水稻胚囊发育畸变的细胞学和遗传学研究

1．水稻多卵卵器的起源：被子植物的卵器中通常只有一个卵细胞。我们在水稻多胚品系胚囊中观察到二卵卵器和三卵卵器，本研究对其大孢子发生和胚囊发育进行了细胞胚胎学观察，揭示了水稻多卵卵器的起源．观察结果表明，该品系能进行正常的大孢子发生。大孢子母细胞进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子靠近合点端的大孢子发育，其它三个退化。功能大孢子第一次有丝分裂后两个子核被一中央大液泡分隔在胚囊珠孔端和合点端，与此同时胚囊出现不均衡生长，珠孔端迅速膨大，合点端几乎不增大，致使二核末期的胚囊呈倒梨形．紧接着发生第二次有丝分裂，合点端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴平行，而珠孔端核分裂时纺锤丝与胚囊纵轴成4 5度夹角．由此产生的四核胚囊中，合点端一核向胚囊中部或中上部（胚囊珠孔端）迁移，四核胚囊再经一次有丝分裂形成两种类型的核分布偏离蓼型的八核胚囊。一种类型是珠孔端四个核，中部与合点各二个核，在胚囊细胞化过程中，珠孔端四核 分化成四细胞卵器，其中卵细胞和助细胞各二个，中部的二核分化成二极核中央细胞，合点 端的二核形成反足细胞。另一种类型是珠孔端六个核，合点端二个核，在胚囊细胞化过程中， 两端各一核向中部迁移分化成二极核中央细胞，珠孔端剩余的五核分化成五细胞卵器，其 中卵细胞三个，助细胞二个，合点端的一核迅速分裂形成反足细胞． 2．水稻同源三倍体TAR的生殖特性：TAR的单穗结实率平均可达10%，核型分析表明此三倍体产生的后代个体仍为具有36条染色体的三倍体．细胞胚胎学初步观察显示TAR为一具兼性无融合生殖特性的水稻新种质，其胚珠几乎都能进行胚囊的分化，但其中仅有33%的胚囊有较正常的结构，9%的胚囊在散粉前进行胚胎发生，58%的胚囊发育显著异常，表现为极性紊乱、多极核或缺失雌性生殖单位等。 3．水稻亚种间杂种败育的细胞学基础：对普通栽培稻不同品种类型间杂种颖花败育的细胞学基础及雌性败育的过程进行的细胞学研究表明：1）引起杂种颖花败育的原因有胚囊败育，花粉败育、开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟．其中胚囊败育而丧失受精能力是引起低结实率的最重要的因素，开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟在一定程度上形成了雌雄性细胞时间和空间的隔离屏障。2）杂种植株的所有大孢子母细胞都能进行正常的减数分裂形成四个大孢子，败育主要发生在靠近合点端的功能大孢子分化形成胚囊的早期，有的胚囊母细胞在进行第一次有丝分裂前便萎缩解体，多数能完成一次或二次有丝分裂形成二核或四核败育胚囊．败育的共同特征是无液泡的分化，细胞质少或退化，在败育胚囊残迹部位，解体的珠心细胞和萎缩的胚囊残溃混杂垛叠．已受精的杂种子房没有观察到胚及胚乳发育的异常．籼粳杂种胚囊败育频率较高． 4．籼粳杂种生殖障碍的基因定位：应用具有1 37个标记位点的籼粳杂交窄叶青8号/京系17)F1花药培养获得的127个双单倍体OH）群体构建的R FLP图谱，对控制籼粳杂种颖花败育的基因座位进行了定位研究。结果在第1、3、4、5、6、7、8、1 2染色体上检测到1 0个基因座位，其中第3、12染色体上的2个不育基因位点str3和str12与同一杂交组合F2分离群体中发现的异常分离热点处于相同的染色体区段．stj-6的基因加性效应为负值，有增加籼粳亲和性的作用;其余的不育基因座位皆有增加籼梗杂种不育性的作用． 5．籼粳杂种胚囊败育的遗传分析和基因定位：利用DH系构建的分子图谱及DH系衍生的2个回交群体定位了引起籼梗杂种胚囊败育的2个互补的主效基因esa-l（E1或e1位点）和esa-2（E2或e2位点），它们分别位于第6和第1 2染色体．在不育基因位点，籼稻基因型为EIEle2e2，粳稻基因型为elelE 2E 2，杂交后代中基因型为EIE2，Ele2、elE 2的雌配子体正常发育，携带ele2基因型的雌配子体表现败育．胚囊育性受配子体基因型控制，孢予体遗传背景影响胚囊败育基因的表达.

Stiffness behaviour of injection moulded short glass fibre/impact modifier/polypropylene hybrid composites

The stiffness behaviour of injection moulded short glass fibre/impact modifier/polypropylene hybrid composites has been investigated in this work by theoretical predictions and experiments. Predictions from the self-consistent method were found to be in good agreement with test results for the impact modifier/polypropylene blends. By taking into account of the fibre orientation distributions in the skin and core layers, the values of Young's modulus for the skin and core layers were predicted by employing Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and the average induced strain approach. The prediction of the values of Young's modulus for the whole sample was obtained by applying the simple mixture theory of laminated composites to the predicted results for the skin and core layers. Good correlation between predicted and experimental Young's modulus values were found.

Biological application of multi-component nanowires in hybrid devices powered by F-1-ATPase motors

In this paper, construction of hybrid device by integrating nanowires with F1-ATPase motors is described. The nickel nanowires and multi-segment nanowires, including gold and nickel, were fabricated by electrochemical deposition in nanoporous templates. The nickel nanowires functionalized by biotinylated peptide can be assembled directly onto F1-ATPase motors to act as the propellers. If the multicomponent nanowires, including gold and nickel, were selectively functionalized by the thiol group modified ssDNA and the synthetic peptide, respectively, the biotinylated F1- ATPase motors can be attached to the biotinylated peptide on nickel segment of the nanowires. Then, the multi-component nanowires can also be used as the propellers, and one may observe the rotations of the multi-component nanowires driven by F1-ATPase motors. Therefore, introduction of multiple segments along the length of a nanowire can lead to a variety of multiple chemical functionalities, which can be selectively bound to cells and special biomolecules. This method provides an insight for the construction of other hybrid devices with its controlling arrangement of different biomolecule on designed nanometer scale structures.

Elastic Waves in a Hybrid Multilayered Piezoelectric Plate

An analytical-numerical method is presented for analyzing dispersion and characteristic surface of waves in a hybrid multilayered piezoelectric plate. In this method, the multilayered piezoelectric plate is divided into a number of layered elements with three-nodal-lines in the wall thickness, the coupling between the elastic field and the electric field is considered in each element. The associated frequency dispersion equation is developed and the phase velocity and slowness, as well as the group velocity and slowness are established in terms of the Rayleigh quotient. Six characteristic wave surfaces are introduced to visualize the effects of anisotropy and piezoelectricity on wave propagation. Examples provide a full understanding for the complex phenomena of elastic waves in hybrid multilayered piezoelectric media.

Impact response and failure mechanisms of ultrahigh modulus polyethylene fiber composites and polyethylene fiber-carbon fiber hybrid composites

The impact response and failure mechanisms of ultrahigh modulus polyethylene (UHMPE) fiber composites and UHMPE fiber-carbon fiber hybrid composites have been investigated. Charpy impact, drop weight impact and high strain rate impact experiments have been performed in order to study the impact resistance, notch sensitivity, strain rate sensitivity and hybrid effects. Results obtained from dynamic and quasi-static measurements have been compared. Because of the ductility of UHMPE fibers, the impact energy absorption of UHMPE fiber composites is very high, thereby leading to excellent damage tolerance. By hybridizing with UHMPE fibers, the impact properties of carbon fiber composites can be greatly improved. The impact and shock failure mechanisms of these composites are discussed.

Thermal Strain Analysis of a Flip-Chip Package by a Modified Hybrid Method

介绍一种可用于微电子封装局部应变场分析的实验/计算混合方法,该方法结合了有限元的整体/局部模型和实时的激光云纹干涉技术,利用激光云纹干涉技术所测得的应变场来校核有限元整体模型的计算结果,并用整体模型的结果作为局部模型的边界条件,对实验难以确定的封装结构局部位置的应力、应变场进行分析.用这种方法对可控坍塌倒装封装结构在热载荷作用下焊球内的应变场分布进行了分析,结果表明该方法能够提供封装结构内应力-应变场分布的准确和可靠的结果,为微电子封装的可靠性分析提供重要的依据. For the reliability analysis of electronic packages, strains in very localized areas, such as an interconnection or a corner, need to be determined. In this paper, a modified hybrid method of global/local modeling and real time moire interferometry is presented. In this method, a simplified, coarsely meshed global model is developed to get rough information about the deformation of the microelectronic package. In order to make sure the global model has been reasonably simplified and the material properties ...

Essential and Non-Essential Work of Fracture of PI/SiO2 Hybrid Thin Films

Essential work of fracture (EWF) analysis is used to study the effect of the silica doping level on fracture toughness of polyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) hybrid films. By using double-edge-notched-tension (DENT) specimens with different ligament lengths, it seems that the introduction of silica additive can improve the specific essential work of fracture (w (e) ) of PI thin films, but the specific non-essential work of fracture (beta w (p) ) will decease significantly as the silica doping level increasing from 1 to 5 wt.%, and even lower than that of neat PI. The failure process of the fracture is investigated with online scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and the parameters of non-essential work of fracture, beta and w (p) , are calculated based on finite element (FE) method.

Hybrid Finite Compact-WENO Schemes for Shock Calculation

Hybrid finite compact (FC)-WENO schemes are proposed for shock calculations. The two sub-schemes (finite compact difference scheme and WENO scheme) are hybridized by means of the similar treatment as in ENO schemes. The hybrid schemes have the advantages of FC and WENO schemes. One is that they possess the merit of the finite compact difference scheme, which requires only bi-diagonal matrix inversion and can apply the known high-resolution flux to obtain high-performance numerical flux function; another is that they have the high-resolution property of WENO scheme for shock capturing. The numerical results show that FC-WENO schemes have better resolution properties than both FC-ENO schemes and WENO schemes. In addition, some comparisons of FC-ENO and artificial compression method (ACM) filter scheme of Yee et al. are also given.

A Constrained Particle Dynamics for Continuum-Particle Hybrid Method in Micro- and Nano-Fluidics

A hybrid method of continuum and particle dynamics is developed for micro- and nano-fluidics, where fluids are described by a molecular dynamics (MD) in one domain and by the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations in another domain. In order to ensure the continuity of momentum flux, the continuum and molecular dynamics in the overlap domain are coupled through a constrained particle dynamics. The constrained particle dynamics is constructed with a virtual damping force and a virtual added mass force. The sudden-start Couette flows with either non-slip or slip boundary condition are used to test the hybrid method. It is shown that the results obtained are quantitatively in agreement with the analytical solutions under the non-slip boundary conditions and the full MD simulations under the slip boundary conditions.

A dynamic coupling model for hybrid atomistic-continuum computations

A dynamic coupling model is developed for a hybrid atomistic-continuum computation in micro- and nano-fluidics. In the hybrid atomistic-continuum computation, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is utilized in one region where the continuum assumption breaks down and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations are used in another region where the continuum assumption holds. In the overlapping part of these two regions, a constrained particle dynamics is needed to couple the MD simulation and the NS equations. The currently existing coupling models for the constrained particle dynamics have a coupling parameter, which has to be empirically determined. In the present work, a novel dynamic coupling model is introduced where the coupling parameter can be calculated as the computation progresses rather than inputing a priori. The dynamic coupling model is based on the momentum constraint and exhibits a correct relaxation rate. The results from the hybrid simulation on the Couette flow and the Stokes flow are in good agreement with the data from the full MD simulation and the solutions of the NS equations, respectively. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An experimental-study of the bending behavior of call hybrid composites

The bending behavior and damage characteristics of CALL (Carbon fiber/epoxy/AL Laminate) hybrid composites have been studied by moire interferometry. The shear strain distribution along the cross-section and the forms of damage of bending beams are obtained. The results show that the magnitude of the shear strain in a carbon/epoxy layer is obviously larger than that in a corresponding aluminum layer and the shear strain distribution of a CFRP layer along the cross-section conforms basically to a parabolic distribution curve, as for the shear strain distribution in aluminum layers along the cross-section. Shear damage, either in the interfaces or in carbon-fiber/epoxy laminae, and tensile failure of CFRP laminae in the tension surface represent, respectively, the damage forms of the longitudinal and transverse bending specimen.

Domain decomposition hybrid method for numerical simulation of bluff body flows:theoretical model and application

The discrete vortex method is not capable of precisely predicting the bluff body flow separation and the fine structure of flow field in the vicinity of the body surface. In order to make a theoretical improvement over the method and to reduce the difficulty in finite-difference solution of N-S equations at high Reynolds number, in the present paper, we suggest a new numerical simulation model and a theoretical method for domain decomposition hybrid combination of finite-difference method and vortex method. Specifically, the full flow. field is decomposed into two domains. In the region of O(R) near the body surface (R is the characteristic dimension of body), we use the finite-difference method to solve the N-S equations and in the exterior domain, we take the Lagrange-Euler vortex method. The connection and coupling conditions for flow in the two domains are established. The specific numerical scheme of this theoretical model is given. As a preliminary application, some numerical simulations for flows at Re=100 and Re-1000 about a circular cylinder are made, and compared with the finite-difference solution of N-S equations for full flow field and experimental results, and the stability of the solution against the change of the interface between the two domains is examined. The results show that the method of the present paper has the advantage of finite-difference solution for N-S equations in precisely predicting the fine structure of flow field, as well as the advantage of vortex method in efficiently computing the global characteristics of the separated flow. It saves computer time and reduces the amount of computation, as compared with pure N-S equation solution. The present method can be used for numerical simulation of bluff body flow at high Reynolds number and would exhibit even greater merit in that case.

Applying the Electrochemical Deposition Technology to Construct the Hybrid Devices

Nanowires functionalized by special molecules can be used to as the candidates for biological application in many areas. In this paper, nickel nanowires, which were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and functionalized by biotinylated peptide, were applied to constructing the hybrid device powered by F-1-ATPase motors.

Hybrid Qm/Mm Simulation Of The Hydration Phenomena Of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Headgroup

The polar headgroup of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) molecule both in gas phase and aqueous Solution is investigated by the hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) method, in which the polar head of DPPC molecule and the bound water molecules are treated with density functional theory (DFT), while the apolar hydrocarbon chain of DPPC molecule is treated with MM method. It is demonstrated that the hybrid QM/MM method is both accurate and efficient to describe the conformations of DPPC headgroup. Folded structures of headgroup are found in gas phase calculations. In this work, both monohydration and polyhydration phenomena are investigated. In monohydration, different water association sites are studied. Both the hydration energy and the quantum properties of DPPC and water molecules are calculated at the DFT level of theory after geometry optimization. The binding force of monohydration is estimated by using the scan method. In polyhydration, more extended conformations are found and hydration energies in different polyhydration styles are estimated. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An Atomistic-Continuum Hybrid Simulation Of Fluid Flows Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Recent experiments have found that slip length could be as large as on the order of 1 mu m for fluid flows over superhydrophobic surfaces. Superhydrophobic surfaces can be achieved by patterning roughness on hydrophobic surfaces. In the present paper, an atomistic-continuum hybrid approach is developed to simulate the Couette flows over superhydrophobic surfaces, in which a molecular dynamics simulation is used in a small region near the superhydrophobic surface where the continuum assumption is not valid and the Navier-Stokes equations are used in a large region for bulk flows where the continuum assumption does hold. These two descriptions are coupled using the dynamic coupling model in the overlap region to ensure momentum continuity. The hybrid simulation predicts a superhydrophobic state with large slip lengths, which cannot be obtained by molecular dynamics simulation alone.