Probing single-molecule by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering with linearly and circularly polarized laser

Rhodamine 6G (R6G) was incubated in silver sols with different low concentrations and its surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectra, excited by linearly and circularly polarized light, respectively, were studied. At the single-molecule level the SERRS spectra were recorded in 10(-13) M dye colloidal solution. Spectral inhomogeneous behaviors from single-molecule were observed such as spectral polarization, spectral diffusion and intensity fluctuations of vibrational lines. Difference between SERRS spectra of R6G excited by linearly and circularly polarized light and the effect of the polarizing angle of Raman signal relative to the slit of spectrograph on the Raman spectral polarization were analyzed and measured experimentally. Circularly polarized laser and the correction of the polarizing angle of Raman signal are necessary to avoid fake results in the measuring of Raman spectral of single-molecule, which was not noticed in initial papers. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ghost imaging with thermal light by third-order correlation

Ghost imaging with classical incoherent light by third-order correlation is investigated. We discuss the similarities and the differences between ghost imaging by third-order correlation and by second-order correlation, and analyze the effect from each correlation part of the third-order correlation function on the imaging process. It is shown that the third-order correlated imaging includes richer correlated imaging effects than the second-order correlated one, while the imaging information originates mainly from the correlation of the intensity fluctuations between the test detector and each reference detector, as does ghost imaging by second-order correlation.

基于同步移相技术的1/4波片相位延迟量的快速测量

提出了一种基于同步移相技术的1/4波片相位延迟量的快速测量方法。由正交光栅、光阑、检偏器组和四象限探测器实现同步移相功能。检偏器组由4个不同方位角的检偏器组成。通过检偏器组的四束光束的光强由四象限探测器同时测量。1/4波片的相位延迟量由这四光束的光强得到。该方法中波片的快轴不需被事先确定。另外光源光强的波动对测量结果没有影响。通过实验验证了该方法的有效性。

Ultrafast sum-frequency polarization beats in twin Markovian stochastic correlation

An analytic closed form for the second- order or fourth- order Markovian stochastic correlation of attosecond sum- frequency polarization beat ( ASPB) can be obtained in the extremely Doppler- broadened limit. The homodyne detected ASPB signal is shown to be particularly sensitive to the statistical properties of the Markovian stochastic light. fields with arbitrary bandwidth. The physical explanation for this is that the Gaussian- amplitude. field undergoes stronger intensity. fluctuations than a chaotic. field. On the other hand, the intensity ( amplitude). fluctuations of the Gaussian- amplitude. field or the chaotic. field are always much larger than the pure phase. fluctuations of the phase-diffusion field. The field correlation has weakly influence on the ASPB signal when the laser has narrow bandwidth. In contrast, when the laser has broadband linewidth, the ASPB signal shows resonant- nonresonant cross correlation, and the sensitivities of ASPB signal to three Markovian stochastic models increase as time delay is increased. A Doppler- free precision in the measurement of the energy- level sum can be achieved with an arbitrary bandwidth. The advantage of ASPB is that the ultrafast modulation period 900as can still be improved, because the energy- level interval between ground state and excited state can be widely separated.

Investigation of periodicity fluctuations in strained (GaNAs)(1)(GaAs)(m) superlattices by the kinematical simulation of x-ray diffraction

Periodicity fluctuations of layer thickness and composition in a superlattice not only decrease the intensity, they also broaden the width of the satellite peaks in the x-ray diffraction pattern. In this letter, we develop a method that is dependent on the width of satellite peaks to assess periodicity fluctuations of a superlattice quickly. A linear relation of the magnitude of fluctuations, peak width and peak order has been derived from x-ray diffraction kinematical theory. By means of this method, periodicity fluctuations in strained (GaNAs)(1)(GaAs)(m) superlattices grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied. Distinct satellite peaks indicate that the superlattices are of high quality. The N composition of 0.25 and its fluctuation of 20% in a strained GaNxAs1-x monolayer are obtained from simulations of the measured diffraction pattern. The x-ray simulations and in situ observation results of reflection high-energy electron diffraction are in good agreement. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)00828-1].

Intensity Distribution Design for Laser-Induced Thermal Loading Based on Numerical Simulation

To accomplish laser-induced thermal loading simulation tests for pistons,the Gaussian beam was modulated into multi-circular beam with specific intensity distribution.A reverse method was proposed to design the intensity distribution for the laser-induced thermal loading based on finite element(FE) analysis.Firstly,the FE model is improved by alternating parameters of boundary conditions and thermal-physical properties of piston material in a reasonable range,therefore it can simulate the experimental resul...

Dynamic stress intensity factor of a functionally graded material under antiplane shear loading

The dynamic response of a finite crack in an unbounded Functionally Graded Material (FGM) subjected to an antiplane shear loading is studied in this paper. The variation of the shear modulus of the functionally graded material is modeled by a quadratic increase along the direction perpendicular to the crack surface. The dynamic stress intensity factor is extracted from the asymptotic expansion of the stresses around the crack tip in the Laplace transform plane and obtained in the time domain by a numerical Laplace inversion technique. The influence of graded material property on the dynamic intensity factor is investigated. It is observed that the magnitude of dynamic stress intensity factor for a finite crack in such a functionally graded material is less than in the homogeneous material with a property identical to that of the FGM crack plane.

Stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders

This paper presents the mode I stress intensity factors for functionally graded solid cylinders with an embedded penny-shaped crack or an external circumferential crack. The solid cylinders are assumed under remote uniform tension. The multiple isoparametric finite element method is used. Various types of functionally graded materials and different gradient compositions for each type are investigated. The results show that the material property distribution has a quite considerable in influence on the stress intensity factors. The influence for embedded cracks is quite different from that for external cracks.

Critical Sensitivity and Trans-Scale Fluctuations in Catastrophic Rupture

Rupture in the heterogeneous crust appears to be a catastrophe transition. Catastrophic rupture sensitively depends on the details of heterogeneity and stress transfer on multiple scales. These are difficult to identify and deal with. As a result, the threshold of earthquake-like rupture presents uncertainty. This may be the root of the difficulty of earthquake prediction. Based on a coupled pattern mapping model, we represent critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations associated with catastrophic rupture. Critical sensitivity means that a system may become significantly sensitive near catastrophe transition. Trans-scale fluctuations mean that the level of stress fluctuations increases strongly and the spatial scale of stress and damage fluctuations evolves from the mesoscopic heterogeneity scale to the macroscopic scale as the catastrophe regime is approached. The underlying mechanism behind critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations is the coupling effect between heterogeneity and dynamical nonlinearity. Such features may provide clues for prediction of catastrophic rupture, like material failure and great earthquakes. Critical sensitivity may be the physical mechanism underlying a promising earthquake forecasting method, the load-unload response ratio (LURR).

Quasi-Dammann Grating With Proportional Intensity Array Spots

A quasi-Dammann grating is proposed to generate array spots with proportional-intensity orders in the far field. To describe the performance of the grating, the uniformities of the array spots are redefined. A two-dimensional even-sampling encode scheme is adopted to design the quasi-Dammann grating. Numerical solutions of the binary-phase quasi-Dammann grating with proportional-intensity orders are given. The experimental results with a third-order quasi-Dammann grating, which has an intensity proportion of 3:2:1 from zero order to second order, are presented. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

Wind Tunnel Experimental Investigation Of Sand Velocity In Aeolian Sand Transport

Sand velocity in aeolian sand transport was measured using the laser Doppler technique of PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) in a wind tunnel. The sand velocity profile, probability distribution of particle velocity, particle velocity fluctuation and particle turbulence were analyzed in detail. The experimental results verified that the sand horizontal velocity profile can be expressed by a logarithmic function above 0.01 in, while a deviation occurs below 0.01 m. The mean vertical velocity of grains generally ranges from -0.2 m/s to 0.2 m/s, and is downward at the lower height, upward at the higher height. The probability distributions of the horizontal velocity of ascending and descending particles have a typical peak and are right-skewed at a height of 4 turn in the lower part of saltation layer. The vertical profile of the horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of particles shows a single peak. The horizontal RMS velocity fluctuation of sand particles is generally larger than the vertical RMS velocity fluctuation. The RMS velocity fluctuations of grains in both horizontal and vertical directions increase with wind velocity. The particle turbulence intensity decreases with height. The present investigation is helpful in understanding the sand movement mechanism in windblown sand transport and also provides a reference for the study of blowing sand velocity. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Thermal fatigue on pistons induced by shaped high power laser. Part II: Design of spatial intensity distribution via numerical simulation

In the laser induced thermal fatigue simulation test on pistons, the high power laser was transformed from the incident Gaussian beam into a concentric multi-circular pattern with specific intensity ratio. The spatial intensity distribution of the shaped beam, which determines the temperature field in the piston, must be designed before a diffractive optical element (DOE) can be manufactured. In this paper, a reverse method based on finite element model (FEM) was proposed to design the intensity distribution in order to simulate the thermal loadings on pistons. Temperature fields were obtained by solving a transient three-dimensional heat conduction equation with convective boundary conditions at the surfaces of the piston workpiece. The numerical model then was validated by approaching the computational results to the experimental data. During the process, some important parameters including laser absorptivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal conductivity and Biot number were also validated. Then, optimization procedure was processed to find favorable spatial intensity distribution for the shaped beam, with the aid of the validated FEM. The analysis shows that the reverse method incorporated with numerical simulation can reduce design cycle and design expense efficiently. This method can serve as a kind of virtual experimental vehicle as well, which makes the thermal fatigue simulation test more controllable and predictable. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamic mode I perturbation solution for a moving crack unsteadily

Rice et al. (Jounal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 42, 813-843) analyze the propagation of a planar crack with a nominally straight front in a model elastic solid with a single displacement component. Using the form of Willis er al. (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 43, 319-341), of dynamic mode I weight functions for a moving crack, we address that problem solved by Rice ei al. in the 3D context of elastodynamic theory. Oscillatory crack tip motion results from constructive-destructive interference of stress intensity waves. Those waves, including system of the dilatational, shear and Rayleigh waves, interact on each other and with moving edge of crack, can lead to continuing fluctuations of the crack front and propagation velocity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Stress intensity factor histories of a steadily propagating crack under 3-D combined mode traction

Elastodynamic stress intensity factor histories of an unbounded solid containing a semi-infinite plane crack that propagates at a constant velocity under 3-D time-independent combined mode loading are considered. The fundamental solution, which is the response of point loading, is obtained. Then, stress intensity factor histories of a general loading system are written out in terms of superposition integrals. The methods used here are the Laplace transform methods in conjunction with the Wiener-Hopf technique.