半干旱沙区退耕还林对碳储量和分配格局的影响

以农田和不同退耕还林年限(5、10、15年)的杨树人工林为对象,开展了退耕还林对生态系统有机碳储量和分配格局特征的研究。结果表明:随着退耕年限的增加,生物量碳储量不断积累,且其增加的碳库主要分配在树干。与农田(CK1)相比,退耕还林5年的杨树人工林(Poplar1)0~10、10~20、20~40和40~60cm土壤有机碳含量分别下降了7.65%、36.66%、51.94%和21.4%;退耕还林10年的杨树人工林(Poplar2),不同层次土壤有机碳含量分别提高了69.63%、62.46%、17.07%和66.94%。与农田(CK2)相比退耕还林15年的杨树人工林(Poplar3),0~10、20~40和40~60cm土壤有机碳含量分别提高了31.96%、81.50%和58.05%,而10~20cm土层下降了13.38%。与对照农田相比,5年生杨树人工林0~60cm土壤有机碳储量下降了31%,而10年和15年生杨树人工林土壤有机碳储量分别增加了47%和41%。退耕5年的杨树人工林总的碳储量比对照农田下降了10%,退耕10年和15年的杨树人工林与相应对照农田相比较,生态系统总的碳储量分别提高大约2倍和5倍。说明,农田退耕还林后生态系统碳储量明显增加,增加的碳储量主要积累在地上生物量碳库中。退耕还林初期,土壤有机碳储量表现出下降趋势,随后逐渐恢复甚至高于农田土壤碳储量。

I型平面应力准静态稳恒裂纹扩展

根据Ｊ２流动理论并采用有限元法分析了小范围屈服条件下，各向同性幂强化材料及理想塑性材料中的准静态Ｉ型平面应力稳恒裂纹扩展问题。计算结果表明，与平面应变情况不同，对于平面应力稳恒裂纹扩展，材料的强化指数Ｎ对塑性区形状有显著影响。对理想塑性材料，在裂纹延长线上（θ＝０），应变似呈现对数奇异性。计算中未发现有二次塑性区。利用 ＣＯＤ断裂准则得出，应力强度因子比 Ｋｓｓ／Ｋｃ也强烈地依赖于材料常数σ０／Ｇ及强化指数Ｎ。

Ridge optical waveguide in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass produced by He+ ion implantation combined with Ar+ ion beam etching

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a ridge optical waveguide in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass. The He+ ion implantation (at energy of 2.8 MeV) is first applied onto the sample to produce a planar waveguide substrate, and then Ar+ ion beam etching (at energy of 500 eV) is carried out to construct rib stripes on the sample surface that has been deposited by a specially designed photoresist mask. According to a reconstructed refractive index profile of the waveguide cross section, the modal distribution of the waveguide is simulated by applying a computer code based on the beam propagation method, which shows reasonable agreement with the experimentally observed waveguide mode by using the end-face coupling method. Simulation of the incident He ions at 2.8 MeV penetrating into the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass substrate is also performed to provide helpful information on waveguide formation.

Intense frequency upconversion luminescence in Yb3+/Tm3+-codoped oxychloride germanate glasses

Yb3+/Tm3+-codoped oxychloride germanate glasses for developing potential upconversion lasers have been fabricated and characterized. Structural properties were obtained based on the Raman spectra analysis, indicating that PbCl2 plays an important role in the formation of glass network and has an important influence on the maximum phonon energies of host glasses. Intense blue and weak red emissions centered at 477 and 650 nm, corresponding to the transitions (1)G(4) -> H-3(6) and (1)G(4) -> H-3(4), respectively, were observed at room temperature. With increasing PbCl2 content, the intensity of blue (477 nm) emission increases significantly, while the red (650 nm) emission increases slowly. The results indicate that PbCl2 has more influence on the blue emissions than the red emission in oxychloride germanate glasses. The possible upconversion mechanisms are discussed and estimated. Intense blue upconversion luminescence indicates that these oxychloride germanate glasses can be used as potential host material for upconversion lasers. C (c) 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

银鲫复合种外源遗传物质整入的RAPD分析

在优化RAPD检测条件的基础上，采用40对随机引物，比较分析了银鲫复合种、异育银鲫和兴国红鲤相互间扩增DNA片段的异同性。总的来说，银鲫复合种和异育银鲫具有基本一致的扩增产物，而与兴国红鲤的扩增产物多数不同。相似率分析表明，银鲫复合种与兴国红鲤之间的相似率为31.6％，异育银鲫与兴国红鲤之间的相似率为28．6％。在分析中，除发现银鲫复合种、异育银鲫与兴国红鲤间共有的扩增片段外，还发现了银鲫复合种与兴国红鲤间共有的扩增片段以及银鲫复合种所特有的DNA扩增带。本研究不但为银鲫复合种异源遗传成分的整人提供了新的

MBE growth of very short period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices on (001) GaAs substrates

First, GaSb epilayers were grown on (001) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. We determined that the GaSb layers had very smooth surfaces using atomic force microscopy. Then, very short period InAs/ GaSb superlattices (SLs) were grown on the GaSb buffer layer. The optical and crystalline properties of the superlattices were studied by low-temperature photoluminescence spectra and high resolution transition electron microscopy. In order to determine the interface of SLs, the samples were tested by Raman-scattering spectra at room temperature. Results indicated that the peak wavelength of SLs with clear interfaces and integrated periods is between 2.0 and 2.6 mu m. The SL interface between InAs and GaSb is InSb-like.

防护林衰退研究进展

森林衰退问题已成为21世纪全球环境发展的难题之一,而占中国森林总面积31%的防护林出现部分严重衰退,形势严峻。本文在广泛收集国内外相关文献的基础上,提出防护林在生长发育过程中出现的生理机能下降,因生产力、地力衰退、林分结构不合理等导致防护效能下降的状态即为防护林衰退。总结了引起防护林衰退的主要原因,包括:没有适地适树、林分结构不合理、缺乏合理的经营管理、人为干扰和频发的自然干扰等。本文从防护林衰退机理、防护林结构、经营管理、人为干扰、林种结构等方面分析了中国防护林研究存在的主要问题,建议今后应加强对防护林衰退形成过程和机制、衰退的早期诊断与评价、防护林衰退防治以及防护林宏观布局和应对干扰策略等方面的研究。

CLIGEN非降水参数在黄土高原的适应性评估

天气生成器(CLIGEN)可以产生以日为时间单元的天气数据,从而广泛应用于土壤侵蚀和作物生长模拟模型,其模拟结果的优劣直接影响这些模型的输出结果。利用散布黄土高原的12个标准气象站点长时间序列的气候数据评估CLIGEN模拟非降水参数(温度、太阳辐射、风速)的能力。结果表明:CLIGEN能较好的模拟日最高温度;对日最低温度与露点温度的模拟次之;模型对太阳辐射和风速的模拟较差,特别是对风速的模拟,模拟值要显著的高于实测值。CLIGEN模拟的温度日较差、第1天最高温度与第2天最低温度之差、第2天最高温度与第1天最低温度之差的均值和标准差普遍偏高,但均值的误差较小,而标准差被过高模拟;模型在产生气候数据时,没有保持逐日渐变性和连续性。CLIGEN能够较好的模拟最高温度与最低温度的季节连续性与相关性;而过高的模拟了太阳辐射的季节相关性以及温度与太阳辐射的季节互相关性;同时,模型没有模拟出各气象要素自身及其之间的逐日相关性。

Landscape change detection of the newly created wetland in Yellow River Delta

Four models are employed in the landscape change detection of the newly created wetland. The models include ones for patch connectivity. ecological diversity, human impact intensity and mean center of land cover. The landscape data of the newly created wetland in Yellow River Delta in 1984, 1991, and 1996 are produced from the unsupervised classification and the supervised classification on the basis of integrating Landsat TM images of the newly created wetland in the four seasons of the each year. The result from operating the models into the data shows that the newly created wetland landscape in Yellow River Delta had a great chance. The driving focus of the change are mainly from natural evolution of the newly created wetland and rapid population growth, especially non-peasant population growth in Yellow River Delta because a considerable amount of oil and gas fields have been found in the Yellow River Delta. For preventing the newly created wetland from more destruction and conserving benign Succession of the ecosystems in the newly created wetland, six measures are suggested on the basis of research results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

在Nd_(2-x)Sr_xNio_(4±λ)系催化剂上NO分解反应的研究

氮氧化物(NO_x)是严重的空气污染物,是产生酸雨的主要来源之一.消除NO_x已成为目前国际上环保化学中最为关键的问题之一.目前,世界各国都在大力开发新的消除NO_x的方法,其中最令人注意的有NO直接分解和寻找可取代NH_x的还原剂.根据已报道的文献看,最有希望的NO直接分解催化剂除了贵金属Pd,Pt之外有Cu-ZSM-5分子筛、含Cu的超导体Y-Ba-Cu-O和含Co的ABO_x复合氧化物.把A_2BO_4型复合氧化物应用于NO分解反应的报道很少,本文首次在NO分解反应中系统研究了Ln_(2-x)Sr_xMO_4(Ln=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,

数量性状水平上甘、青两省春小麦品种间的遗传多样性现状及演变趋势

在数量性状水平上，调查了43个春小麦品种的19个数量性状，利用主成分分析法计算品种间的欧氏平方遗传距离，并在此基础上用最小方差法做了聚类分析。发现43个品种间在数量性状水平上的遗传距离变异范围很大（0.926～67.942），平均遗传距离为18.000，说明供试品种的19个考察性状上存在较大的表型变异。从聚类结果来看，地方品种基本上被聚在一起，说明地方品种同引进品种和育成品种至少在表型上存在较大差异。从20世纪40年代以来，在数量水平上甘、青两省春小麦地方品种间的遗传多样性水平最高（GD＝31.389)，其次是20世纪50年代引进品种（GD＝26.308)，而育成品种间的遗传多样性水平最低，总体上呈下降趋势。说明随着育种进程的深入，作为育种目标追求的经济性状趋于一致，其变异集中在一个狭小的范围之内，品种间的遗传多样性下降。

小麦体细胞无性系HMW-GS变异及其变异体的研究

关于小麦体细胞无性系变异前人已做了大量的研究,观察到了形态学、细胞学和生化特性变异.对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白变异的分析,获得了基因突变的证据,但不知突变基因的位点.本研究的目的在于分析体细胞无性系的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(high-molecular-weightglutenin subunits,HMW-GS)的变化,获取特定基因(Glu-l)突变的证据,并研究HMW-GS变异体农艺性状和产量性状的表现.