十三种硝基苯类化合物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna Straus)急性毒性试验

本文应用静水试验研究了十三种硝基苯类有机物对大型蚤（D、M）的急性毒性。初步证明了硝基苯类有机物因其取代基团的不同（-Cl_、-OH_、-OH_、-NO_2）或取代基团的位置不同（邻、间、对）而表现出对大型蚤的不同毒性,且从分子结构上分析了毒性差异的机理。试验结果表明,对二硝基苯的毒性最大,其24hLC50为0.98±0.03ppm。

低pH值对大型溞（Daphnia magna Straus）存活、生长和生殖的影响

在静置换水条件下，研究了低ｐＨ值对大型存活、生长和生殖的影响。结果表明，在２５±１℃下，急性试验低ｐＨ值对大型的２４ｈ和４８ｈＬＬ５０值及其９５％可信限分别为ｐＨ值４．６６±０．１９和４．９４±０．２０。慢性试验进行了１４天，对存活和生长，ｐＨ值１．７５有影响，ｐＨ值５．０没有影响；对生殖，ｐＨ值５．０有影响，ｐＨ值５．５没有影响。显示出低ｐＨ值对大型的毒性阈限在ｐＨ值５．００－５．５０之间。

试验用大型溞(Daphnia magna)的培养方法

<正> 由于大型溞(Daphnia magna)的生长周期短、易培养且是水生态系中的一种重要的代表性生物。因此,许多国际组织和国家都推荐用大型溞作为生态毒理试验的试验生物。然而,关于试验用的大型溞的培养方法多为互相传授,在文献中很少见到系统的报导。在许多有关大型溞毒性试验的操作规程中,如世界经济发展与合作组织(OECD)出版的。“化学物质试验方法指南”,只强调如何进行毒性试验及在试验中的注意事项,而对试验生物的要求只原则地提到要选用健康的个体。因此,在实际操作中常常遇到一些困难,由于未能获得健康的个体而影

Physico-chemical properties of alkaline phosphatases released by a planktonic crustacean, Daphnia magna (Cladocera)

Our studies investigated the physico-chemical properties of alkaline phosphatase excreted by D. magna. This cladoceran mainly released alkaline phosphatase, though it also released a small amount of acid phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase showed a broad pH optimum (8.05-10.0), and had a broad optimum temperature (30-35 degrees C) with a temperature coefficient (Q(10)) of 2.45. The K-m of the enzyme is 0.15 +/- 0.02 mM when p-nitrophenyl phosphate is used as a substrate, and the V-max is 0.43 +/- 0.01 mu M pNP mg(-1) DW h(-1). Even though alkaline phosphatase had been incubated in chloroform saturated with WC medium for 13 days, its activity was 54% that of the original. The enzyme was strongly inactivated by EDTA, and appeared to be zinc dependent. The alkaline phosphatase activity remained constant when D. magna was fed different quantities of Chlorella sp. The sensitivity of D. magna phosphatase activity to phosphate was time-dependent. During the first 16 hrs, the enzyme was insensitive to phosphate addition, after 24 hrs incubation the enzyme became sensitive to phosphate addition.

Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB

The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined. D. magna HB was exposed to cypermethrin at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L for 24 In. Data showed that the 24 h-LC50 of cypermthrin on D. magna HB was 4.81 mg/L. In contrast, the 24 h-LC50 of K2Cr2O7 (the national standard toxicant) to Daphnia magna was 0.38 mg/L in the current study. Results indicated that the Daphnia magna was very sensitive to pesticides. In addition, the effects of the culture condition(such as hardness, temperature and DO etc.) on Daphnia magna HB was also studied.

Long-term toxic impact of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the reproduction, sexual differentiation, and development of different life stages of Gobiocypris rarus and Daphnia magna

The sexual ratio of Gobiocypris rarus exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 17 beta -estradiol from embryo to sexually mature revealed feminization and overdevelopment of connective tissue in male fish gonad in 2-30 pg/L TCDD concentration range. Daphnia magna was not sensitive to the high dose of TCDD (0.1-1000 ng/ml), but the reproduction of D. magna treated with TCDD decreased after the 8th day. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities in newly fertilized eggs of G. rarus exposed to TCDD dosage groups (1000-100,000 pg/L) were significantly induced and increased with TCDD concentrations at the early life stage, while no difference was found between low TCDD dosage groups (<100 pg/L), but a good relationship between the EROD activity and the TCDD concentration was observed during a long-term developmental stage. There was a pericardial edema formed in a 2-week yolk-sac at the concentration of 1000 pg/L TCDD. But in the exposure group (2 pg/L TCDD for 120 days), the cell nuclei of hepatocytes was far from the center and packed toward the cell membrane; the cristae of most mitochondria in the cell dropped and collapsed; the rough endoplasmic reticulum broke into fragments; and numerous lipid droplets formed in the cell. (C) 2001 Academic Press.