10 resultados para Lynch brothers
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
Many physical experiments have shown that the domain switching in a ferroelectric material is a complicated evolution process of the domain wall with the variation of stress and electric field. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of ferroelectric ceramic and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u (i) , electric displacement D (i) and volume fraction rho (I) of the domain switching for the variant I. Mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion. On the basis of the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for the volume fraction rho (I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. Then a single domain mechanical model is proposed in this paper. The poled ferroelectric specimen is considered as a transversely isotropic single domain. By using the partial experimental results, the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching can be calibrated. Then the electromechanical response can be calculated on the basis of the calibrated hardening relation. The results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus axial electric field, the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus electric filed and the evolution process of the domain switching in the ferroelectric specimens under uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results given by Lynch.
Resumo:
结合野外生态调查与分子标记检测,本文探讨了显性遗传标记应用于居群遗传学研究时实验与数据分析需要注意的问题,并在此基础上对中国分布的疣粒野生稻(Oryza granulata Nees et Am. ex Watt.)居群遗传多样性与居群遗传结构进行了研究。然后从metapopulation结构动态、无性系生长和物种形成等角度研究了遗传结构的空间格局与生态学、系统学因素之间的相互作用,并将研究的空间尺度从聚群内(colony)、居群内、地区内推广到地区间和整个物种水平,反映了在不同空间等级上疣粒野生稻相异的进化模式。最后,综合上述结果,提出了保护疣粒野生稻的原则和策略。结果如下: 1.根据对分布于中国云南和海南33个分布点疣粒野生稻居群所做的野外生态学调查,该物种目前在中国的30个县(市)有分布,比1978-1982年全国野生稻普查时增加了3个县市(海南通什、云南思茅和勐腊)。疣粒野生稻具有较强的耐荫和抗旱能力,在群落总盖度为90-210%范围内生长良好。它是一种典型的适应中度干扰的物种,生长于有一定干扰的斑块状生境中。疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布格局为聚集型,其居群密度较小(1.13-2.95株/m2),依靠重力下落和动物传播种子。由于对热区资源的掠夺性开发,总计有12.9%的居群已因人为干扰而灭绝,83.9%的居群处于严重的危胁之下,处于濒危状态。对疣粒野生稻的破坏在不同地区间程度不同,生境恶化和放牧是造成其居群灭绝的最主要原因,对其进行保护已经迫在眉睫。在调查的基础上,本研究建立了含该物种34个居群共1109份个体样品的总DNA库,作为易位保护的一种措施,主要用于居群遗传学和保护生物学研究。 2.利用上述总DNA库中的材料,首先采用随机扩增多态(RAPD)对几类显性标记的居群遗传结构参数进行了比较。在衡量遗传多样性水平时,多态位点比率(PPB)会低估变异的程度,其价值不如Shannon多样性指数和Nei多样性指数。在计算个体之间的遗传关系时,Mantel检测表明17种相似性系数之间存在极显著的相关性。同时,基于Φst。遗传距离的分子方差分析(AMOVA)和基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡假设的Nei氏遗传距离分析的结果间具有显著的相关性,它们都适用于对疣粒野生稻居群遗传结构进行研究,且在使用后者时应对数据进行Lynch-Milligan矫正,剔除隐性基因型(0)频率小于3/N(N为样本总数)的条带数据,以矫正显性遗传方式对变异估计偏低的影响。此外,各类遗传结构分析参数之间的高度相关性也与疣粒野生稻居群内遗传多样性低,杂合体比率较低有密切关系。 利用RAPD和inter-简单重复序列(ISSR)对来自中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品,以及海南(M5)和云南(M27)两个居群各20个植株的遗传多样性进行了检测。ISSR的实验稳定性优于RAPD,且总的来说它能检测到更多的遗传变异。前者与它在PCR反应时退火温度较高,引物.模板复合物较稳定有关;而后者则与其引物靶序列容易在细胞分裂中产生突变有关。Mantel检测结果表明,衡量样品间的遗传关系时,这两种标记的分析结果在物种水平存在极显著的相关性(r = 0.917, t = 12789),而在居群水平不相关(r < 0.200)。这不但与它们所扩增的相应基因组片断的变异方式及在居群内分辩率下降有关,同时也反映了疣粒野生稻居群内和居群间存在着不同的进化模式。 3.利用RAPD和ISSR标记,对中国20个居群疣粒野生稻混合样品的遗传多样性进行了研究。RAPD和ISSR分别扩增出209和122条PCR条带,其中各有64.1l%(134条带)和72.95%(89条带)为多态条带。基于Jaccard系数的UPGMA分析表明,同一地区内居群的遗传变异比较小。20个居群按来源聚为云南与海南两类,其间产生了一定程度的遗传分化。这种遗传多样性分布的特点可能与其起源、分布格局、交配系统和种子散布方式有关。此外,尽管混合取样会低估一定的遗传变异能力,也不能得到关于居群内的遗传结构情况,但它仍然是一种获取遗传多样性信息的高效方法,适用于对研究材料进行日常管理和评价。 4.按照居群取样的方法,利用RAPD对来自中国云南和海南的20个疣粒野生稻居群共396个植株进行了遗传结构分析。联合ISSR,对其中5个居群初步的分析表明该物种在居群内的遗传多样性水平很低,RAPD的多态位点比率(PPB)在居群内从4.52%到13.06%;而ISSR的PPB值在居群内从7.08%-26.55%。AMOVA分析表明,对于RAPD来说,云南与海南两地区之间遗传变异的量占总变异量的73.85%,地区之内占19.45%,而居群内仅占6.70%。对于ISSR,疣粒野生稻地区间,地区内和居群内遗传变异的分布比率分别为49.26%、38.070A和12.66%。UPGMA聚类将同一居群内的个体聚为一支,并将居群按来源分为云南和海南两类。由于疣粒野生稻在群落内的分布为典型的metapopulation格局,伴随各聚群(colony)在群落次生演替过程中周转(灭绝与定植)时发生的遗传漂变、建立者效应和居群内强烈的近交是造成其居群内遗传多样性极低的主要原因。 5.利用10个ISSR标记对中国4个疣粒野生稻居群内的无性系生长与基因型遗传多样性进行了分析。在小尺度取样(个体间隔1.0-1.5m)的情况下,所有居群中均检测到明显的无性系生长现象。参与无性系生长的个体百分比在各居群中从25%-60%不等,Simpson多样性指数表明疣粒野生稻居群内的基因型多样性保持在较高水平(0.837-0.958)。尽管如此,AMOVA对居群内遗传变异进行方差剖分的结果表明参与无性生长的个体所含有的变异量平均只占总变异量的16.7%。因此,疣粒野生稻居群内遗传变异的来源主要依靠有性生殖来维持。同时,处于人为中度干扰之下的疣粒野生稻居群不但个体密度较高,其居群遗传多样性也未因此而降低。 6.在假设RAPD在同一种及其近缘种内PCR产物同源性较高的前提下,利用该技术对来自世界的23份O. granulata和O. meyeriana样品进行了遗传多样性分析和系统学研究。在物种水平,O. granulata具有非常高的遗传多样性(多态位点比率达83.54%),表明该物种进化历史中存在大规模居群瓶颈效应的可能性较小。O.gramulata与O. meyeriana各居群的遗传分化与岛屿形成导致的地理隔离之间有密切的关系。基于Nei & Li遗传相似性系数,利用Neighbor-Joining和UPGMA聚类法构建的两个系统树并不完全一致。主坐标分析(PCoA)支持NJ法的结果:来自O.meyeriana的两个样品倾向于聚为一类,并获得bootstrap分析的支持,但它们的遗传变异范围并未超出O. granulata。因此,我们的结果支持将这两个种进行归并。 7.由于疣粒野生稻在物种水平的遗传多样性非常高,变异主要存在于各地区之间,因此要最大程度地维持该物种遗传多样性,使之不发生遗传侵蚀意味着保护应该针对整个物种的分布区进行。对于分布于中国的居群来说,一方面由于变异主要存在于云南和海南两地区之间,另一方面由于地区内和居群内的遗传多样性相对较低,因此,云南和海南应做为中国保护该物种的两个中心。此外,由于一定程度的人为干扰有利于为该物种创造适宜生境,增加其居群密度,且不会致使遗传变异能力下降,因此在实施就地保护时应充分考虑将其与当地的经济开发项目相结合,达到自然保护与地方经济可持续发展的目的。
Resumo:
本文以9 个芍药野生种(15 份种质)、104 个品种及2 个牡丹芍药组间杂种的花瓣为材料,利用液质联用技术鉴定了花瓣中的色素成分并探讨了芍药花色形成的化学机制和化学分类法。 结果表明,芍药花中主要含有5 种花青素,即芍药花素-3,5-二葡糖苷( peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Pn3G5G ); 矢车菊素-3 , 5- 二葡糖苷( cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Cy3G5G ); 天竺葵素-3 , 5- 二葡糖苷( pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside , Pg3G5G ); 芍药花素-3- 葡糖苷(peonidin-3-O-glucoside,Pn3G)和矢车菊素-3-葡糖苷(cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,Cy3G)。此外,3 种微量的花青素首次在芍药中发现:它们分别为芍药花素-3-葡萄糖-5-阿拉伯糖苷(peonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-arabinoside,Pn3G5Ara)、矢车菊素-3- 葡萄糖-5- 半乳糖苷( cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-5-O-galactoside ,Cy3G5Gal)和天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖-5-半乳糖苷(pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside-5-Ogalactoside,Pg3G5Gal)。特征花青素Cy3G5Gal 和Pg3G5Gal 仅在新疆芍药(Paeonia anomala L.)及其亚种川赤芍(P. anomala subsp. veitchii(Lynch) D. Y.Hong & K. Y. Pan)中被检测出来,表明它们属于同一个种。Pn3G5Ara 仅存在于欧洲的野生芍药花瓣中,表明中国野生芍药和欧洲芍药的花青素代谢途径不同。 芍药花瓣中主要含有11 种花黄素,均为黄酮醇类物质。包括栎精-3,7 二葡糖苷( quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-3 , 7 二葡糖苷(kaempferol-3,7-di-O-glucoside)、异鼠李素-3,7 二葡糖苷(isorhamnetin-3,7-di-Oglucoside)、栎精-3-O-(6”-没食子酰基)-葡糖苷 [quercetin-3-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-glucoside] 、栎精-3- 葡糖苷( quercetin-3-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-7- 葡糖苷( kaempferol-7-O-glucoside )、山奈酚-3-O- ( 6”- 没食子酰基) - 葡糖苷[kaempferol-3-O-(6”-O-galloyl)-glucoside]、异鼠李素-3-O-(6”-没食子酰基)-葡糖苷 [isorhamnetin-3-O- ( 6”-O-galloyl ) -glucoside] 、山奈酚-3- 葡糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-glucoside)、异鼠李素-3-葡糖苷(isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside)和山奈酚-丙二酰葡糖苷(kaempferol-malonyl-glucoside)。此外,查耳酮在黄色的栽培品种‘黄金轮’和牡丹芍药组间杂交种‘伊藤杂种’中首次被检测到。其化学结构为查耳酮-2’-葡糖苷(chalcononaringenin 2’-O-glucoside),它是花瓣表现出黄色的主要色素,它与黄色牡丹野生种‘滇牡丹’(P. delavayi Franchet)花瓣中主要黄色色素成分一致。 通过对所有芍药野生种和栽培品种的色素分析,研究发现花青素是芍药花瓣中主要的色素,其中Pn3G5G 是花瓣中含量最高的花青素苷,其次为Cy3G5G。3G 型糖苷仅在少数品种中检测出来。此外,黄酮醇是芍药花瓣中重要的辅助色素。山奈酚苷是花瓣中含量最高的黄酮醇类,其次是栎精。 多元线性回归分析的结果表明,芍药花色的形成主要与花瓣中Pn3G5G、Cy3G5G 和Pg3G5G 的含量及总花青素量(TA)有关。根据8 种花青素结构与花色组成,将国内的野生种和大部分品种进行了化学分类:所有样本聚成3 大类,聚类后的树状图与其花色、花色素组成数据相一致,直观反映了野生种和栽培品种花色形成的化学背景和表型相似性程度。 芍药成色机理和化学分类的初步研究,对芍药新花色育种具有重要意义:芍药鲜红色花的育种中,育种亲本应具有高的Cy3G 含量、低的辅助色素效应指数。选育深紫色花或紫黑色花的品种,亲本应具有高的Pn3G5G 含量和低的Pg3G5G 含量。
Resumo:
We measured fragmentation cross sections produced using the primary beam of Kr-86 at 64 MeV/nucleon on Be-9 and Ta-181 targets. The cross sections were obtained by integrating the momentum distributions of isotopes with 25 <= Z <= 36 measured using the RIPS fragment separator at RIKEN. The cross-section ratios obtained with the Ta-181 and Be-9 targets depend on the fragment masses, contrary to the simple geometrical models. We compared the extracted cross sections to EPAX; an empirical parametrization of fragmentation cross sections. Predictions from current EPAX parametrization severely overestimate the production cross sections of very neutron-rich isotopes. Attempts to obtain another set of EPAX parameters specific to the reaction studied here to extrapolate the neutron-rich nuclei more accurately have not been very successful, suggesting that accurate predictions of production cross sections of nuclei far from the valley of stability require information of nuclear properties that are not present in EPAX.
Resumo:
Spectroscopic factors have been extracted for proton-rich Ar-34 and neutron-rich Ar-46 using the (p, d) neutron transfer reaction. The experimental results show little reduction of the ground state neutron spectroscopic factor of the proton-rich nucleus Ar-34 compared to that of Ar-46. The results suggest that correlations, which generally reduce such spectroscopic factors, do not depend strongly on the neutronproton asymmetry of the nucleus in this isotopic region as was reported in knockout reactions. The present results are consistent with results from systematic studies of transfer reactions but inconsistent with the trends observed in knockout reaction measurements.
Resumo:
Single-neutron-transfer measurements using (p,d) reactions have been performed at 33 MeV per nucleon with proton-rich Ar-34 and neutron-rich Ar-46 beams in inverse kinematics. The extracted spectroscopic factors are compared to the large-basis shell-model calculations. Relatively weak quenching of the spectroscopic factors is observed between Ar-34 and Ar-46. The experimental results suggest that neutron correlations have a weak dependence on the asymmetry of the nucleus over this isotopic region. The present results are consistent with the systematics established from extensive studies of spectroscopic factors and dispersive optical-model analyses of Ca40-49 isotopes. They are, however, inconsistent with the trends obtained in knockout-reaction measurements.
Resumo:
Equilibration and equilibration rates have been measured by colliding Sn nuclei with different isospin asymmetries at beam energies of E/A = 35 MeV. Using the yields of mirror nuclei of Li-7 and Be-7, we have studied the diffusion of isospin asymmetry by combining data from asymmetric Sn-112 + Sn-124 and Sn-124 + Sn-112 collisions with those from symmetric Sn-112 + Sn-112 and Sn-124 + Sn-124 collisions. We use these measurements to probe isospin equilibration in central collisions where nucleon-nucleon collisions are strongly blocked by the Pauli exclusion principle. The results are consistent with transport theoretical calculations that predict a degree of transparency in these collisions, but inconsistent with the emission of intermediate mass fragments by a single chemically equilibrated source. Comparisons with quantum molecular dynamics calculations are consistent with results obtained at higher incident energies that provide constraints on the density dependence of the symmetry energy.
Resumo:
Collisions involving Sn-112 and Sn-124 nuclei have been calculated with the ImQMD transport model in order to place constraints on the density dependences of the nuclear symmetry energy. Consistent constraints on the symmetry energy at sub-saturation density have been obtained by comparing these transport calculations to measurements of isospin diffusion and to the ratios of neutron and proton spectra. New isospin diffusion results from E/A = 35 MeV are also presented.