8 resultados para Malus domestica Borkh

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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以‘早久保’(Prunus persica (L.) Batch.)为试材,在果实最后迅速生长期,通过去果处理降低库力,同时设留果对照,并通过环剥和保留相同数量叶片严格控制库源关系,进行了源叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光、叶黄素循环、抗氧化酶及抗氧化同化物日变化的研究。结果表明,和留果对照相比,去果处理显著降低了源叶Pn、气孔导度(gs)和蒸腾速率(E),但显著增加了胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺(VPDl)和叶片温度(Tl)。光系统II光化学效率(ΦPSII)以及羧化速率(CE)与Pn平行降低。中午去果降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。在低库需条件下,开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。去果处理叶片中依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散以及抗氧化系统的上调保护叶片免受光氧化破坏。和留果对照相比,去果处理的叶片有更大的叶黄素循环库,更高的脱环氧化状态以及更高的抗氧化酶活性,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性以及更高的还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量。但与此同时,去果显著增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,这意味着在去果处理的叶片中可能会发生光氧化破坏。 以一年生‘皇家嘎拉’苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)组培苗为试材,通过环剥降低库力,进行了源叶Pn、叶绿素荧光、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶(Rubisco)以及光系统II(PSII)复合体关键蛋白PsbA和PsbO含量日变化的研究。和对照相比,环剥显著降低了源叶Pn、gs和E,但是却显著增加了Ci、Tl和淀粉的含量。在低库需下,开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。另一方面,环剥降低了光合作用关键酶Rubisco以及PSII复合体PsbA和放氧复合体PsbO的含量。以上结果表明,环剥降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。

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A simple three-axis model has been developed, which has been successfully applied to the analysis of the light transmittance in spatial incident angle and the simulation of modified formula of Malus' law for Glan-Taylor prisms. Our results indicate that the fluctuations on the cosine squared curve are due to specific misalignments between the axis of the optical system, the optical axis of the prism and the mechanical axis (rotation axis) of prism, which results in the fact that different initial relative location of the to-be-measured-prism in the testing system corresponds to different shape of Malus' law curve. Methods to get absolutely smooth curve are proposed. This analysis is available for other kinds of Glan-type prisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Investigating the development of Eustrongylides ignotus in its definitive host would enable us to trace the complete life cycle of this nematode. Fourth-stage larvae isolated from naturally infected swamp eels (Monopterus albus) were used to infect domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica [L.]). We observed that male and female worms exhibited different developmental patterns in host ducks. In males, the fourth molt occurred at day 1-2 post-infection (PI), after which they attained maturity on day 4 PI and died between day 7 and 9 PI. However, females underwent the fourth molt at day 2-4 PI, produced eggs from day 9 to 17 PI, and then degenerated and died. When compared 10 fourth-stage Female larvae, adult females demonstrated a considerable increase in total body size with a 151% increase in average body width and a 17% increase in average body length. However. the increase in size of the male larvae was not its significant as that in females. The average body width in adult males exhibited only a 45% increase over that in the larval stage.

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八楞海棠是我国华北地区重要的苹果砧木,河南海棠是选育苹果矮化砧木的良好材料,进行八楞海棠和河南海棠胺芽茎尖培养具有重要的生产实际意义。主要结论如下;1)细胞分裂素和生长素的种类及浓度配比影响分化与增殖; 2)不同物候期的芽对分化增殖也有影响; 3)IBA促进八楞海棠生根。IAA促进河南海棠生根4)不定根起源于维管形成层细胞,其发生、形成与生长素种类。浓度密切相关。结合实验与文献,对蔗糖的作用.PZ和PG的作用,以及试管苗玻璃化现象作了讨论。

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花楸属隶属于蔷薇科苹果亚科,全世界约有100种左右,主要分布在北半球的亚洲、欧洲和北美洲。广义的花楸属包括下述六个亚属,即Subg. Aria, Subg. Chamaemespilus, Subg. Micromeles, Subg. Torminalis, Subg. Cormus, Subg. Sorbus。由于缺乏野外工作和标本不够丰富等原因,部分亚属的分类处理尚不能令人满意。同时,该属的范围及其属下部分类群的系统位置存在一定的争议。本文对广义花楸属的属下类群进行了研究,通过分支分析和表征分析以及分子系统学两方面的研究,对该属的属下类群的系统位置进行了探讨。 1、分支分析和表征分析 选取了广义花楸属(Sorbus L.)属下6个亚属的34种植物作为研究对象,并以Pyrus, Crataegus, Photinia, Malus和Cotoneaster作为外类群来研究花楸属属下类群的分类关系,对该属典型的30个形态性状数据进行编码,进行了分支分析和表征分析。结果表明,广义花楸属是一个非单系类群,外类群完全镶嵌于其中。广义花楸属属下的6个亚属各自也不能形成单系,只有花楸亚属(Subg. Sorbus)形成不严格的单系。因此,我们初步认为,花楸属应该仅包含复叶类群(Subg. Sorbus),或者还会有Subg. Cormus。由于其余的4个亚属尚不能形成规则的单系或聚类,因此进一步的研究宜采用分类群的更多性状或运用分子系统学的途径。 2、分子系统学 通过对花楸属23个种类的两个DNA片段:核nrDNA的ITS和叶绿体cpDNA的trnL-F进行简约分析,构建了广义花楸属5个亚属及其与近缘属的系统发育树。结果显示,由于外类群大多镶嵌于广义花楸属中,故花楸属不能形成一个单系。其中单叶类群Subg. Aria聚类较明显,并且得到了很高的支持率,而且该亚属与外类群Crataegus和Cotoneaster的关系要比它与其它亚属的关系更近,至于其是否是独立的属还有待进一步的研究。该属中的复叶类群Subg. Sorbus在图中并不能形成严格的单系,其分类位置值得重新考虑。

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本文通过广泛的标本室研究结合野外实地调查,对十大功劳植物进行全面的形态学性状分析研究,据此对国产十大功劳植物进行分类学修订;还开展了叶表皮形态、孢粉学和分子系统学等方面的研究,并就这些性状在十大功劳属植物中的分类价值以及属下系统发育的关系及意义进行了讨论。结果如下: 1. 形态学特征 在对国内、外18 家标本馆1500 余份标本(包括模式标本)的查阅及40 余个县针对性的野外居群考察基础上,对十大功劳属植物形态性状(包括前人使用过的)的变异式样及其分类学意义进行了分析,并对一些数量性状进行了详细的统计分析。最后确认叶柄长度、小叶形状、小叶宽度、锯齿类型、花梗与苞片的相对长度、苞片和外萼片形状、中萼片与内萼片的相对长度、花序类型、苞片形状、外萼片形状、花瓣顶端是否裂等性状在种内变异稳定,是比较可靠的分类学性状。然后,利用这些可靠的形态学性状对国产十大功劳属下种的范围进行了界定。 2. 叶表皮形态 通过对十大功劳属植物4组12个亚组53 个种及两个其它属近缘植物(Ranzania japonica and Nandina domestrica )叶表皮特征分别在光镜和电镜下进行观察,光镜下叶表皮细胞形状多为不规则形,少数为近多边形,垂周壁为波状或近平直;电镜下根据叶片下表皮的角质层突起及气孔特征将十大功劳属植物分为10 种类型,气孔都分布于下表皮。叶表皮性状对理解该属的属下系统关系有重要意义。 3. 孢粉学研究 通过对十大功劳属植物4组9个亚组18 个种植物的花粉特征的观察,发现花粉形态在属内变化比较一致,对于讨论属内组间、亚组间和种间的演化关系意义不大。 4. 种子形态 通过对十大功劳属植物4个组9个亚组的24个种及一个相关种Nandina domestica 种子形态特征研究,发现种子形态(特别是种皮纹饰)在十大功劳属内具有重要的系统学意义。根据种皮纹饰(网眼形状、网脊等)可将十大功劳属植物分为9 个类型。 5.分子系统学 在前人的工作基础上增加了15 个种,基于44 种十大功劳植物和6 种小檗属植物ITS 序列分析,显示该属可分成4 大支,基本上支持前人的4个组的划分。但就中国种类而言,尽管有几支能被明显的划分,但总体上组下关系仍不明确。另外,以M.polydonta、M.Longibracteata、M.paucijuga 为主的一支与美洲种类聚在一起,这说明这一支所代表的种类与美洲种类有较近的关系。 6. 分类处理 基于上述研究,我们对国产十大功劳属植物进行了全面的分类学修订。与《中国植物志》相比:发现新分类群2 个,新等级4 个,增加新异名3个,省级新分布1 个,并对4 个种进行了补充及订正描述。并对一些疑难类群进行了充分讨论,最后确认国产十大功劳属植物共包括38 个种,2个亚种。同时基于叶表皮、种子形态、分子序列等证据,对十大功劳属下系统进行了讨论。

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日益增强的旅游活动干扰已成为九寨沟世界自然遗产的有效保护与持续管理不可回避的问题,也已成为当前区域生态保护与经济发展的焦点问题之一。评估乡土植物种的基本特征、质量、种子休眠程度以及萌发能力;筛选适宜的植被恢复乡土物种并选择有效植被恢复技术措施是开展植被恢复试验的重要前提和保障。本文以九寨沟世界自然遗产为例,通过对景区乡土植物种子基本特征的测定以及采用乡土物种作为植被恢复技术试验与恢复技术筛选的试验物种,在景区旅游干扰区的三种生境类型:原始针叶林、混交林和边坡,根据不同的影响因素设计试验,从而探索适宜的恢复措施和植被恢复物种。初步结论如下: 1. 本文研究的28种乡土植物中,17种测定的物种活力较高(>72%),均具有作为恢复物种的潜力。但28种种子中75%的发芽率为0%。大部分种子存在一定程度的休眠,包括甘肃山楂、称花藤、疏花槭、陇东海棠、球花荚迷、巴东小檗、蔷薇、宝兴栒子、光泽栒子、光枝柳叶忍冬、甘青铁线莲、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、糙叶五加和独活。因而种子存在深度休眠是乡土物种自然更新和植被恢复的主要障碍,需要根据种子的形态生理特征,寻求打破乡土植物种子休眠的有效方法,提高种子发芽率。 2.低温层积只显著提高了蔷薇、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花和假升麻3种种子的发芽率,也相对较早地提高了陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活的萌发。对于其它物种的种子,低温层积没能有效打破休眠提高发芽率。综合分析结果表明九寨沟28种林下或林缘乡土植物中窄叶鲜卑花、毛果铁线莲、宽叶旌节花、假升麻、陇东海棠、鲜黄小檗和独活等12种可直播或通过低温层积处理后直播用于旅游干扰退化地段的植被恢复中,而其它的种类尚需进一步寻求打破休眠的措施以提高种子发芽能力。 3.在原始林生境下,七筋菇、巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊、长叶毛花忍冬及独活5种乡土植物种子的出苗能力不高,因此目前急需提出有关提高种子出苗的方法措施。在相同的处理条件下,不同物种出苗数存在着较大的差异,相比而言,巴东小檗、耳叶风毛菊和长叶毛花忍冬种子出苗与幼苗存活较高,对于其环境适应能力较强,因此它们更适宜采用播种的方式应用于九寨沟原始林践踏地段地表的植被恢复实践;而七筋菇和独活在室内和自然气候条件下萌发都很困难,在植被恢复过程中,可考虑采用其它播种方式。而在边坡和混交林生境试验结果表明,供试物种无萌发和出苗现象,这可能跟外界环境条件、干扰和种子命运有关。 4. 本研究中腐殖质、松土和苔藓覆盖处理措施均未能提高物种出苗,且对样方内植被结构以及物种丰富度也无显著影响,其中的影响因素也是多方面的,因此还需进一步研究探索。但腐殖质对幼苗存活能力方面有一定的积极作用。 The increasing tourism disturbance is an unavoidable issue to effective conservation and sustaind tourist management of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. It has become one of the focal problems of regional ecological protect and economic development. Assessing the traits, quality, seed dormancy and germination of native seed and choosing the suitable species and ways for vegetation restoration were the important precondition and guarantee before vegetation restoration. In this paper, as an example to Jiuzhaigou world nature heritage, through the estimation to the basic characteristics of native seeds and the use of native species for the test of vegetation restoration and the choosing of vegetation restoration techniques, in three different habitats being disturbed, including the primitive forest, mixed forest and side slope. According to different factors, designing experiments in order to explore the appropriate measures and species of vegetation restoration . Our results are as follows: 1. There are 77% seeds of the 28 species with high viability(>72%), which had the potential possibility of being restoration species. The germination of 75% of the seed was 0%.Most of the seed was dormant, So dormancy of seed was the barrier for natural regeneration and vegetation restoration, Further research is needed on investigating the other more effective methods to release seed dormancy of these native species in the future. 2. Cold stratification did not release seed dormancy of most species. In our study, there are only 3 species including Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis and Aruncus sylvester (P<0.05) with germination percentage increased by cold stratification. By comprehensive analysis, the result shows: In 28 undergrowth native seeds, Sibiraea angustata, Clematis peterae var. trichocarpa, Stachyurus chinensis, Aruncus Sylvester, Malus kansuensis, Berberis diaphana,and Heracleum hemsleyanum could be used to vegetation restoration by sowing directly or sowing after cold stratification in degenerate gland being disturbed by turism, and othes seed of 28 were needed to search other methods to release seed dormancy for advancing the ability of germination. 3.In the habitat of primitive forest, the ability of emergence of the native species Clintonia udensis, Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii, Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx and Heracleum hemsleyanum was low, so it is urgently needed to search about the methods of advancing emergence. In the sametreatment, the number of emergence of different species was very different. Relatively speaking, the emergence and seedling survival of the species Berberis henryana, Saussurea neofranchetii and Lonicera trichosantha var.xerocalyx was higher, and the adaptability of the species was better, so they were more suitable for vegetation restoration on trampling-induced degraded patches of primitive forest in Jiuzhaigou; But the germination of Clintonia udensis and Heracleum hemsleyanum was both difficult in laboratory and natural conditions, so it could be considered to apply other sowing methods. However, the result showed that: applied species didn’t germinate or emergent in the habitat of side slope and mixed forest, which could be related to external environment conditions, interference and the fate of the seed. 4.In this study, humus, scatification and bryophyte cover measures didn’t advance the emergence of the species or the structure of vegetation and richness in plot significantly, the impact factors of which were many, therefore further research is needed . However, humus had a certain positive effect on the ability of seedling survival.

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为了解阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林乔木树种幼苗的组成及其年际动态,以长白山阔叶红松林25ha动态监测样地为平台,在样地内150个种子收集器周围设置了600个5m×5m幼苗样方。基于2006-2008年连续3年的幼苗样方调查数据,对乔木幼苗的树种组成、数量组成、空间分布特征、年际动态、新增和死亡幼苗组成等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)从树种组成来看,该群落乔木树种的幼苗组成种类较为丰富,共记录到21个树种,这些树种也是样地内胸径1cm以上乔木树种的主要组成成分。树种组成在年际间变化不大,但各样方间表现出极大的空间变异。(2)从数量组成来看,共记录到11,959株乔木幼苗,以水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗数最多,占总幼苗数的72.75%;水曲柳、紫椴和红松的幼苗数量在年际间有明显波动,其他树种年际间波动较小。(3)从新增和死亡幼苗的数量与组成来看,共记录到15个乔木树种的新增幼苗,其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭(Acer mono)、红松等10个树种在每次调查中都有新苗记录,新苗数量在年际间随物种和样方位置表现出明显差异。(4)对各树种的幼苗、种子和大树的组成和空间分布的比较发现,各树种的幼苗、种子和大树之间的数量组成和比例差异较大,其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭和假色槭(A.pseudo-sieboldianum)的幼苗、种子在整个样地内都有分布,春榆(Ulmus japonica)和怀槐(Maackia amurensis)幼苗的空间分布与种子和大树不一致,糠椴(T.mandshurica)和山丁子(Malus baccata)等的幼苗、种子和大树的个体数相对都较少,且它们的分布是一致的。