个位点,其中173个位点表现为多态,多态位点百分率高达98.9%。从整体上表现出较高的遗传多样性,Nei’s基因多样度(h)水平为0.306。从青杨天然群体位点分布来看,有高达20%的位点(32位点)为群体所特有,仅有9.14%的位点(16位点)在所有群体中存在。群体间的遗传分化极大,所有遗传变异中,有48.9%的遗传变异存在于群体间。在个体群丛(Individuals cluster)和主坐标(PCO analysis)分析中,青杨各群体未呈现任何地理模式,Mantel检测也显示各群体间遗传距离与地理距离无明显相关。研究认为,由于地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和地形地貌复杂使得群体间无法进行基因交流,导致群体间遗传分化极大,另外各群体在不同的选择压力下,经历各自独立的进化历程,这些都可能导致群体间遗传距离与地理距离的不相关。 2 SSR分子标记研究结果 在SSR分析中,7个位点在6个青杨天然群体143个个体中共检测到79个等位基因,每位点检测到的等位基因数在5-16之间,平均11.3个,总体上多态位点百分率达100%。平均观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.792和0.802。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验表明青杨大部分群体都处于非平衡状态,群体大部分位点都是偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(76.3%),只有23.7%的测验满足哈迪-温伯格平衡。分析青杨天然群体内和群体间的遗传变异,基因分化系数(GST)为0.373,即有62.7%的遗传变异存在群体内,37.3%的遗传变异存在群体间。群体内的遗传变异高于群体间水平。根据各群体遗传距离UPGMA聚类分析,有来自相临分布区、近似气候类型的群体聚在一起的趋势,但Mantel检测反映遗传距离与地理距离间并无明显相关性。 3 cpSSR分子标记研究结果 分析来自青藏高原东缘6个青杨天然群体,所用cpSSR引物中有5对cpSSR引物(CCMP2、CCMP5、SCUO01、SCU03、SCU07)都表现较高的多态性,单个引物检测的片段数都在4以上。5对cpSSR引物共检测片段数26个,组成了12种叶绿体DNA单倍型。各群体的单倍型分布和频率有较大差异,群体单倍型多样性范围为0-0.4926,TS、JZ、PW和SHY群体单倍型多样性高于QHY和LED群体水平。本研究发现,分布在青藏高原东缘的青杨天然群体,群体间不存在共享的单倍型,各群体间存在极大的遗传分化(GST=0.9223)。从青藏高原东缘地区经历的地质历史事件来看,第四纪的冰期气候变迁可能是造成青杨现今遗传结构模式的主要因素之一。根据单倍型在各群体的分布情况,进行青杨群体聚类分析结果,各群体无明显的分组现象,青杨各群体也未呈现任何清晰地理模式。 由于不同分子标记在对群体遗传多样性检测能力与效率上存在差异,所以三种标记检测的青藏高原东缘青杨天然群体遗传多性水平也不尽一致,但在与用同种方法检测其它物种或同一物种不同种源群体比较,三种分子标记方法都揭示了青藏高原东缘青杨天然群体具有中等偏上的遗传多样性水平。结果分析表明,群体间遗传分化极大,这是由于青杨天然群体分布于青藏高原东缘,既有高原又有高山峡谷,由于地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和地形地貌复杂导致了基因流物理上的阻隔。三种分子标记研究结果经Mantel分析检测,遗传距离与地理距离之间都无明显相关性。较为一致的解释是,青杨分布区域地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和和地形地貌复杂导致群体之间不存在均匀扩散现象,另外各群体在不同的选择压力下,经历各自独立的进化历程,这些都可能导致群体间遗传距离与地理距离的不相关。 The wide geographical and climatic distribution of P. cathayana Rehd. indicates that there is a large amount of genetic diversity available, which can be exploited for conservation, breeding programs and afforestation schemes. The results are as follows: 1 Research results of AFLP genetic diversity In present study, genetic diversity was evaluated in the natural populations of P. cathayana originating from southern and eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China by means of AFLP markers. For four primer combinations, a total of 175 bands were obtained, of which 173 (98.9%) were polymorphic. Six natural populations of P. cathayana possessed different levels of genetic diversity, high level of genetic differentiation existed among populations (GST=0.489) of P. cathayana. Individuals cluster and PCO analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient also showed evident population genetic structure with high level population genetic differentiation. The long evolutionary process coupled with genetic drift within populations, rather than contemporary gene flow, are the major forces shaping genetic structure of P. cathayana populations. Moreover, there is no correspondence between geographical and genetic distances in the populations of P. cathayana, seldom gene exchange among populations and different selection pressures may be the causes. Our finding of different levels of genetic diversity within population and high level of genetic differentiation among populations provided promising condition for further breeding or conservation programs. 2 Research results of SSR genetic diversity In this study, the genetic diversity of P. cathayana was investigated using microsatellite markers. In a total of 150 individuals collected from six natural populations in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, a high level of microsatellite polymorphism was detected. At the seven investigated microsatellite loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 16, with a mean of 11.3, the observed heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.408 to 0.986, with a mean of 0.792, and the expected heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.511 to 0.891, with a mean of 0.802. The proportion of genetic differentiation among populations accounted for 37.3% of the whole genetic diversity. The presence of such a high level of genetic diversity could be attributed to the features of the species and the habitats where the sampled populations occur: The southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as the natural distribution and variation center of the genus Populus in China. Variation in environmental conditions and selection pressures in different populations, and topographic dispersal barriers could be factors associated with the high level of genetic differentiation found among populations. The populations possessed significant heterozygosity excesses, which may be due to extensive population mixing at the local scale. The cluster analysis showed that the populations are not strictly grouped according to their geographic distances but the habitat characteristics also influence the divergence pattern. In addition, we suggest that population SHY should be regarded as an ecologically divergent species of P. cathayana. 3 Research results of cpSSR genetic diversity Genetic diversity of six natural populations of P. cathayana originating from the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China was studied by use of cpSSR markers. Based on 5 pairs of polymorphic primers screened from 12 pairs of primers, twenty-six different length fragments and twelve different kinds of haplotypes were reduced in 143 samples. There were significant variant haplotypes among the populations.There were no shared haplotypes found among populations, analysis of molecular variance indicated that a high proportion of the total genetic variance was attributable to variations among populations (92.23%). The pattern of genetic structure which is associated with spatial separation, variation in environmental conditions and selection pressures in different populations, is also the result of geological historical factor. A molecular phylogenetic tree based on the 12 haplotypes showed that the populations are not strictly grouped according to their geographic distances.

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采用等位酶淀粉凝胶电泳技术对西藏雅鲁藏布江中游砂生槐 (Sophoramoorcroftiana) 10个天然居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。 13个酶系统 2 4个酶位点 ( 46个等位基因 )的检测结果表明 ,砂生槐具较低的遗传变异水平。居群水平上的遗传多样性指标分别为 :多态位点百分率Pp =2 5 .0 %~ 37.5 % ,等位基因平均数Ap=1.3~ 1.7,平均期望杂合度Hep=0 .112~ 0 .16 9;种水平上的遗传多样性 (Ps=37.5 % ,As=1.9,Hes=0 .171)低于长寿命木本被子植物的平均值 (Ps=5 9.5 % ,As=2 .10 ,Hes=0 .183)。居群遗传结构的分析显示 ,10个居群中随机交配的偏差为FIS=- 0 .0 0 71,表明砂生槐在居群水平上存在轻微的杂合子过量现象 ,偏离了Hardy Weinberg平衡 ;FST=0 .1748,表明砂生槐是居群间分化较大的一类多年生木本植物 ,主要原因是环境恶化和人类活动干扰 (过度砍伐、放牧等 )导致其生境片断化 ,从而影响了居群间基因交流而造成基因流水平较低 (Nm =1.180 2 )。砂生槐高海拔居群H2 (谢通门 )、H31(江当 1)、H32 (江当 2 )、H5 (朗塞岭 )包含着绝大部分等位基因 ,显示了相对较高的遗传多样性水平 ,应加以保护和管理 ,作为砂生槐种质资源就地保存的基地。

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本文以山东近海野生和养殖牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(T.& S.)为研究对象,采用同工酶电泳和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)两种方法,进行了群体遗传学研究;另外,用PCR扩增了牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus(T.& S.)、石鲽Kareius bicoloratus,Basilewsky和大菱鲆Psetta maxima 4种鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16s rRNA基因区的部分片段,采用生物信息、学方法构建了鲽形目分子系统树。主要结果如下:1.首先建立了适于牙鲆同工酶分析的水平淀粉凝胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统;对获得的牙鲆15种同工酶基本酶谱进行了生化遗传分析,进而对自然和养殖群体的生化遗传结构进行了分析,共记录了29个基因座位,发现了9个多态座位。2.野生群体的生化遗传参数多态基因座位比例(31.O%)、等位基因平均数(1.38)和群体平均杂合度(0.0802)都明显高于养殖群体(24.1%,1.28,O.0788);在野生群体中有9个多态基因座位,而养殖群体仅7个多态基因座位;其中,除了Cat和Idhp-1(仅养殖群体)(P < 0.05)有显著差异、Ldh-C(P < O.01)完全偏离Hardy-Weinberg定律外,其余多态座位基因频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。野生和养殖群体的遗传相似性系数(I)为0.9877,它们的遗传距离(D)是0.0124;两群体间的遗传分化系数G_(st)为0.0681,D_m为0.01,表明总变异中的6.8%的遗传变异产生于群体间的基因差异。3.采用11个随机引物对20个野生个体和24个养殖个体进行了RAPD群体遗传多样性分析,分别扩增出88条和86条DNA带,片段大小在200-2500bp之间,平均每个引物扩增的带数是7.8-8.0。两个群体的多态座位比例分别是43.2%和34.9%,平均杂合度是0.2739和0.2255,而Shannon遗传多样性指数表明两群体的遗传变异中有88.12%的遗传变异来自种群内,只有11.88%的变异来自群体间。遗传分化指数G_(st)的结果也验证了Shannon遗传多样性指数的结果:总群体的遗传变异中约有12%是由两群体间的基因差异产生的。4.本文对牙鲆两个群体的同一批样品分别采用经典的同工酶方法和RAPD方法进行了较系统的比较分析。发现,RAPD所显示的多态性要比同工酶的高得多,因为大部分RAPD的变异是源于非编码区和重复DNA,可以遍布整个基因组,而同工酶仅是功能基因的产物,只表现编码区的变异。因此,自然选择在同工酶编码区的作用要多于RAPD标记。在遗传相似性系数(I)和遗传距离(D)上,RAPD的分析结果与同工酶的分析结果也是有差异的,用同工酶分析两个群体遗传距离只有0.0124,而用RAPD研究可达0.0508。遗传分化指数的差异也很大,同工酶为0.0681,RAPD为0.1237。5.RAPD和同工酶的分析结果是类似的,即自然群体的多态座位比例和平均杂合度要比养殖群体高,降低幅度在同工酶中界于1.7~22.3%之间,在RAPD中则界于15.9~19.2%之间。这充分证明了养殖群体的遗传多样性水平已有明显的丧失,值得我们注意。6.构建了鲽形目鱼类mtDNA 16S rRNA基因的分子系统树。通过分子克隆法将牙鲆、桂皮斑鲆、大菱鲆和石鲽mtDNA 16S rRNA目的基因片段连接到质粒载体上,经MegaBACE测序仪测序,分别获得了590、595、582和590bp序列,通过生物信息学方法对其进行了序列分析和核酸变异比较,结合NCBI上6种鲽形目鱼类的同源序列探讨了这4种鱼类在鲽形目中的遗传分化和分子系统进化,构建了系统树,其中,桂皮斑鲆的16S rRNA基因在系统树中的位置与物种形态资料的系统演化不相符,而其它三种很好地呈现了它们在鲽形目中的系统位置。同时,可以看出mtDNA 16S rRNA基因片段可以构建一个相对准确的树,特别是NJ树和ML树比较接近,更为客观一些。由比对序列获得的物种之间的遗传距离也基本可以反映种、属、科间的不同变异水平。

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本文利用不同的分子标记方法,分别对牙鲆及大黄鱼不同养殖群体的生长、抗病等经济性状的候选基因进行了序列多态性研究,检测到了几个SNP位点和微卫星的多态性位点,并分析了它们与经济性状之间的相关性;同时,利用微卫星的多态性位点对牙鲆2个养殖群体的遗传变异进行了分析,这些均为海水鱼类遗传育种及标记辅助选育工作提供了基础数据。 在牙鲆胶南养殖群体中,以100个个体为实验材料,根据其生长激素(GH)基因的6个外显子序列设计引物,通过SSCP分析技术显示该群体GH基因的第4外显子存在多态性,检测到2种基因型,AA型和AB型。DNA测序结果表明,AB型在第1763位发生碱基突变,c→t,与AA型同源性达到99%。连锁分析结果表明:这2种基因型的个体在体重和头长上表现出显著的差异,AB型个体的体重和头长都明显大于AA型个体(P<0.05),由此推测等位基因B是一个对牙鲆体重和头长都有利的等位基因;这2种基因型个体之间在其体型性状上也存在显著差异(P<0.05);同时,该多态位点的Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检验结果表明,该群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。在牙鲆GH基因第1外显子区域还发现了一个微卫星位点,对该位点进行多态性分析,检测到5种基因型、3种等位基因,one-way ANOVA统计结果显示,基因型AC个体的体重、头长和体高明显大于其它基因型个体(P<0.05),C是一个对体重、头长和体高有利的等位基因。 对2个大黄鱼养殖群体的GH基因进行SSCP分析后发现,浙江群体大黄鱼GH基因在第196位存在1个SNP(g→a)位点,检测到2种基因型,AA和AB。t检验结果表明,AA型个体的体高比AB型个体的高(P≤0.05),但AB型个体在体长/体高上占优势(P≤0.05),提示该突变位点可以作为大黄鱼体型性状的候选标记。福建群体大黄鱼GH基因在第692位有1个SNP位点(t→c),共检测到2种基因型,CC型和CD型,其中,CD基因型个体的体重和全长显著大于CC基因型个体(P≤0.01),提示该位点可以作为大黄鱼体重和头长性状的候选标记。 在牙鲆胶南和日照2个养殖群体中,采用牙鲆GHR基因5’端Promoter区的一个微卫星标记,进行了群体遗传变异的研究,并探索了该基因多态性位点与牙鲆生长性状之间的相关性。结果表明,2个群体在该位点检测到的等位基因数为12和9个,有效等位基因数为6.26和5.04个。两个群体该位点的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数均为正值,并没有显示出杂合子缺失,但各基因型分布频率都在一定程度上偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.01)。连锁分析发现,在胶南群体中,IM基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体长、头长、体高和眼径形态学数据中均是最大的,但仅在体重上极其显著的大于全部其它基因型个体;在日照群体中,BC基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长和眼径数据中均是最大的;而CJ基因型对应的个体在体长和头长这两组数据中是最大的。由此认为,该位点IM基因型可以作为牙鲆体重性状的潜在标记。 在进行牙鲆抗病性状标记的筛选时,利用迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)LSE40对牙鲆鱼进行攻毒感染实验,得到死亡群体和未死亡群体。选择Toll样受体基因中的TLR2、TLR3和TLR9基因作为候选基因,分别对这3个基因中的部分序列共设计7对引物进行扩增,同时对扩增产物进行RFLP多态性分析,目前只在TLR3基因内检测到一个EcoRI的酶切多态性位点,测序后发现,这是由于在TLR3基因第3806位的EcoRI酶切位点在某些个体中缺失所致。酶切产物共呈现出3种基因型,分别定义为AA,AB和BB。χ2检验证明该多态性位点与牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌LSE40的能力有一定关系。利用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析对死亡组和存活组牙鲆的各种形态学数据以及不同基因型之间进行了分析,发现体长、头长和体高均具有显著的相关性(P<0.05),而这几个因素与体重的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic分析后发现:AA基因型对死亡率具有显著的影响(P<0.05),是主要的危险因素,而AB基因型的作用不显著(P>0.05);头长是主要的保护因素(P<0.05),体重对死亡率的影响很小。χ2检验证明,等位基因A是对死亡的主要危险等位基因,B是对存活有利的主要等位基因。推测该位点可以作为牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的潜在标记。