Study on biomass circulation and gasification performance in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed gasifier

We investigated the solid particle flow characteristics and biomass gasification in a clapboard-type internal circulating fluidized bed reactor. The effect of fluidization velocity on particle circulation rate and pressure distribution in the bed showed that fluidization velocities in the high and low velocity zones were the main operational parameters controlling particle circulation. The maximum internal circulation rates in the low velocity zone came almost within the range of velocities in the high velocity zone, when uH/umf = 2.2-2.4 for rice husk and uH/umf = 3.5-4.5 for quartz sand. In the gasification experiment, the air equvalence ratio (ER) was the main controlling parameter. Rice husk gasification gas had a maximum heating value of around 5000 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.22-0.26, and sawdust gasification gas reached around 6000-6500 kJ/m3 when ER = 0.175-0.24. The gasification efficiency of rice husk reached a maximum of 77% at ER = 0.28, while the gasification efficiency of sawdust reached a maximum of 81% at ER = 0.25.

Cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow and East China Seas indicated by MODIS satellite observations

Ocean color and sea surface temperature data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite are used to study the cross-shelf circulation and transport of suspended sediments in the Yellow and the East China Seas. The ocean color images show a significant turbid water plume extending in the southeast direction from the Subei coasts of China to the shelf edge south of Cheju during fall-winter, suggesting significant cross-shelf currents in the Yellow Sea/East China Sea in winter. The currents transport suspended sediments from the area of the old Huanghe mouth into the Okinawa Trough. Part of the turbid plume joins the Yellow Sea Warm Current to enter the Yellow Sea trough in winter. The satellite images suggest that the time scales of cross-shelf transport and surface-to-subsurface descending of the suspended sediments are a few weeks. The turbid plume grows in fall, reaches its maximum expansion and intensity in winter-spring, and subsides in late spring. In summer, the plume becomes coastally trapped. Substantial interannual variations of the intensity and coverage of the turbid plume are indicated by the observations. In comparison, the Changjiang Diluted Water in summer only transports a small amount of the Changjiang suspended sediment to the outer shelf south of Cheju, which does not enter the Yellow Sea owing to the weak intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current in summer. The dynamics of the cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow Sea in winter are hypothesized to be associated with (1) the convergence of the Yellow Sea Coastal Current and the Taiwan Warm Current off the Changjiang mouth and (2) the time-dependent forcing of the northerly wind bursts that drives the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bead-probe complex capture a couple of SINE and LINE family from genomes of two closely related species of East Asian cyprinid directly using magnetic separation

Background: Short and long interspersed elements (SINEs and LINEs, respectively), two types of retroposons, are active in shaping the architecture of genomes and powerful tools for studies of phylogeny and population biology. Here we developed special protocol to apply biotin-streptavidin bead system into isolation of interspersed repeated sequences rapidly and efficiently, in which SINEs and LINEs were captured directly from digested genomic DNA by hybridization to bead-probe complex in solution instead of traditional strategy including genomic library construction and screening. Results: A new couple of SINEs and LINEs that shared an almost identical 3'tail was isolated and characterized in silver carp and bighead carp of two closely related species. These SINEs (34 members), designated HAmo SINE family, were little divergent in sequence and flanked by obvious TSD indicated that HAmo SINE was very young family. The copy numbers of this family was estimated to 2 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) per haploid genome by Real-Time qPCR, respectively. The LINEs, identified as the homologs of LINE2 in other fishes, had a conserved primary sequence and secondary structures of the 3'tail region that was almost identical to that of HAmo SINE. These evidences suggest that HAmo SINEs are active and amplified recently utilizing the enzymatic machinery for retroposition of HAmoL2 through the recognition of higher-order structures of the conserved 42-tail region. We analyzed the possible structures of HAmo SINE that lead to successful amplification in genome and then deduced that HAmo SINE, SmaI SINE and FokI SINE that were similar in sequence each other, were probably generated independently and created by LINE family within the same lineage of a LINE phylogeny in the genomes of different hosts. Conclusion: The presented results show the advantage of the novel method for retroposons isolation and a pair of young SINE family and its partner LINE family in two carp fishes, which strengthened the hypotheses containing the slippage model for initiation of reverse transcription, retropositional parasitism of SINEs on LINEs, the formation of the stem loop structure in 3'tail region of some SINEs and LINEs and the mechanism of template switching in generating new SINE family.

Bottom simulating reflector and gas seepage in Okinawa Trough: Evidence of gas hydrate in an active back-arc basin

To look for gas hydrate, 22 multi-channel and 3 single-channel seismic lines on the East China Sea (ECS) shelf slope and at the bottom of the Okinawa Trough were examined. It was found that there was indeed bottom simulating reflector (BSR) occurrence, but it is very rare. Besides several BSRs, a gas seepage was also found. As shown by the data, both the BSR and gas seepage are all related with local geological structures, such as mud diapir, anticline, and fault-controlled graben-like structure. However, similar structural "anomalies" are quite common in the tectonically very active Okinawa Trough region, but very few of them have developed BSR or gas seepage. The article points out that the main reason is probably the low concentration of organic carbon of the sediment in this area. It was speculated that the rare occurrence of gas hydrates in this region is governed by structure-controlled fluid flow. Numerous faults and fractures form a network of high-permeability channels in the sediment and highly fractured igneous basement to allow fluid circulation and ventilation. Fluid flow in this tectonic environment is driven primarily by thermal buoyancy and takes place on a wide range of spatial scales. The fluid flow may play two roles to facilitate hydrate formation: to help gather enough methane into a small area and to modulate the thermal regime.

水母雪莲类黄酮次生代谢分子调控研究—cDNA 文库构建、关键酶及Myb 转录因子基因的克隆及其功能的初步鉴定

水母雪莲（Saussurea medusa Maxim）为名贵珍稀中药材，其主要药用成分为类黄酮，尤其是3-脱氧类黄酮。目前关于雪莲的研究主要集中在采用细胞培养生产类黄酮等方面，但对于雪莲类黄酮生物合成的分子机制了解甚少，极大限制了这一珍贵资源的利用。本研究采用水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织及悬浮细胞为材料，构建cDNA文库，从中克隆水母雪莲类黄酮次生代谢中的相关基因并对这些基因进行了深入的生物信息学分析、转基因研究初步确定其功能，以期了解雪莲类黄酮次生代谢的分子机制，为提高类黄酮的合成奠定基础。主要结果如下： 1. 成功地构建了水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织与悬浮细胞cDNA文库，原始文库滴度达到4×106pfu/ml，扩增文库滴度接近1011 pfu/ml，重组率达98%。PCR检测插入片段，均在0.5kb到3kb之间，1kb以上占62%。从文库中检测到了chs、dfr及Myb转录因子SmP，文库覆盖度达到要求且为PCR筛选文库提供了可能。 2. 采用部分简并引物，通过RT-PCR克隆了水母雪莲查尔酮异构酶基因Smchi特异探针，并根据这一探针序列设计特异引物，采用TD-PCR法筛选cDNA文库，获得Smchi cDNA序列，全长831bp，编码一个232氨基酸残基的蛋白。根据cDNA序列克隆了Smchi DNA序列，结果表明Smchi基因无内含子。Smchi cDNA序列与翠菊chi基因高度同源，ORF区域同源性高达84%，但推测氨基酸序列则只有79.3%。Smchi mRNA具有复杂的二级结构。SmCHI具有典型的Chalcone结构域，其二级结构与苜蓿CHI蛋白十分相似，7个α-螺旋与8个延伸链由随机结构联系起来。但其活性中心的第三个关键氨基酸残基N115为M115所取代，这一取代可能导致该蛋白无生物活性，也可能使它具有一般CHI不同的功能。构建Smchi正义、反义真核表达载体，通过农杆菌介导导入烟草，获得转正义、反义Smchi基因的烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变，但叶片总黄酮发生了显著的变化，50%转正义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著提高，最高比对照提高6倍，70%转反义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著下降，最多达85.1%，初步证明Smchi具有功能，并能有效调控烟草类黄酮次生代谢。因此，SmCHI可能是不同于已知CHI的一类新的CHI蛋白，它催化的反应可能与花色素合成无关，其反应机制也可能有所不同。 3. 伴随Smchi的克隆获得了一个黄烷酮3-羟化酶类似基因Smf3h的cDNA，全长1334bp，编码一个343aa的蛋白。根据这一cDNA序列克隆了Smf3h DNA序列，全长1630bp，结果表明该基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成。Smf3h mRNA具有十分复杂的二级结构。 推测蛋白氨基酸同源性分析表明，SmF3H属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族，与同一家族的的颠茄H6H的同源性为45%，与拟南芥F3H的同源性为40%，但对SmF3H、典型F3H及典型H6H推测蛋白二级结构、活性中心关键氨基酸残基的位置与相对距离、软件进行功能预测分析，发现SmF3H与F3H更相似。构建Smf3h的正义与反义真核表达载体，通过农杆菌介导导入烟草，但只获得一批转正义基因的烟草，反义基因导致烟草不能再生而未获得转反义基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变，叶片总黄酮也与对照相似，初步确认Smf3h与烟草类黄酮生物合成无关，而是一个既不属于f3h也不属于h6h的功能未确定的新基因。 4. 采用与克隆Smchi基因相似的方法，从cDNA文库中克隆了SmP基因cDNA，全长969bp，编码一个256 aa的蛋白质。根据cDNA序列克隆了SmP基因的DNA序列，结果表明，SmP基因无内含子。SmP基因cDNA 一级结构及mRNA二级结构预测分析表明，该基因A+T含量很高（63%），所形成二级结构以A-T配对为主，其稳定性可能较差。SmP推测蛋白序列具有R2R3-Myb转录因子的典型特征，在N-端具有两个Myb DNA-binding Domain，其二级结构与鸡Myb转录因子1A5J十分相似，与其他基因如水稻OsMYB、番茄ThMYB的同源区域主要集中在这一结构域，分别为71.3%和70.8%;C-端富含丝氨酸，与烟草NtMYB、葡萄VlMYB等类黄酮调控因子相似，都呈寡聚体分布，并具有相同的保守磷酸化位点S170与S206。构建SmP基因真核表达载体，通过农杆菌介导导入烟草，获得大量转基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未发生改变，但51%的转基因烟草叶片总黄酮含量都显著提高（0.5-6倍），表明SmP具有促进烟草类黄酮生物合成的功能，但所调控的支路与花色素合成无关。初步试验结果表明，转SmP基因烟草对蚜虫具有很高的抗性，可有效地抑制蚜虫在烟草上的生长，抑制率最高可达92%-100%。这一抗性与烟草中类黄酮的积累可能具有直接的联系，但还需要进一步的试验证明。 5. 与美国俄亥俄州立大学Erich Grotewold 博士实验室合作，完成了微型EST库50个克隆的测序并进行了分析，从中获得了水母雪莲花色素合酶基因SmANS及醛脱氢酶基因SmALDH的特异探针。根据SmANS特异探针设计引物，采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmANS的cDNA序列，全长1229bp，编码一个356aa的蛋白质。SmANS在cDNA水平上与同属的翠菊ANS基因高度同源，但同源区域集中在ORF区域，达到80%，mRNA 预测二级结构十分复杂;推测氨基酸序列与翠菊ANS同源性达到82.9%。SmANS属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族，在2OG-FeII_Oxy结构域高度保守，与翠菊、甜橙ANS保守结构域同源性达到94%。预测蛋白二级结构以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主，由7个主螺旋和11个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成，并具有2OG-FeII_Oxy家族活性中心的三个保守的组氨酸残基（His84、His235、His291）和一个天冬氨酸残基（Asp237）。 6. 根据微型EST库中获得的SmALDH特异探针设计引物，采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmALDH基因cDNA 序列，全长1664bp，编码一个491aa的蛋白质。SmALDH基因cDNA具有独特的碱基组成，3/-UTR富含A+T，占该区域碱基总量的80%，5/-UTR的A+T和G+C各占50%，比ORF区域（52%）还低，因此其mRNA二级结构中5/-UTR可以单独形成自身二级结构并且十分稳定，这可能影响基因的表达。这一现象在水稻、玉米等植物中也存在。SmALDH在cDNA水平上在ORF区域与拟南芥、藏红花、水稻等具有较高同源性，分别为64.03%、63.89%、63.72%，但在推测蛋白氨基酸序列水平上同源性反而较低，分别为54.9%、54.3%、54.0%。SmALDH缺少线粒体定位信号，为胞质醛脱氢酶，具有一个Aldedh 保守结构域，还具有与1OF7-H相似的以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主的二级结构，由10个主螺旋和15个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成。由于ALDH在植物细胞乙醇发酵中具有解除醛类物质毒害的功能，因此SmALDH基因的克隆为改造细胞自身以适应发酵培养条件，解决水母雪莲细胞大规模培养中需氧问题提供了可能。

土壤剖面营养元素运移的模拟研究及其装置

简要论述了土壤营养元素运移、循环研究的概况与主要研究内容 ,介绍了土壤剖面养分运移模拟试验装置的构造功能与使用方法 ,并对这一研究的发展趋势作了分析

The Obduction of Equatorial 13 degrees C Water in the Pacific Identified by a Simulated Passive Tracer

The obduction of equatorial 13 degrees C Water in the Pacific is investigated using a simulated passive tracer of the Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO). The result shows that the 13 degrees C Water initialized in the region 8 degrees N-8 degrees S, 130 degrees-90 degrees W enters the surface mixed layer in the eastern tropical Pacific, mainly through upwelling near the equator, in the Costa Rica Dome, and along the coast of Peru. Approximately two-thirds of this obduction occurs within 10 years after the 13 degrees C Water being initialized, with the upper portion of the water mass reaching the surface mixed layer in only about a month. The obduction of the 13 degrees C Water helps to maintain a cool sea surface temperature year-round, equivalent to a surface heat flux of about -6.0 W m(-2) averaged over the eastern tropical Pacific (15 degrees S-15 degrees N, 130 degrees W-eastern boundary) for the period of integration (1993-2006). During El Nino years, when the thermocline deepens as a consequence of the easterly wind weakening, the obduction of the 13 degrees C Water is suppressed, and the reduced vertical entrainment generates a warming anomaly of up to 10 W m(-2) in the eastern tropical Pacific and in particular along the coast of Peru, providing explanations for the warming of sea surface temperature that cannot be accounted for by local winds alone. The situation is reversed during La Nina years.

冬季东中国海环流及中尺度涡旋数值模拟

该文在POM模式基础上,建立一个б坐标系下的三维斜压预报模式,考虑了海底地形、外来流、长江径流、海面风应力、海面热通量等多方面因素的影响,模拟结果较好地体现了冬季东中国海环流及涡旋的特征.在此数值模拟的基础上,分别在改变风场、以及黑潮流量的条件下进行数值实验,以考察它们对冬季东中国海环流和中尺度涡旋的影响.数值模拟和数值实验的结果表明,黑潮在流经东海时沿东海陆坡流动,在其两侧出现一些涡旋.冬季台湾暖流的表层水主要来自台湾东北的黑潮水,少部分来自台湾海峡;次表层,台湾东北的黑潮水和台湾海峡的入流对台湾暖流的贡献相当;深层,台湾暖流主要来源于台湾东北的黑潮水.冬季对马暖流的主要来源是黑潮分支和台湾暖流的分支,朝鲜沿岸流也是对马暖流的来源之一.

图书馆学情报学方法论研究统计分析

以图书馆学情报学期刊中较有影响的核心刊物之一《情报理论与实践》为依据,通过对其1995～2004年刊载的有关我国图书馆学情报学方法论研究论文的计量分析,描述出我国图书馆学情报学方法论研究的发展脉络,指出了其中的问题,希望反映出我国图书馆学情报学方法论的应用情况。

积分偏移的计算几何与并行实现

The Second Round of Oil & Gas Exploration needs more precision imaging method, velocity vs. depth model and geometry description on Complicated Geological Mass. Prestack time migration on inhomogeneous media was the technical basic of velocity analysis, prestack time migration on Rugged surface, angle gather and multi-domain noise suppression. In order to realize this technique, several critical technical problems need to be solved, such as parallel computation, velocity algorithm on ununiform grid and visualization. The key problem is organic combination theories of migration and computational geometry. Based on technical problems of 3-D prestack time migration existing in inhomogeneous media and requirements from nonuniform grid, parallel process and visualization, the thesis was studied systematically on three aspects: Infrastructure of velocity varies laterally Green function traveltime computation on ununiform grid, parallel computational of kirchhoff integral migration and 3D visualization, by combining integral migration theory and Computational Geometry. The results will provide powerful technical support to the implement of prestack time migration and convenient compute infrastructure of wave number domain simulation in inhomogeneous media. The main results were obtained as follows: 1. Symbol of one way wave Lie algebra integral, phase and green function traveltime expressions were analyzed, and simple 2-D expression of Lie algebra integral symbol phase and green function traveltime in time domain were given in inhomogeneous media by using pseudo-differential operators’ exponential map and Lie group algorithm preserving geometry structure. Infrastructure calculation of five parts, including derivative, commutating operator, Lie algebra root tree, exponential map root tree and traveltime coefficients , was brought forward when calculating asymmetry traveltime equation containing lateral differential in 3-D by this method. 2. By studying the infrastructure calculation of asymmetry traveltime in 3-D based on lateral velocity differential and combining computational geometry, a method to build velocity library and interpolate on velocity library using triangulate was obtained, which fit traveltime calculate requirements of parallel time migration and velocity estimate. 3. Combining velocity library triangulate and computational geometry, a structure which was convenient to calculate differential in horizontal, commutating operator and integral in vertical was built. Furthermore, recursive algorithm, for calculating architecture on lie algebra integral and exponential map root tree (Magnus in Math), was build and asymmetry traveltime based on lateral differential algorithm was also realized. 4. Based on graph theory and computational geometry, a minimum cycle method to decompose area into polygon blocks, which can be used as topological representation of migration result was proposed, which provided a practical method to block representation and research to migration interpretation results. 5. Based on MPI library, a process of bringing parallel migration algorithm at arbitrary sequence traces into practical was realized by using asymmetry traveltime based on lateral differential calculation and Kirchhoff integral method. 6. Visualization of geological data and seismic data were studied by the tools of OpenGL and Open Inventor, based on computational geometry theory, and a 3D visualize system on seismic imaging data was designed.