57 resultados para Liaoning cashmere goats

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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China has numerous native domestic goat breeds, but so far there has been no extensive study on genetic diversity, population demographic history, and origin of Chinese goats. Here, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Chinese domestic goats by determining a 481-bp fragment of the first hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from 368 individuals representing 18 indigenous breeds. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were four mtDNA lineages (A-D) identified in Chinese goats, in which lineage A was predominant, lineage B was moderate, and lineages C and D were at low frequency. These results further support the multiple maternal origins of domestic goats. The pattern of genetic variation in goat mtDNA sequences indicated that the two larger lineages A and B had undergone population expansion events. In a combined analysis of previously reported sequences and our sequences belonging to lineage B, we detected two subclades, in which one was unique to eastern Asia and another was shared between eastern and southern Asia. A larger genetic variation in eastern Asia than southern Asia and the pattern of phylogeographic variation in lineage B suggest that at least one subclade of lineage B originated from eastern Asia. There was no significant geographical structuring in Chinese goat populations, which suggested that there existed strong gene flow among goat populations caused by extensive transportation of goats in history. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary facies analyses.

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Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary facies analyses.

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Since 1988 growers of bay scallop Argopecten irradians in China have been experiencing mortality in their cultured stocks. Although poorly documented, mortality apparently began near Qingdao and has since spread to other areas of Shandong and Liaoning provinces. Samples of cultured scallops were collected from several growing areas in these provinces and analyzed by histological methods for pathogens. An unidentified haplosporidian parasite was observed in a high proportion of scallops from two of the stocks examined. Most infections were of low intensity, but one heavy infection was also observed. Only plasmodia stages were observed; they occurred intercellularly in connective tissues throughout the scallops. Plasmodia were spherical to oval, varied from 4.0 to 17.0 mu m in diameter and contained from 2 to 18 nuclei. Absence of spores prevented generic assignment of the parasite. The source and pathogenicity of the haplosporidian could not be assessed without additional research. No other microbial parasites (i.e. rickettsia-like, chlamydia-like or kidney coccidia) were observed in any of the scallops examined.

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The Er3+-Yb3+ codoped Al2O3 has been prepared by the sol-gel method using the aluminium isopropoxide [Al(OC3H7)(3)]-derived Al2O3 sols with addition of the erbium nitrate [Er(NO3)(3) center dot 5H(2)O] and ytterbium nitrate [Yb(NO3)(3) center dot 5H(2)O]. The phase structure, including only two crystalline types of doped Al2O3 phases, theta and gamma, was obtained for the 1 mol% Er3+ and 5 mol% Yb3+ codoped Al2O3 at the sintering temperature of 1,273 K. By a 978 nm semiconductor laser diodes excitation, the visible up-conversion emissions centered at about 523, 545, and 660 nm were obtained. The temperature dependence of the green up-conversion emissions was studied over a wide temperature range of 300-825 K, and the reasonable agreement between the calculated temperature by the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) theory and the measured temperature proved that Er3+-Yb3+ codoped Al2O3 plays an important role in the application of high temperature sensor.

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早白垩世到早第三纪这段时期是松科早期起源和其后进行分支演化的关键时期。球果因为是重要的雌性生殖器官,而在松科演化问题上具有显著的研究价值。对早白垩世到早第三纪这段时间所发现的松科球果的研究经因一个半世纪的逐渐演变,现在划分为三个属:松属(Pinus),假南洋杉型属(Pseudoaraucaria),和松型球果属(Pityostrobus)。本文对采自辽宁义县早白垩世沙海组火山灰形成的凝灰质砂砾岩层中的一批硅化松科球果进行了详细的解剖学研究。将它们划分到松型球果属Pityostrobus中,并在此属下另立了4个新种:Pityostrobus hsuii, P. liaoningensis, P. yixianensis, P. borealis,以及五个暂时不能确切定种的类型。这些种以及类型根据鳞片基部树脂道的分布方式,划分为两类:一类包括Pityostrobus hsuii, P. liaoningensis,为在鳞片基部树脂道分布在鳞片迹的远轴面类型,它俩之间的区别主要在苞鳞复合体基部鳞片迹的形状上的显著差异,以及鳞片中上部树脂道的分布方式上的不同;另一类包括P. yixianensis以及与其相类似的四个类型和P. borealis以及一个与其相类似的类型,两个种在鳞片基部,树脂道分布在鳞片迹近轴面和远轴面,它们之间的差别主要在苞鳞复合体基部远轴面树脂道分布方式的不同而划分。通过与那些已发现的出产于欧洲和北美洲的种类进行对比,发现这批标本的结构性状上所体现出的多样性与欧美的标本有显著的不同。因此,在早白垩世,东亚为松科早期起源演化的一个重要中心。

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本文研究了采自辽宁西部下白垩统义县组和上三叠统羊草沟组的三种植物的生殖器官,它们分别属于银杏目 (Ginkgoales) 和茨康目 (Czekanowskiales)。辽宁银杏 (G. liaoningensis Liu, Crane, Li et Wang sp. nov.) 和纤细堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus gracilis Harris 1935 emend. Liu, Hueber, Li et Wang) 是银杏目植物的雄球花,通过将这两种雄球花与现存银杏 (Ginkgo biloba L.) 雄球花的对比研究,讨论了自晚三叠世至今银杏目雄性生殖器官可能的演化途径。蟹形薄果穗 (Leptostrobus cancer Harris 1951 emend. Liu, Li et Wang) 是茨康目植物的雌性生殖器官,我们根据辽西标本对该种的特征集要做了修订,并对薄果穗属 (Leptostrobus Heer 1876) 的种进行了讨论,将三个种归并到蟹形薄果穗薄。主要内容包括: 1. 银杏属植物雄球花——辽宁银杏 采自中国辽宁下白垩统义县组的辽宁银杏,为葇荑花序状,主轴基部有鳞片。小孢子叶螺旋排列在主轴上,小孢子叶上着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 卵形到椭圆形的小孢子囊。小孢子囊下垂,纵状开裂。成熟花粉粒单沟,长椭圆形;而未成熟的花粉粒处在四分体阶段。辽宁银杏的特征和现存银杏十分相似。主要差别在于辽宁银杏的小孢子叶着生3—4个 (少数为2个) 小孢子囊,而现存银杏的小孢子叶绝大多数着生2个小孢子囊。辽宁银杏在大小及小孢子囊数目上区别于其它的银杏属雄球花化石种,如:英国约克郡侏罗纪的胡顿银杏 (Ginkgo huttoni (Sternberg) Heer) 雄球花,加拿大阿尔贝塔晚白垩世一个未定名的银杏属雄球花。辽宁银杏 (化石) 和银杏 (现存) 的比较支持了根据银杏属胚珠器官而提出的缩减假说,因为自早白垩世至今,银杏属雄球花小孢子叶着生的小孢子囊的数目经历了从3—4个到2个的减少。 2. 银杏目植物雄球花——纤细堆囊穗 本文研究的纤细堆囊穗采自中国东北上三叠统羊草沟组。这种雄球花小孢子 叶末端的裂片在形态上差异很大,这是在以前对这种植物的研究中没有发现的重要特征。这些保存精美的化石对于纤细堆囊穗特征的阐明和修订以及种的复原很有帮助。将中国的标本与西伯利亚堆囊穗 (Sorosaccus sibiricus Prynada 1962)、小堆囊穗 (S. minor Harris 1935)、乌马尔堆囊穗 (S. umaltensis Krassilov 1972) 和被定为长叶拜拉 (Baiera longifolia (Pom.) Heer 1876) 的雄球花进行了比较,发现它们与纤细堆囊穗在特征上一致,故将它们处理为纤细堆囊穗的异名。同时,也讨论了堆囊穗属可能的演化意义。它可能是银杏属的远祖,经过小孢子囊数目的减少和小孢子叶长度的缩短而演化到现在的银杏,而辽西早白垩世的辽宁银杏可能代表了堆囊穗和现代银杏在演化上的一个中间阶段。 3. 茨康目雌性生殖器官——蟹形薄果穗 本文研究的蟹形薄果穗采自辽西上三叠统羊草沟组和下白垩统义县组。羊草沟组的材料是蟹形薄果穗属最早的纪录,从而该种的分布在时间上有了新的资料:从晚三叠世到早白垩世。据标本穗轴顶端的完整性,我们修订了蟹形薄果穗的特征集要和提供了它的复原图,并将三种薄果穗归并到蟹形薄果穗。我们也回顾了薄果穗属自1876年建立以来100多年的研究历史,并列出了该属所有材料,还讨论了该属各种的主要特征和建种依据。

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二十世纪初,前人在中国的东北地区发现了大量保存完好的动物化石,其中以狼鳍鱼最具代表性,科学家将在该地区发现的化石生物群命名为“热河生物群”。“热河”这一名称得名于该化石群的经典产地,即当时的热河省东部地区。建国后,热河省被撤消,其西部划归河北省,东部划归辽宁省。原热河生物群的经典产地因此落在了今天辽宁省的西部,即辽西地区。但是,“热河生物群”这一在地质古生物学界具有深刻影响的名称仍然保留着,而且近几年来在该地区又有大量的鸟类以及恐龙的化石被发现。该地区现在已经成为世界级的古生物宝库。通过不同的方法对该地区进行时代测定的结果认为该地区的时代为白垩纪早期。 与发现众多、研究深入的动物群相比,在该地区开展的植物学研究起步较晚,但在最近几年取得了很大的进展。目前为止,已经发现的植物类群就有苔藓、蕨类、银杏、苏铁、松柏类和被子植物。其中,银杏、苏铁、松柏类尤为丰富。理论上,被子植物也正是从该生物群所代表的白垩纪早期开始出现并逐步走向繁荣的。近年来在热河生物群中就有不少关于被子植物早期类群的报道,如古果属A rchaefructus和里海果属Hyrcantha等。传统上认为,买麻藤目植物与被子植物起源的关系非常密切,但是最近的分子系统学研究却将该类群推离了被子植物,而作为裸子植物高等类群松柏类的姐妹群对待。但是,在热河生物群中的一些新买麻藤目植物的化石标本与被子植物早期类型化石标本的发现却提供了新的思路或证据。如近年来,我国学者已经在该生物群中报道的麻黄科下的2属4种。这些发现的类群都与买麻藤植物的基部类群麻黄属密切相关。这种新发现带来的证据或许可以为被子植物起源这一世界难题的解决提供新的思路。 在对前人关于买麻藤目植物化石标本的研究进行整理的时候,我们发现我们的部分化石与前人发表的一个种Ephedrites chenii在标本的形态学特征方面完全相同。但是在对该类群及其所在的属与麻黄的现代类群作对比研究后发现,该种植物的繁殖器官的特征完全符合麻黄属的特征,因此将该类群转移到麻黄属中作为新组合对待。另外,根据前人对该种在种加词的命名上的修改,我们将该新组合命名为Ephedra cheniae。 在调查该生物群中的买麻藤植物时,我们发现在部分化石类群中出现了前人没有记载过的新性状,比如在麻黄科类植物中发现了互生的分枝方式,并据此命名一个新的单种属Alloephedra xingxuei。为了探讨互生分枝这一性状对于麻黄科的分类意义,我们调查了国内外不少标本馆中的标本,并在野外做了取样统计。结果发现,在不少现代麻黄的枝条上都出现了不同程度的分枝发育不均衡,表现为在同一节上对生的两个分枝中一侧分枝能够正常发育而另一侧发育迟缓甚至不发育,这种不均衡的发育造成了在现代麻黄中出现了类似互生的分枝状况。在整理前人对麻黄分枝方式研究的基础上,结合我们对野外类群形态学性状的调查,我们认为由于在同一节上对生的两个分枝中一侧延迟或不发育而引起的类似互生的性状是较为广泛存在的,它不应该成为属一级的分类依据,而只能作为种一级的分类依据对待。因此我们将AHoephedra xingxuei转移到麻黄属中作为新组合Ephedra xingxuei处理。 除此之外,我们也发现了不少其他的买麻藤目化石标本,在对买麻藤目以往的化石记录了解以及对这些标本形态学性状把握的基础上,我们将这些新发现的化石标本放置在麻黄科麻黄属中作为新种对待,并根据其叶片以及苞片的特征分别将他们命名为披针叶麻黄(Ephedra lanceoleta)、裂叶麻黄(Ephedra divisa),卵叶麻黄(Ephedra ovata)以及双苞麻黄(Ephedra bibracta)。 与此同时,我们也发现了保存完好的被子植物的化石标本。该标本中具有5个离生的心皮、分枝方式兼具侧生和二叉分枝两种、并具有多裂的叶片。在辽西地区同时代发现的被子植物早期类型共有两个,分别是Archaefructus和Hyrcantha。其中前者具有许多个离生的螺旋状排列在可育枝的顶端1cm内的子房/心皮,而后者只有2-4个子房/心皮。在对我们新发现的化石标本与这两个被子植物的早期类型在叶片形态、分枝式样、果实大小、果实构成、果实排布、心 皮数目等形态学特征对比的基础上,我们认为新的化石标本描述了一个被子植物早期类群的新形态,并根据其具有五个心皮以及多裂的叶片的特征,命名为裂叶文采果Wentsaia divisa gen.&sp. nov。 由于我们有幸能在辽西同时发现了买麻藤植物的化石标本和被子植物早期类型的标本,这就给了我们一个讨论二者在起源关系方面的机会。在对二者的营养器官特征、繁殖器官结构组成、繁殖器官性别构成以及对二者生活环境理解进行对比的基础上,我们认为,买麻藤目植物的早期类型与被子植物的早期类型之间存在相关性。但是就目前的证据而言,尚无法推测二者之间是否存在性状上的演化关系,而该问题的解决需要更多的化石证据的积累。

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采用水平式淀粉胶电泳技术 ,对云南龙陵黄山羊、宁蒗黑头山羊、马关无角山羊和路南圭山羊等 4个保种山羊的 1 2 0个个体共 3 9个基因座位的基因多态性进行了研究。结果显示 ,云南 4个保种山羊品种在AKP、CES - 1、ESD、GOI、LAP、MDH、ME和NP基因座位出现多态。多态座位基因在不同保种山羊中分布不同。多态基因座位百分比 (P)在 4个保种山羊中分别为 0 .2 0 51 ,0 .1 53 8,0 .1 2 82和 0 .1 53 8。平均杂合度 (H)分别为 0 .0 95,0 .0 61 4 ,0 .0 4 67和 0 .0 662。用UPGMA法对由基因频率计算得到的Nei氏标准遗传距离进行聚类分析 ,结果表明云南保种山羊具地理分布及品种特点 ,龙陵黄山羊和其它 3个品种的遗传距离最远。