22 resultados para Iris tectorum
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
本学位论文由4章组成。第一章是论文的主体,报道了中药射干的化学成分研究。第二章是中药射干代用品川射干的化学成分研究,并附带报道了西番莲化学成分的研究结果。第三章是射干、川射干及西番莲提取物化学成分串联质谱分析的报道。第四章为综述,概述了射干及鸢尾属植物的化学成分和药理研究进展。 在第一和二章中分别报道了射干(Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.)、川射干 (Iris tectorum Maxim.)及西番莲(Passiflora incarnate L.)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等各种分离方法,从三种药用植物中共分离出68个不同的化合物,其中61个的结构得 得以鉴定,另外4个化合物的结构正在鉴定中,3个由于量少且有点杂质未作进一步的鉴定。 中药射干(Rhizoma Belamcandae)为射干植物的干燥根茎,从中共分离出53个化合物,通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了包括12个新化合物在内的48个,结构类型分别属于iridal型三萜及其新颖的二聚体、异黄酮、黄酮及黄酮醇、香豆素、甾体、芳香酸和脂肪酸及其甘油酯等。新化合物中有两个异黄酮类化合物,其结构分别鉴定为5,7,8,4′-四羟基-6-甲氧基异黄酮和5,6-二羟基-4′-甲氧基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷;八个新的iridal型三萜化合物分别鉴定为鸢尾烯(L)、16-甲氧基鸢尾烯、16-去羟基鸢尾烯、2-(E)-16-去羟基鸢尾烯、16-去羟基鸢尾烯B、3-乙酰基-16-去羟基鸢尾烯、iristectoroneL和iristectoroneM;两个结构骨架新颖的双三萜,分别命名为射干素A和射干素B,其分离纯化的困难以及结构的新颖和复杂突显出该论文的科学意义。除这些新化合物外,还有9个已知化合物为首次从中药射干中分离得到。此外,从中药射干的代用品川射干中分离得到7个已知化合物,主要是黄酮类成分及iridal型三萜化合物,其中1个三萜化合物为从射干中分离鉴定的新成分。另外还从西番莲中分离出8个化合物,鉴定了其中的6个,主要为黄酮碳苷。 第三章是关于射干、川射干及西番莲提取物化学成分的ESI-MS-MS分析,在初步探讨了从这些植物中分离鉴定出的一些异黄酮及黄酮碳苷的质谱裂解规律基础上,通过质谱和串联质谱分析,定性和半定量地检测了射干和川射干中主要的异黄酮成分以及西番莲中的黄酮碳苷成分,为这些药材品质的快速鉴定提供了一种简便方法。 第四章概述了射干及鸢尾属药用植物的化学和药理研究进展,特别是对其中异黄酮及三萜类成分的研究进展进行了深入系统的综述。 This dissertation is composed by four chapters. The first and second chapter reports the phytochemical investigation of three medicine plants, Belamcanda chinensis (L.)DC., Iris tectorum Maxim. and Passiflora incarnate L. Sixty eight different compounds were isolated and sixty one of them were identified. The third chapter described rapid ESI-MS-MS analysis of B. chinensis, I. tectorum, and P. incarnate. The forth part is a review about the progress of studies on the chemical constituents from Belamcanda chinensis and Iris species. Fifty-three compounds were isolated from Rhizoma Belamcandae, the rhizomes of B. chinensis by the methods of column chromatography (normal and reversed phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20), preparative TLC and HPLC. On the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, ESI-MS, 1-D and 2-D NMR, forty eight of them were identified as seventeen flavonoids, seventeen tritepenoids, one cumarin, five steroids and some benzene derivative etc. Among them, the structures of twelve new compounds were elucidated as 6-methoxy-5,7,8,4′-tetrahydryoxyisoflavoe, 4′-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxyisoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, iristectorene L, 16-methoxyisoiridogermanal, 16-dehydroxyisoiridogermanal, 2-(E)-16-dehydroxy isoiridogermanal, 16-dehydroxyiristectorene B, 3-acetyl-16-dehydroxyisoiridoger- manal, iristectorone L, iristectorone M, belamcandene A and belamcandene B. Last two new compounds are dimer of triterpenoids with a novel carbon skeleton. Beside the new compounds, nine known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of I. tectorum yielded seven compounds. On the basis of spectroscopic methods including ESI-MS, NMR and the comparison with authentic samples, three of them were determined as isoflavone, two of them were triterpenoids, and other two were β-sitosterol and apocynin. All of them are known compounds except one of iridal type triterpenoid, 16-dehydroxyiristectorene B, which also obtained from B. chinensis as a new compound. Isolation of P. incarnate yielded eight compounds. Six of them were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods including ESI-MS, NMR and the comparison with authentic samples. Four of them are flavone-C-gluconside, and two are steroids. The third chapter describes the tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS) analysis of the isoflavonoids from B. chinensis and I. tectorum, as well as C-glycosyl-flavonoide from P. incarnate, in order to explore the rapid methodology of validating the quality of the herbs. In addition, the fractionation rules of some iosflavonoids and C-glycosyl-flavonoids were discussed. The fourth chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of medicine plants of B.chinensis and Iris species.
Resumo:
本学位论文首先报道了为解决低极性化合物的电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)分析难题而建立的一种衍生化分析方法;然后从色谱-质谱联用分析、分离纯化和结构鉴定等方面分别报道了几种中藏药材的活性成分研究。论文由下述六章组成: 第一章报道了盐酸羟胺衍生化方法在电喷雾质谱 (ESI-MS) 分析中的应用。该方法利用盐酸羟胺和羰基成肟的快速反应,建立了针对三萜酮等含酮或醛羰基低极性化合物的ESI-MS 信号增强技术。此方法不仅可应用于增强羰基化合物的ESI-MS 质谱信号,还可检测化合物中羰基的个数以及辨别涉及羰基官能团的同分异构体。此外,通过简单的氧化反应,还可将该方法拓展到三萜醇、甾醇等含羟基的低极性化合物,增强它们的ESI-MS 信号。对比已报道的相关ESI-MS 增强质谱信号的衍生化方法,此方法有经济、实用、快速和简便的显著特点。 第二章是关于野生羌活及其栽培品种化学成分的色谱-质谱联用分析。对不同产地野生羌活生长过程中活性成分的动态变化、野生羌活不同形态部位和人工栽培羌活中的活性成分含量进行了HPLC 定量分析。结果表明主要活性成分羌活醇和异欧前胡素都随生长期存在规律性变化,羌活不同形态部位中的活性成分含量也有明显不同。这些实验结果有些较好地印证了传统中医的用药理论,有些也对羌活的传统使用方法提出了新的建议。 第三章介绍了几种传统中藏药材的色谱-质谱联用及串联质谱分析。通过GC-MS 方法,从藏药材长花党参挥发油中共分离鉴定出45 个化合物;利用HPLC方法测定了该藏药材中的主要化学成分——木犀草素的含量(0.7%);利用串联质谱技术,对西番莲和射干中的主要成分进行了快速鉴定,从西番莲中鉴定了4个黄酮碳苷;从不同产地的射干和川射干中鉴定了8 个主要异黄酮成分,其中包括一个未见报道的化合物。 第四章的内容为藏药材石莲叶点地梅的活性成分研究。从植物石莲叶点地梅(Androsace integra (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.) 乙醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部分共分离和鉴定了6 个化合物,利用MS 和NMR 等现代波谱学技术阐明了它们的结构:其中包括4 个三萜类化合物:分别是androsacin (1)、 ardisiacrispin A (2) 、saxifragifolin A (3) 和20(29)-lupen-3-one (4);一个神经酰胺:4-羟基-Δ8,9(Z)-鞘氨醇-2'-羟基正二十四碳酸酰胺(5);一个甾体类化合物:胡萝卜苷(6)。化合物1为新的13,28-epoxy-oleanane 型三萜皂苷,在其结构表征的过程中,采用LC-MS 进行糖分析,获得了值得推广的好结果。通过活性筛选发现化合物1~3 对HepG2肝癌细胞表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中化合物2 活性最好,其IG50 为1.65μg/mL。 第五章是关于一些传统中藏药材的农药活性筛选。利用Syngenta 公司的活性筛选平台对68 种传统中藏药材醇提物进行了抗菌和除草的生物源农药活性筛选。结果表明所筛选的68 种植物提取物中,共有14 种样品表现出明显的除草/杀虫活性,其中水母雪莲花、松萝和茯神木等植物提取物还具有多种生物活性。活性成分还有待进一步追踪分离、纯化和结构鉴定。 第六章为文献综述,概述了羌活药材的研究进展。对羌活属及药用羌活植物从分类学、本草学、品质评价、人工栽培、化学成分及药理作用等方面进行了文献归纳和总结。 In this dissertation, an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) signal enhancement method, as well as the work of bioactive components study, HPLC-MS/MS application, bioassay screening, chromatograph separation and structure identification of the metabolites in several medicinal herbs have been reported. First chapter expounded a rapid, simple ESI-MS sensitivity enhancement method for detecting carbonyl groups in natural products has been developed by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH·HCl) as a derivatization reagent. We use the oxime formed during the derivatization reactions and its Beckmann rearrangement intermediates as a means of detecting the carbonyl groups originally present in these triterpenoids. In comparison with other derivatization methods in the literature, this method is simple, specific and can be used to detect carbonyl groups in triterpenoids which have low polarity and are poorly or non-ionizable. Moreover, it can also be used to detect hydroxyl groups by using the Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) to convert primary and secondary hydroxyls into carbonyl groups. Chapter 2 reported an HPLC-MS method for analyzing the main bioactive compounds in both wild and cultured Notopterygium incisum. The results indicated that the main bioactive compounds varied through different seasons regularly, and in different commercial parts of this herb the content of these compounds also differed from each other. The quantitative analysis results showed that in the traditional commercial parts, the content of main chemical constitutes in Silkworm Notopterygium, Bamboo Notopterygium and Irregular-nodal Notopterygium are higher than that in Striped Notopterygium. This result is tally with the traditionally concept that the quality of Notopterygium, Bamboo Notopterygium and Irregular-nodal Notopterygium are better than that of Striped Notopterygium, which means that the quality of rhizomes is better than main roots. The chemical constituents of cultured N. incisum is reported for the first time in this dissertation and the analysis results showed some growth curves of chemical constituents in this plant, but still left some questions unanswered. Chapter 3 discussed the GC/LC-MS analysis of the traditional Chinese medicines Codonopsis thalictrifolis, Passiflora incarnate, Belamcanda chinensis and Passiflora incarnate. The main constituent, luteolin was isolated and identified from the traditional Tibet medicine of C. thalictrifolis. The quantitative analysis by HPLC has revealed that the content of luteolin in this herb is 0.7%. GC-MS was employed to analyzed chemical constituents of the essential oil from the flower of C. thalictrifolis. More than 60 peaks were detected and 45 of them were identified by comparing their spectra with that of the standards in the database and literatures. ESI-MS/MS was used to analyze the n-butanol extract of Passiflora incarnate. Based on the information of pseudo molecular ions and fragment ions of the glycosides, four major flavone-C-glycosides have been detected and identified as 7-methoxyluteolin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside, vitexin, swertisin and orientin. The isoflavone compounds in theextracts of three samples of B. chinensis collected in Gansu, Sichuan and Hunan, and the extract of Iris tectorum collected in Sichuan were analyzed by using TOF-HRMS and IT-MS. From the extracts of these herbs, a new isoflavone, identified as 5’,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-3’4’-dimethoxyl isoflavon, and 7 known ones have been identified by analyzing the fragmentation patterns and their molecular formulas given by HRMS and the tandem mass spectrometry acquired by IT-MS. Chapter 4 elucidated the isolation and identification of a new triterpene saponin, androsacin (1), along with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the whole plants of Androsace integra (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz., an herb used in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine. The chemical structure of the new compound was established as 3β-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-[O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-16α-hydroxy-13β,28-epoxy-olean-30-al by analyzing its MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Compound 2 was cytotoxic toward HepG2 cancer cell with the GI50 value of 1.65 μg/mL. Chapter 5 described the biogenic pesticide activity screening of 68 traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine extractions. The intention of this study is to explore bioactive natural compounds from these traditional medicinal herbs for biogenic insecticides use. Based on Syngenta’s bioassay, 14 extractions of these traditional medicines showed pesticide activities, and some of them had multi-activities on antibacterial and insecticidal. Chapter 6 is a review on the chemical and bioactivity research progress of Notopterygium incisum and N. forbesii.
Resumo:
“欧盟工业风险降低集成系统(IRIS)”是欧盟FP7科技计划项目,旨在将欧盟各个行业风险管理零散的现状,整合成一个全面系统的风险控制方法,建立不同行业之间相关事务的共享平台。本文介绍了项目的立项背景,目标、内容及其焦点问题。
Resumo:
In this paper, we constructed a Iris recognition algorithm based on point covering of high-dimensional space and Multi-weighted neuron of point covering of high-dimensional space, and proposed a new method for iris recognition based on point covering theory of high-dimensional space. In this method, irises are trained as "cognition" one class by one class, and it doesn't influence the original recognition knowledge for samples of the new added class. The results of experiments show the rejection rate is 98.9%, the correct cognition rate and the error rate are 95.71% and 3.5% respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the rejection rate of test samples excluded in the training samples class is very high. It proves the proposed method for iris recognition is effective.
Resumo:
In this paper, from the cognition science point of view, we constructed a neuron of multi-weighted neural network, and proposed a new method for iris recognition based on multi-weighted neuron. In this method, irises are trained as "cognition" one class by one class, and it doesn't influence the original recognition knowledge for samples of the new added class. The results of experiments show the correct rejection rate is 98.9%, the correct cognition rate and the error recognition rate are 95.71% and 3.5% respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the correct rejection rate of the test samples excluded in the classes of training samples is very high. It proves the proposed method for iris recognition is effective.
Resumo:
利用我们创建的将兔眼蝉孔水密缝合后,模拟眼内前后房压强差,对虹膜整体进行加压的实验方法,对兔眼虹膜的力学特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:兔眼虹膜是典型的粘弹性物质;面积模量与前后方压强差之间基本成线性关系。实验结果可为青光眼致盲机制解释和瞳孔阻滞力的估算提供参考。
Resumo:
利用我们创建的将瞳孔水密缝合后,模拟眼内前后房压强差,对虹膜整体进行加压的实验方法,对人眼虹膜的力学特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:人眼虹膜是典型的粘弹性物质;面积模量与前后房压强差之间基本成线性关系。实验结果可为青光眼致盲机制解释和瞳孔阻滞力的估算提供参考。
Resumo:
本实验用喷施6-BA和茎切生根的方法建立了一套德国鸢尾快速分株繁殖的体系。用3 000 mg/L 或5 000 mg/L 的6-BA 对德国鸢尾(Iris germanica)‘lovely again’进行单次喷施可以促进根茎芽的萌发和根状茎的形成。在喷施后的30 天到90 天内,BA的促进作用在具有2个或4个起始根状茎的植株上表现得很显著,但对于只有一个起始根状茎的植株不显著。在喷施后的150 天以及第二年,具有2个或4个起始根状茎的母株总体上比只具有1个起始根状茎的母株产生了更多的根状茎。而6-BA的喷施对母株的叶面积和叶片数变化没有显著影响。在早春时,把处于不同发育阶段的侧芽或小根茎从母株上取下,并且用不同浓度的IBA处理。总体上,处于较高发育阶段的茎切(芽切)在生根率、初级根和次级根的数目,总根长、根干重以及植株高度等测量指标方面的表现较好。IBA对德国鸢尾的茎切(芽切)的生根作用不显著。多次喷施6-BA 对德国鸢尾根茎芽的生出的促进作用显著,并且使生物量重新分配。连续喷施6-BA后,对内源生长素和细胞分裂素的连续测定结果表明,6-BA的作用主要是解除了顶端优势对侧芽的萌发和生长的抑制,从而形成新的根茎。
Resumo:
玉蝉花(Iris ensata)、山鸢尾(Iris setosa)、金脉鸢尾(Iris chrysographes)和西南鸢尾(Iris bulleyana)这四种国产野生无髯鸢尾的种子均存在休眠现象,然而萌发情况各异。通过大田实验、层积处理、离体胚培养、切割胚乳、剥离种皮、切割胚乳不同部位、对种子的珠孔端胚乳进行扫描电子显微镜观察和用Instron 5848微力材料实验机测量刺穿珠孔端结构所需要力,以及把离体胚放在PEG-6000的渗透液中来测试四种鸢尾种子胚的生长势等实验,发现:玉蝉花、山鸢尾、金脉鸢尾和西南鸢尾这四种鸢尾种子存在不同程度的休眠;胚不含萌发抑制剂,已经完成了生理成熟,不是这几种鸢尾休眠的障碍;鸢尾的种皮透水性良好,虽然种皮对萌发有一定的机械抑制作用,然而相对于珠孔端胚乳而言,对胚根伸长的阻力不大,因此不是种子休眠的主要因素。根据实验结果推测,鸢尾种子的胚乳含有萌发抑制剂,然而,珠孔端胚乳的机械束缚可能是鸢尾种子萌发延迟的主要原因。通过进一步的实验发现,玉蝉花和山鸢尾这两种鸢尾胚的生长势高于后两种鸢尾种子,然而,它们的珠孔端结构(胚乳和种皮)对胚伸长的束缚还不及后两者的一半,也就是说,鸢尾种子萌发与否主要取决于珠孔端胚乳对胚根伸长的机械束缚与胚根的生长势的力量的对比,当前者大于后者时,种子不能萌发,当珠孔端胚乳细胞的细胞壁解体或者这一部分被切割之后,珠孔端机械束缚等于或者小于胚的生长势时,种子萌发。
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本论文为国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”的部分研究内容。 本文对C02正常浓度(350ppm)和C02倍增(700ppm)条件下,小麦(Triticum, aestivum)、半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum spp.tibeticumShao)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulalum)、水稻(Oryza sativa,)、野生稻(Or7za sativa ssp.)、谷子(Setaria italica)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare)、玉米(Zea mays)、旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)、旱麦草(Eremopyrum triticeum)等12种禾本科植物幼苗的叶片厚度、叶肉细胞密度、维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数、叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔长度、气孔阻抗及平均株高、鲜重、茎秆直径、根的直径、种子的萌发率及叶绿体超微结构等进行了比较研究。 结果表明,C02倍增使不同种类、不同测试项目反应不一。总体上看,CO2浓度倍增,使10种禾本科植物(野大麦、玉米外)的吐片厚度普遍增加。除个别种类外,C4种类的平均株高、鲜重、根直径倍增组比对照组减小;气孔平均密度增加,而C3种类则呈相反趋势o C4种类比C3种类的叶片气孔开度对C02倍增反应更为敏感。在高浓度C02条件下,C4种类的叶绿体超微结构变化较明显,淀粉粒显著增加。野生种类的表皮细胞密度,叶肉细胞密度,维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数及茎秆直径,C02倍增组比对照组减少,栽培种类则显著增加。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关;而气孔长度与气孔密度则大体上呈负相关。 文中对高浓度C02条件下,供试植物形态结构的变化和规律,及全球大气变化对未来农业可能产生的影响进行了讨论。
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为了进一步降低水中营养盐浓度、提高水体透明度,为湖泊生态系统的恢复创造条件,促进湖泊水体生态系统良性循环,以太湖五里湖富营养化水体为研究对象,采用中试规模的人工湿地技术来强化净化富营养化水体。重点研究了不同流态、不同基质、不同植物及植物有无条件下各人工湿地系统对富营养化水体的处理效果。此外,还对生长在人工湿地中的7种湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha angustifolia)、茭白(Zizania caduciflora)、水葱(Scirpus validus.)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、鸢尾(Iris pseudacorus)和千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)的生长、生理生态特性如气体交换、叶绿素荧光、光合色素含量及氮、磷吸收能力进行了研究,旨在探索高等植物在富营养化水体净化过程中的机理和规律,为人工湿地污水净化机理奠定一定的科学和理论基础。主要研究结果如下: 通过对垂直潜流、水平潜流和自由表面流三种类型的人工湿地系统对富营养化水体净化效果的对比研究,我们发现在水力负荷0.64 m d-1,进水污染物浓度化学需氧量(COD) 7.37 mg L-1、氨氮(NH4+-N) 1.63 mg L-1、硝氮(NO3--N )1.41 mg L-1、总氮(TN) 4.82 mg L-1和总磷(TP) 0.15 mg L-1的条件下,三种不同流态的人工湿地对富营养化水体均有一定的净化功能。三种类型的人工湿地对主要污染物COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的去除效果分别为:垂直潜流40.4%、45.9%、62.9%、51.6%和64.3%;水平潜流39.6%、32.0%、65.3%、52.1%和65.7%;自由表面流16.5%、22.8%、34.2%、19.8%和35.1%。相比之下,垂直潜流、水平潜流对主要的污染物的去除效果明显好于自由表面流人工湿地。除垂直潜流湿地NH4+-N的平均去除率显著大于水平潜流外,两人工湿地在其余指标的去除效果上无显著差异。考虑到土地面积的限制,就太湖五里湖富营养化水体治理而言,垂直潜流和水平潜流较自由表面流更为适合。 以沸石为基质的人工湿地较以砾石为基质的人工湿地对NH4+-N有很好的去除效果,除此之外两种基质类型的人工湿地在其余各污染指标的去除效果方面差异不显著。但随着湿地运行时间的延长,沸石对NH4+-N的吸收能力会逐渐减弱,考虑到湿地构建成本,建议就地取材,以当地较为廉价的砾石为人工湿地基质比较经济适用。 有无植物对有机污染物COD的去除效果影响差异不显著,但对TN和TP去除效果影响差异极显著,有植物的人工湿地对TN的去除率比无植物的分别高出12.5%和13.4%,对TP去除率分别高出16.9%和31.0%。不同植物对人工湿地处理效果的影响差异不显著,可见湿地流态对处理效果的影响大于植物的影响。 各湿地植物叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均为双峰曲线,有光合“午休”现象。其中芦苇、茭白、鸢尾、菖蒲、水葱和千屈菜Pn的下降主要是由气孔导度(gs)的下降造成的,而香蒲则更多的受叶肉光合能力下降的影响。除千屈菜的Pn与gs之间呈显著正相关外,其余植物的Pn与gs之间均呈极显著正相关。气孔行为对湿地植物光合作用碳的固定显示了明显的主导控制作用。 各湿地植物的光补偿点(LCP)差异不显著,其均值都在10µmol m-2 s-1以上,显示了阳生植物的特性。但湿地植物的光饱和点 (LSP)差异极显著,LSP大小依次为香蒲1476.3µmol m-2 s-1>水葱1140.0µmol m-2 s-1>菖蒲753.7µmol m-2 s-1>芦苇751.7µmol m-2 s-1>茭白640.7µmol m-2 s-1>千屈菜567.3µmol m-2 s-1>鸢尾479.0µmol m-2 s-1。7种湿地植物的CO2补偿点差异极显著,CO2补偿点大小依次为水葱47.1µmol mol-1>茭白28.4µmol mol-1>香蒲23.7µmol mol-1>鸢尾16.8µmol mol-1>菖蒲16.7µmol mol-1>千屈菜15.2µmol mol-1>芦苇14.8µmol mol-1。与此相反,湿地植物的CO2饱和点差异不显著。 各湿地植物的Fv/Fm值大小差异也极显著,Fv/Fm值大小依次为千屈菜0.8168>水葱0.8348>香蒲0.8262>菖蒲0.8198>芦苇0.8168>茭白0.8040>鸢尾0.7930。由此可见千屈菜、水葱较芦苇和茭白有较高的PSⅡ效率。7种湿地植物叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量水平差异极显著,芦苇和茭白叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量水平都较高,这在客观上解释了他们为何拥有较强的光合能力。 不同湿地植物的生物量大小差异极显著,平均生物量(干重)变化范围在0.26-6.65 kg m-2之间。除香蒲和水葱的地下部生物量显著大于地上部外,其余植物都是地上部生物量大于地下部,这非常有利于人工湿地生态工程中通过收获植物地上部生物量来达到去除氮、磷污染目的。 不同湿地植物植株氮、磷含量差异极显著。湿地植物对氮吸收总量变化范围为6.09-93.96 g m-2,吸收氮最高是芦苇,最低是菖蒲;对磷吸收总量变化范围为0.51-8.95 g m-2,吸收磷最高是香蒲,最低是菖蒲。经测算,植物吸收的总氮量占人工湿地总氮去除量的0.6-17.1%,总磷量占人工湿地总磷去除量的1.4-40.5%。本次试验中香蒲和芦苇对氮、磷的吸收去除能力比较高,茭白、鸢尾、水葱和千屈菜的吸收去除能力中等,而菖蒲的吸收能力较弱。
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三峡库区一些污染严重的工业企业是当地主要的点源污染源,对周围植物群落产生了巨大危害,而植物是生态系统赖以存在的基础,它的生长发育直接影响到生态系统的结构及其正常功能的实现。本研究按照与点源污染源的距离为梯度,通过在三峡库区兴山县白沙河磷化工厂周围布设了32个植物群落固定样地,并以点源污染无法影响到的植物群落为对照,进行样地的野外群落学调查;在每个样地取不同种植物叶片100克左右和样地0~20cm土壤500克,以石灰滤纸法同步进行大气氟化物的取样。样品带回室内应用氟离子选择电极法,测定大气氟化物含量、植物叶片氟的累积量和土壤水溶性氟的含量。同时在野外调查时使用PAM2100叶绿素荧光仪测定植物最大光化学效率即Fv/Fm的值。通过野外调查试验和相关的室内分析,研究了(1):点源污染对三峡库区陆生植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响;(2):点源污染中的主要污染物对植物及土壤环境的影响;(3):不同物种叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm对污染胁迫响应的差异。结果如下: 点源污染对植物群落物种丰富度以及Pielou均匀度指数均有不同程度的影响,对于群落结构相对简单的马尾松林和柏木林的不利影响更为显著。相对于污染区来说,对照区中物种重要值的集中程度有所下降。许多物种的重要值在污染区与对照区有明显的变化。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense )、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina )等对照区重要值较污染区为高,黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana )、菱叶海桐(Pittosporum truncatum)、君迁子(Diospyros lotus)等污染区的重要值较对照区为高。群落中有些物种比如柏木(Cupressus funebris)的天然更新也受到污染的影响。 污染区土壤pH值大多低于对照区,但是与离污染源距离的相关性不强。污染区有些物种比如马尾松、柏木等叶片中的全氟含量与大气中氟化物的含量和土壤水溶性氟含量明显正相关。但是另外有些物种氟的累积量受点源污染的影响不显著,比如菱叶海桐、翅柃(Eurya alata)等在污染严重的样地内生存状况仍然很好。 在距离点源污染近的样地内,大多数物种的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm的值显著下降。栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、马尾松和柏木等的Fv/Fm值与距污染源的距离呈明显的正相关,都是随着离污染源越来越近而逐渐降低。根据污染区相对对照区Fv/Fm值下降幅度的不同,把植物划分为三种类型:对污染敏感型如柏木、铁仔、檵木等,中等敏感型如油桐(Vernicia fordii)、香叶树(Lindera communis)和不敏感型如山胡椒(Lindera glauca)和 蝴蝶花(Iris japonica)等。