3 resultados para Isolations

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本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果;第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究;第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究;第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果;第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物,其中1个为新化合物,其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷,另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究,从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株,其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好,对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选,确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析,共分离鉴定了28个化合物,结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等,其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针(Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.)DC.)干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了16个生物碱,结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等,其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤(Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.)水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了14个化合物,结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇,其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.

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本学位论文报道了西藏产三种藏族传统植物药材的化学成分研究。论文由四章组成,前三章是实验部分,分别报道了尼泊尔黄堇(Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl.)、藏波罗花(Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague)和全缘叶绿绒蒿(Meconopsis interifolia Franch.)的化学成分研究结果。从这三种青藏高原药用植物中共分离鉴定出33 个化合物,其中1 个是新化合物。第四章概述了罂粟科紫堇属植物的化学和药理研究进展。 第一章为尼泊尔黄堇的化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱色谱等分离方法从药用植物尼泊尔黄堇的地上部分共分离纯化得到12 个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HMBC、NOESY 等现代波谱学方法将它们的结构鉴定为:刺罂粟碱(1) , 普托品(2) , 新那亭(3) , 斯可任(4) , tetrahydrothalifendine (5) ,9-methyl-decumbenine C (6),tetrahydroberberrubine (7),隐品碱(8),α-别隐品碱(9),6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-oxoisoquinolinone (10),6-丙酮基-5,6 -二氢血根碱(11)和β-谷甾醇(12)。其中化合物6 为新化合物,为首次发现的分子骨架上C-9 位连有甲基的苯肽异喹啉类型生物碱。另外,除化合物1 和2 外,其它9 个生物碱(3~11)均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。同时,我们还对对尼泊尔黄堇中的总生物碱进行了串联质谱分析。 第二章为藏波罗花的化学成分研究。从该药用植物的地上部分共分离得到16个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定为:异佛手柑内酯(1),6-甲氧基当归素(2),欧前胡素(3),花椒毒内酯(4),珊瑚菜素(5),水合氧化前胡素(6),rivulobirin A (7),齐墩果酸甲酯(8),咖啡酸甲酯(9),银桦酸(10),(D)-boschniakinic acid (11),对羟基苯甲酸(12) , tert-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(R)-heraclenol (13) , 5-methoxy-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxypsoralen (14),前胡苷V(15)和苯乙醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(16)。所有以上化合物均为首次从该种植物中分离得到。另外我们还首次对藏波罗花挥发油的化学成分进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析,共鉴定出39 个挥发性成分。 第三章为全缘叶绿绒蒿化学成分的分离鉴定。从传统藏药材全缘叶绿绒蒿地上部分共分离纯化出8 个化合物。通过理化常数和波谱数据将他们的结构分别鉴定为:去甲血根碱(1),β-谷甾醇(2),3-羟基-齐墩果烷-12(13)-烯-30-酸(3),6-丙酮基-5,6-二氢血根碱(4),木犀草素(5),胡萝卜苷(6),quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7)和普托品(8)。其中化合物1,4 和7 为首次从该种药用植物中分离得到。 第四章为综述,总结和归纳了近年来罂粟科紫堇属植物的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first, second and third parts report the studies on the chemical constituents from the medicinal plants of Corydalis hendersonii, Incarvillea younghusbandii and Meconopsis interifolia. The forth part reviews the progress of the studies on Corydalis species. The first chapter is about the isolations and identifications of alkalids from the aerial parts of C. hendersonii which is a traditional Tibetan medicine to treat febrifuge, high blood pressure and hepatitis. A new isoquinoline alkaloid, 9-methyl-decumbenine C (6), together with ten known alkaloids, stylopine (1), protopine (2), canadine (3), scoulerine (4), tetrahydrothalifendine (5), tetrahydroberberrubine (7), cryptopine (8), α-allocryptopine (9), 6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone (10) and 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine (11), and β-sitosterol (12) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the total alkaloids were analyzed by ESI-MSn. The second chapter is about the isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from the aerial parts of I. younghusbandii. Sixteen compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By spectral analysis, there structures were identified as isobergapten (1), sphondin (2), imperatorin (3), xanthotoxin (4), phellopterin (5), heraclenol (6), rivulobirin A (7), methyl oleanolate (8), methyl caffeate (9), grevillic acid (10), (D)-boschniakinic acid (11), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (12), tert-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(R)-heraclenol (13), 5-methoxy-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxypsoralen (14), decuroside Ⅴ(15), and phenylethyl-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (16). All of these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.By the way, the chemical components of the essential oil from I. younghusbandii were analyzed by GC-MS for the first time. The third chapter is about the the isolations and identifications of the chemical constituents of M. interifolia. Eight compounds were isolated and identified as norsanguinarine (1), β-sitosterol (2), 3-hydroxyolean-12(13)-en-30-oic acid (3), 6-acetonyl-5,6-dihydrosanguinarine (4), luteolin (5), daucosterol (6), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) and protopine (8). The compounds 1, 4 and 7 were isolated from this herb for the first time. The last chapter is a review of the research progress of the studies on Corydalis species, which includes the chemical constituents in this genus and their pharmacology.

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中国牡蛎种类丰富,但是由于贝壳可塑性强,表型变化大,分类学及系统发生学研究进展缓慢,存在诸多争议。本文在全国部分海区采集牡蛎样品,并通过表型和分子生物学方法进行鉴定,重点调查潮下带牡蛎的分布情况。选取江苏南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为典型海域,研究亲缘关系接近的巨蛎属牡蛎之间在繁殖上如何维持相互之间的关系。本研究的目的在于摸索牡蛎物种鉴定的实用方法,并阐明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎生殖隔离是如何维持的。研究结果对牡蛎等海洋贝类的分类及系统发生学研究具有一定的借鉴作用,为牡蛎礁的生态保护提供生物学参考依据。 在辽宁营口、海洋岛,河北秦皇岛,山东西霞口、潍坊、青岛,江苏南通,浙江舟山、奉化,福建莆田,广东汕头等地区采集牡蛎样品,重点采集潮下带的牡蛎,通过地理分布、表型、DNA含量测定和COI种特异性探针鉴定对各地区的牡蛎物种组成进行分析。选取了南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为研究牡蛎物种间相互关系的最佳地点。该地区牡蛎由主要分布在潮间带的熊本牡蛎和主要分布在潮下带的近江牡蛎组成。 对南通小庙洪牡蛎礁上两种巨蛎属牡蛎在空间上的分布进行调查;定期取样,制作性腺切片,观察两种牡蛎的性腺发育情况;同时,定期在海区挂板,采用半人工采苗的方式采集海区牡蛎幼体,通过ITS1基因鉴定采集的稚贝所属物种。通过调查发现二者的分布存在重叠区域;两种牡蛎在2007年6月中旬至9月中旬存在两个明显的繁殖高峰期,在每个繁殖期内两种牡蛎同时发生大量繁殖行为的可能性极高。结果表明,两种牡蛎不存在明显的生态隔离和季节隔离等交配前生殖隔离机制。 在室内对两种牡蛎进行2×2完全双列杂交,并通过ITS1基因的克隆测序验证杂种后代。双列杂交受精实验采用多亲本混合交配的方式(即每个物种的卵子或精子均来自多个个体),共进行7次重复。结果表明,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够被近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率(24.6%)受精,且形成的后代确实为两个物种杂交产生,而反方向不能受精。 幼虫和稚贝生长存活的双列杂交实验共进行3次重复。估测受精率、受精卵的孵化率,第1至29日每两天测量一次D形幼虫的壳高和密度。结果表明杂交幼虫(熊本牡蛎♀与近江牡蛎♂的杂交,SA)的受精率(12.5%)显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.4%)和近江牡蛎(84.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);自受精至29日龄,杂交幼虫壳高的生长速度明显低于纯种对照组(P < 0.05);但是存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异(P > 0.05)。杂交幼虫附着变态期间死亡率高;93日龄,熊本牡蛎有10.08%的匍匐期面盘幼虫存活至稚贝,显著大于(P < 0.05)近江牡蛎(2.18%)和杂交幼虫(0.76%);杂交稚贝壳高显著小于(P < 0.05)纯种对照组。稚贝在海区挂养3个月。与挂养前相比,杂交稚贝在潮下带的存活率为19.2%,125个稚贝仅存24个,壳高平均增加2.15 mm。熊本牡蛎在潮间带的存活率达到65%,壳高平均增加3.99 mm。近江牡蛎在潮下带的存活率达到85.7%,壳高平均增加5.22 mm,在潮间带的存活率仅10.9%,壳高平均增加3.28 mm。受精6个月后,所有杂交稚贝仅剩3枚,运回实验室暂养一段时间后全部死亡。 设置20、25、30、35共4个盐度梯度,估算双列杂交组合在不同盐度下的受精率、孵化率、7日内的存活率和壳高生长,实验共进行3个重复。结果表明,杂交组合在4个盐度下的受精率(平均为11.2%)均显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.0%)和近江牡蛎(77.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);杂交组合在盐度35时的孵化率(85.0%)显著大于20(49.6%)、25(51.3%)和30(55.4%)三个盐度梯度。7日龄杂交幼虫(10.5%)和近江牡蛎(11.4%)的存活率显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(30.3%);杂交幼虫的壳高(75.7 μm)显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(81.5 μm)和近江牡蛎(85.6 μm)对照组。两因素方差分析表明,杂交组合方式对受精率、孵化率、7日龄存活率和7日龄壳高均有显著影响,盐度对7日龄壳高的影响显著。 实验结果表明,江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁上的熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间在分布空间上存在重叠区域,繁殖时间也存在重叠,并未产生明显的生态隔离和季节隔离。二者之间存在不对称性杂交,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够与近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率受精,而反方向完全不亲和。杂交幼虫在受精率上存在显著劣势;但是受精卵的孵化率与纯种受精卵无显著差异;杂交幼虫在生长上也存在显著劣势;而存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异;杂交幼虫附着变态期间大量死亡,存活下来的稚贝生长缓慢,死亡率高。表明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间即存在交配前的配子不亲和性隔离,又存在交配后隔离,主要表现为杂种不活。