Explorations of electric-current system in solar active regions .1. Empirical inferences of the current flows

In this paper we explore techniques to identify sources of electric current systems and their channels of flow in solar active regions. Measured photospheric vector magnetic fields (VMF) together with high-resolution white-light and H filtergrams provide the data base to derive the current systems in the photosphere and chromosphere. Simple mathematical constructions of fields and currents are also adopted to understand these data. As an example, the techniques are then applied to infer current systems in AR 2372 in early April 1980. The main results are: (i) In unipolar sunspots the current density may reach values of 103 CGSE, and the Lorentz force on it can accelerate the Evershed flow, (ii) Spots exhibiting significant spiral pattrn in the penumbral filaments are the sources of vertical major currents at the photospheric surface, (iii) Magnetic neutral lines where the transverse field was strongly sheared were channels along which strong current system flows, (iv) The inferred current systems produced oppositely-flowing currents in the area of the delta configuration that was the site of flaring in AR 2372.

Phase Diagram of [Amim]Cl plus Salt Aqueous Biphasic Systems and Its Application for [Amim]Cl Recovery

In this study, binodal curves and tie line data of [Amim]Cl + salt (K3PO4, K2HPO4, K2CO3) + water aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) were measured and correlated satisfactorily with the Merchuk equation and Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations, respectively. [Amim]Cl could be recovered from aqueous solutions using the ABS, and the recovery efficiency could reach 96.80%. The recovery efficiency was influenced by the concentrations of the salts and their Homeister series: K3PO4 > K2HPO4 > K2CO3. Our method provides a new and effective route for the recovery of hydrophilic IL using [Amim]Cl + salt + water ABS from aqueous solutions.

绘图专用字符库的建立与使用

本文概述了用专门的造字符软件 SYGEN 交互式地建立“绘图专用字符库”(包括汉字)的方法。文中着重论述了如何对国外引进的软件 SYGEN,在建库的设计思想,提高字符的存取速度,减少内、外存空间的占有等方面进行的改造,从而,用此方法能够简单而快速地建立使用方便、易于更新的绘图专用字符库。

隐伏金矿床预测中的地震勘探险方法

Based on brief introduction of seismic exploration and it's general developing situation, the seismic exploration method in field work implementation and some problems frequently encountered in field, which should be pay attention to, are analyzed in detail. The most economic field work techniques are emphasized. Then the seismic data processing flow and it's interpretation technique about the processing results are presented. At last four examples of seismic prospecting in gold deposits are showed. The main conclusions of our research are: 1. Seismic prospecting technique is a very efficient method in the prediction of concealed gold deposits. With appropriate application, it can absolutely reflect the detail underground geological structure in the condition of rugged area and complicated geological environment. 2. The field geometry should be designed and changed according to different kinds of objective exploration depth and ground situation. The best field implementing parameters which include offset, the distance between two adjacent traces, the quantity of dynamite and the depth of hole for explosion, should be determined with examination. Only this way, the high quality original seismic data can be gotten. 3. In seismic data processing, the edition of invalid trace and source gather, signal enhancement, velocity analysis and migration are the key steps. It has some different points with conventional processing and needs a new processing flow and methods which is suitable to the data acquired in rugged area and complicated geological environment. 4. The new common reflection area stacking method in crooked line data processing is an efficient method to improve the signal to noise ratio of seismic data The innovations of our research work are: 1. In the areas which were considered to be forbidden zone, we implement the seismic exploration in several gold deposits in China through our application. All acquire distinguished effects. This show the seismic exploration method is a new effective method in the prediction of concealed gold deposits. 2. We developed a set of seismic field work techniques and data processing which is suitable to complex environment, especially find a effective method in stacking and noise elimination in crooked line data processing. 3. In the field of seismic profile interpretation, through our research work, we are convinced of that: in different kinds of geological condition, the seismic reflection character are not same. For example the lava, the intrusion rock and sediment layers are different in the character of reflection structure and strength. So we accumulate some experience about seismic data interpretation in the area of gold deposits.

地理信息系统支持下的滑坡灾害空间分析预测-以云南小江流域为例

As a typical geological and environmental hazard, landslide has been causing more and more property and life losses. However, to predict its accurate occurring time is very difficult or even impossible due to landslide's complex nature. It has been realized that it is not a good solution to spend a lot of money to treat with and prevent landslide. The research trend is to study landslide's spatial distribution and predict its potential hazard zone under certain region and certain conditions. GIS(Geographical Information System) is a power tools for data management, spatial analysis based on reasonable spatial models and visualization. It is new and potential study field to do landslide hazard analysis and prediction based on GIS. This paper systematically studies the theory and methods for GIS based landslide hazard analysis. On the basis of project "Mountainous hazard study-landslide and debris flows" supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and the former study foundation, this paper carries out model research, application, verification and model result analysis. The occurrence of landslide has its triggering factors. Landslide has its special landform and topographical feature which can be identify from field work and remote sensing image (aerial photo). Historical record of landslide is the key to predict the future behaviors of landslide. These are bases for landslide spatial data base construction. Based on the plenty of literatures reviews, the concept framework of model integration and unit combinations is formed. Two types of model, CF multiple regression model and landslide stability and hydrological distribution coupled model are bought forward. CF multiple regression model comes form statistics and possibility theory based on data. Data itself contains the uncertainty and random nature of landslide hazard, so it can be seen as a good method to study and understand landslide's complex feature and mechanics. CF multiple regression model integrates CF (landslide Certainty Factor) and multiple regression prediction model. CF can easily treat with the problems of data quantifying and combination of heteroecious data types. The combination of CF can assist to determine key landslide triggering factors which are then inputted into multiple regression model. CF regression model can provide better prediction results than traditional model. The process of landslide can be described and modeled by suitable physical and mechanical model. Landslide stability and hydrological distribution coupled model is such a physical deterministic model that can be easily used for landslide hazard analysis and prediction. It couples the general limit equilibrium method and hydrological distribution model based on DEM, and can be used as a effective approach to predict the occurrence of landslide under different precipitation conditions as well as landslide mechanics research. It can not only explain pre-existed landslides, but also predict the potential hazard region with environmental conditions changes. Finally, this paper carries out landslide hazard analysis and prediction in Yunnan Xiaojiang watershed, including landslide hazard sensitivity analysis and regression prediction model based on selected key factors, determining the relationship between landslide occurrence possibility and triggering factors. The result of landslide hazard analysis and prediction by coupled model is discussed in details. On the basis of model verification and validation, the modeling results are showing high accuracy and good applying potential in landslide research.