Identification of nonlinear dynamic systems: Time-frequency filtering and skeleton curves

The nonlinear behavior varying with the instantaneous response was analyzed through the joint time-frequency analysis method for a class of S. D. O. F nonlinear system. A masking operator an definite regions is defined and two theorems are presented. Based on these, the nonlinear system is modeled with a special time-varying linear one, called the generalized skeleton linear system (GSLS). The frequency skeleton curve and the damping skeleton curve are defined to describe the main feature of the non-linearity as well. Moreover, an identification method is proposed through the skeleton curves and the time-frequency filtering technique.

Identification of Nonlinear Systems Through Time-Frequency Filtering Technique

In the previous paper, a class of nonlinear system is mapped to a so-called skeleton linear model (SLM) based on the joint time-frequency analysis method. Behavior of the nonlinear system may be indicated quantitatively by the variance of the coefficients of SLM versus its response. Using this model we propose an identification method for nonlinear systems based on nonstationary vibration data in this paper. The key technique in the identification procedure is a time-frequency filtering method by which solution of the SLM is extracted from the response data of the corresponding nonlinear system. Two time-frequency filtering methods are discussed here. One is based on the quadratic time-frequency distribution and its inverse transform, the other is based on the quadratic time-frequency distribution and the wavelet transform. Both numerical examples and an experimental application are given to illustrate the validity of the technique.

The regional types of China's floating population: Identification methods and spatial patterns

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China's floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then, the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China's 2000 census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously, and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method, by using the share of a region's certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China's floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio-economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather higher population densities and economic development levels.

Study on system identification of linear and non-linear liquid chromatography separation

The paper proposes the identification method of linear and non-linear chromatographic system. The non-linear isotherms and lumped mass transfer coefficients of chromatography separating sorbitol and mannitol are determined. And the theoretical elution curves calculated by non-linear chromatographic model are more accurate than those calculated by linear chromatographic model.

New method for analysis of Chinese herbal complex prescription and its application

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a great treasure of China, the analysis of which is an arduous task. The viewpoint that all chemical constituents of Chinese herbal complex prescription should be analyzed as a black box is elucidated for the first time. Intelligent multi-mode multi-column chromatographic system (IMMCC) with its hybrids is the basic method and HPLC Unified Method is the breakthrough for the black box analysis. Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang was selected as a typical TCM and a systematic separation method from non-aqueous mobile phase to pure water mobile phase was put forward in order to convert unknown sample to known sample. The a, c values and UV spectra of 66 components of Astragalus, 78 components of Angelica and 71 components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang were obtained. Intelligent optimization and peak identification method and software for complex samples were developed and the optimum multi-step multi-binary gradient curve of mobile phase for Astragalus was ascertained. The maximum error and minimum error of predicted retention time for all components of Astragalus are 8.62% and 0.05% respectively. All components of Astragalus were compared with those of Angelica and it is found that many components of Astragalus are the same as those of Angelica, while the contents of these components are different. Many components of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue-Tang are also the same as those of Astragalus and Angelica with different contents.

一种基于比例反馈控制原理的动载荷时域反演方法

通过借鉴系统控制论中的比例反馈控制原理，提出了一种新的结构动载荷时域反演方法。该方法在原开环系统的输出与结构模型之间连接一个虚拟的比例反馈增益，使得原来的开环系统成为一个虚拟的闭环反馈控制系统，系统控制信号为实测的结构加速度响应。反馈控制器将系统输出与控制信号之间的差值进行放大后作为反馈不断输入到结构模型中，直到差值趋于稳定，此时该差值与反馈增益的乘积经过高通滤波后即得到所反演的动态载荷。该方法将载荷反演问题的求解转化为正问题中的结构瞬态响应求解，采用一般的数值解法如New-mark法即可实现，因此计算比较简便迅速。该方法仅需要测量结构的加速度响应即可进行反演，便于实际应用，而且并不十分依赖于真实的初始条件，由于不存在误差累积的现象，反演结果具有较好的稳定性。最后，通过海洋平台结构冰载荷反演的模型实验和数值仿真证明了该方法的有效性。

几种中药材的化学成分及其定性定量检测方法研究

本论文由四部分组成。第一部分报道了佛手参提取物的化学成分研究，建立了活性成分含量测定的高效液相测定和指纹图谱研究，采用液质联用技术鉴定了主要色谱峰；第二部分报道了丹参及其复方制剂的特征图谱研究；第三部分探讨了两面针生物碱的电喷雾质谱裂解规律，并采用液质联用技术分离鉴定了提取物中的多种生物碱。第四部分概述了液质联用在药物代谢研究中的运用。 第一部分包括第一、第二和第三章。第一章针对佛手参（Gymnadeniaconopsea）块茎的甲醇提取物，采用大孔树脂和反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法，共分离鉴定出4 个化合物，通过波谱分析将它们的结构确定为dactylorhin B (1)、loroglossin (2)、dactylorhin A (3)和militarine (4)。这4 个化合物均是首次从佛手参中分离得到的琥珀酸葡萄糖苷类成分。第二章采用高效液相色谱法对西藏、四川、河北、青海和尼泊尔等不同地区产的十个佛手参样品进行腺嘌呤核苷和对羟基苯甲醇的定量分析，结果表明这2 个成份可视为佛手参的特征成分，但也注意到产地不同该2 个特征成分的含量也有所不同。第三章采用标准中药指纹图谱相似度计算软件，以10 个佛手参样品HPLC 图谱的平均值为相似性评价对照模板，对10 个样品进行了相似度评价，并经液质联用分析指认了7 个共有峰，分别为腺嘌呤核苷(1)、对羟基苯甲醇(2)、对羟基苯甲醛(3) 、dactylorhin B(4) 、loroglossin(5)、dactylorhin A(6)和militarine(7)。 第二部分包括第四、第五、第六和第七章。第四章运用电喷雾质谱检测了对照药材和五个不同产地的丹参药材中脂溶性和水溶性成分，系统地探讨了多种成分的电喷雾质谱规律，并以对照药材为标准建立了特征指纹图谱。五个产地的药II材通过与对照药材相对比，采用聚类分析的方法，得到了定性的鉴别与判断。并采用液质联用技术对丹参药材提取液中的化学成份进行分析，推测了九个特征峰，并对六样品的液相色谱图进行了聚类分析。第五章探讨了三七皂苷的电喷雾质谱电离和裂解规律，并采用电喷雾质谱法对三七标准药材，血通片中的皂苷成分进行了分析。第六章运用电喷雾质谱研究复方丹参片提取液的特征图谱，并和单味药材丹参和三七的特征图谱进行了对比研究。并运用HPLC-ESI MSn 分析鉴定了复方丹参片提取液中的化学成分，推测了12 个色谱峰。第七章总结了电喷雾质谱和液质联用技术在丹参药材，三七药材及复方丹参制剂中的运用的优势和局限性。 第三部分（第八章）研究了两面针生物碱中二氢白屈菜红碱(1)、二氢两面针碱(2)、8-酮基二氢白屈菜红碱(3)、8-丙酮基二氢两面针碱(4)、两面针碱(5)、和1,3-二(8-二氢两面针碱)丙酮(6)等六个苯并菲啶型生物碱的电喷雾质谱裂解规律，其中二氢两面针碱和二氢白屈菜红碱，8-丙酮基二氢两面针碱和8-酮基二氢白屈菜红碱是两对二个甲氧基分别在C-9 和C-10，C-10 和C-11 的同分异构体。实验结果表明，在相同的碰撞能下，这类位置异构体的ESI MS2 质谱二级碎片离子的相对峰度存在很大差异，这可以用于区分该类同分异构体，采用液-质联用可以对两面针的总生物碱提取物中的这些同分异构体加于区分。同时在本实验采用的液相色谱条件下，多种生物碱得到较好的分离，通过和对照品的保留时间，紫外吸收光谱及电喷雾质谱图对照，鉴定了11 个主要色谱峰。 第四部分（第九章）对液质联用技术在药物代谢中的运用进行了综述。 This dissertation consisted of four sections. The first two sections elaborated thephytochemical investigation of the rhizomes Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br., methoddevelopment for rapid identifying and qutifying the chemical condtituent of thistibetant medicine, and the chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of G. conopsea,Salviae miltiorrhiza and P. notoginseng. The third section studied the fragmentationmechanism of six alkaloids from Zanthoxylum nitidium and method development forrapid identifying varieties of alkaloids from the extract of this herbal medicine. Thefourth section reviewed HPLC- MS method in drug metabolism studies. The first section consisted of chapters 1, 2, 3. Chapter 1 elaborated the phytochemicalinvestigation of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. Four succinate derivative esters wereisolated from the methanol extract of the rhizomes of G. conopsea through repeatedcolumn chromatography on normal and reversed phase silica gel, their structures weredetermined by ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR evidence. They were firstly discoveredfrom this species. In chapter 2, a high-performance liquid chromatography.diodearray detection (HPLC-DAD) method has been firstly developed for quantitation oftwo characteristic constituents, adenosine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, from theextract of rhizomes of G. conopsea. All 10 samples of G. conopsea contained differentamount of adenosine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Adenosine and the4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol can be applied in identification and quality control for theroots of G. conopsea. In chapter 3, a high-performance liquid chromatography.diodearray detection.tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) method has been firstly developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of G. conopsea andrapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Comparing the UV andMS spectra with those of authentic compounds, seven main peaks in the fingerprintswere identified as adenosine, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde,dactylorhin B, loroglossin, dactylorhin A and militarine. The Computer AidedSimilarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TraditionalChinese Medicine (CASES) was employed to evaluate the similarities of 10 samplesof the rhizomes of G. conopsea collected from Sichuan, Qinghai and Hebei provincesand Tibet autonomous region of China, and Nepal. These samples from differentsources had similar chemical fingerprints to each other. The second section consisted of chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7. In chapter 4，both thecharacteristic spectra of liposoluble tanshinones and aqueous-soluble salvianolic acidswere established by the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS)technique and the differences between standard and crude rhizomes of Salviaemiltiorrhiza Bge. from 5 sources were analyzed. The law of electrospray ion trap mass(ESI ITMS) of typical tanshinones and salvianolic acids is studied.The analysis of the chemical constituent of rhizomes of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bge. byliquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (LC/MS) technique wasestablished，and the distances among standard herb and crude herb from 5 sourceswere calculated by clustering analysis. According the DAD spectra and MS2 data，9tanshinones could be speculated. In chapter 5, the character spectra of total saponinsin P. notoginseng extracts were established by ESI ITMS and selective ion monitoring(SIM) technology. The law of notoginsenosides by ESI MS2 was studied. In chapter 6,the characteristic spectra of Compound Danshen Tablet established and compared byESI-MS and HPLC/DAD/MS, 6 known tanshinones and 3 saponins were speculated.In chapter 7, the advantage and disadvantage of the strategy, using the ESI ITMS andLC/MS techniques for study of characteristic spetra of danshen and Compound Danshen Tablet, were summerized. The third section (chapter 8) studied the fragmentation mechanism of six alkaloids,dihydronitidine, dihydrochelerythrine, 8-acetonyl dihydronitidine,8-acetonyldrochelerythrine, nitidine and 1,3-bis (8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone, by ESIMSn. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments indicated that different substitutionsites of the methoxyl groups at C-9 and C-10 or at C-10 and C-11 determined thedifferent abundances of the MS2 fragmentation ions using the same collision energy.According to the different abundances of MS2 product ions, positional isomericbenzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloids can be differentiated. Moreover, ten constituents inthe crude alkaloids extract from the roots of Zanthoxylum nitidium were rapidlyidentified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem massspectrometry (HPLC-MSn), through comparing the retention times and ESI MSn spectra with the authentic standards. The fourth section (chapter 9) is a review on HPLC-MS method development in drug metabolism studies.

基于表面肌电信号的人体运动意图识别方法研究

提出了基于表面肌电信号进行人体运动意图识别的新方法。该方法将智能发育思想结合其中,分为离线知识库建立和在线知识库检索两个过程。首先,进行离线训练,建立IHDR(Incremental Hierarchical Discriminant Regression)知识库。采集人体表面肌电信号,对肌电信号进行小波分解,将各层小波系数的方差作为每个通道信号的特征;然后,将每个通道的特征作为输入,人体运动行为作为输出,离线建立基于智能发育思想的IHDR知识库。人体运动意图识别的过程即知识库的检索运用过程,通过每个通道的特征来在线检索IHDR知识库,搜索到合适的节点即为运动意图。实验表明,基于智能发育思想的人体运动意图识别方法可以达到满意的识别率。

自适应LQR方法在载人潜水器动力定位中的应用研究

根据我国正在研制开发的某深海载人潜水器的特性及其对载人潜水器动力定位控制的要求,采用最优控制方法LQR与递推辨识系统参数相结合的方法———自适应LQR方法进行控制。仿真结果表明这种方法具有良好的控制效果。

碎屑岩储层低电阻率油层识别方法与应用——以济阳坳陷为例

So far, there is no methods of logging interpretation effective enough to identify a low resistivity payzone since its resistivity value almost equals to that of an aquifer although many low-resistivity payzones have been found in lots of petroliferous basins worldwide. After a thorough study on those technical difficulties of the logging interpretation for the low-resistivity payzones, some corresponding resolutions have been put forward in this paper. In order to reveal its microscopic mechanism, researches on the discovered low-resistivity payzones have been carried on with analyses of core and lab test data, thus main influencing factors of the low-resistivity reservoirs have been pointed out including conductivity minerals, clay minerals, fluids, porosity and pore structure. In order to make clear the degree of influence of those reservoir factors on resistivity logging(log), lab studies and numeral simulations have been done with the typical core and formation water samples, therefore, their influence degrees have ascertained quantitatively or semi-quantitatively. The distribution law and possible distribution areas of the low-resistivity payzones in Jiyang Depression have been figured out firstly after the macroscopic geology origins (sedimentation, dynamic accumulation process, diagenesis etc.) in the area have been studied. In order to resolve the problem of difficult logging-interpretation, methods of interpretation and identification have been brought forward creatively according to the low-resistivity payzone type ascribed to macroscopic geology laws and to the combined features of logging traces, after a systemic summary of different responses of logging caused by different microscopic mechanism. Those methods have been applied in Dongying and Huimin Sag of Shengli Exploration Area, precision of identification of the low-resistivity payzones improved effectively and good economic attraction prove their great prospect.

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷含油气系统形成与分布研究

On the basis of the theory and method of petroleum system, by using formation analysis and multi-discipline ways, we study the formation and .distribution of petroleum system of the Jimusaer sag in the Zhungaer Basin. Through analysis and description of main formation factors, petroleum system is classified and subdivided into several ranks. At the same time, we describe the main elements of reservoir formation and the contribution to the petroleum system. By analyzing the process of reservoir formation, we define the quantitative relationship of petroleum sources, migration and oil accumulation. Through a comprehensive studying method, the next step is to build the reservoir formation model of petroleum system and confirm the exploration target. Finally, a method which fits to study the petroleum system formation and distribution in this type of basin is created. It broadens the quantitative theory of petroleum system. The following are the main conclusions. 1. The division of rank concept of petroleum system and the classification of multi-ranks combination are put forwarded for the first time. The petroleum system is classified into 5 ranks. These ranks, in an ascending order, are compounded petroleum system, independent petroleum system, sub-petroleum system, reservoir formation structure and the main factors of reservoir formation respectively. Therefore the Jimusaer sag is divided into 1 first ranked compounded petroleum system, 2 independent petroleum systems (The first is Jiang first member ~ Jiang second member+Pingdiquan member+ Wutonggou member petroleum system and the second Pingdiquan member - Wutonggou member+Triassic + Jurassic petroleum system) and 22 sub- petroleum systems. 2. The existence of the Jiangjunmiao member petroleum system in P_1 is put forwarded for the first time in the target zone except for Pingdiquan member hydro-source rock in P2 Both two hydro-source rock experience two evolvement movements, sub-mature and mature. It is estimated that there is the matured oil&gas in the sag. 3. By introduction of the basin simulation method, regaining and formation process of the different independent petroleum system are achieved. The sources, migration, accumulation and evolution rule are all indicated. It proposed that Jiang first member ~ Jiang second member+Pingdiquan member + Wutonggou member petroleum system formed primarily in Triassic and Jurassic. The oil&gas predominantly accumulated in layers of Jiang second member and Wutonggou member. Pingdiquan member ~ Wutonggou member+Triassic + Jurassic petroleum system formed in middle of Jurassic, and middle and late of the Kreaceous. In addition the oil&gas mostly accumulated in layers of Pingdiquan member and Wutonggou member. 4. By comprehensively analyzing the reservoir formation mechanism, it is proposed that oil&gas reservoir in this zone is formed in multiple periods. Major migration and accumulation power of oil&gas can be explained by an abnormal stratum pressure. There are six channels for the migration and accumulation -of oil&gas and therefore, can be considered as multi-circular distribution. 5. Combining the rank theory of petroleum system with mode identification method, we developed a quantitative evaluation method and judgment system for the exploration target. Using this technique, we confirmed three exploration target zones, four favorable oil&gas reservoir combinations, three exploration wells. Ji -15 well has been drilled and has provided a breakthrough on the oil&gas exploration.

A method for individual identification of echolocation signals in free-ranging finless porpoises carrying data loggers

Echolocation click events of a free-ranging juvenile and an adult finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) were recorded with an acoustic data logger. Additionally, dive depth and swim speed of the juvenile were recorded with a behavior data logger. Echoes of echolocation signals from the water surface were clearly detected in shallow dives approximately less than 2 m. The delay time between a surface echo and a direct signal corresponded with the two-way transmission time for the animal's depth, indicating that the signals originated from the animal wearing the data loggers. The finless porpoises produced echolocation signals frequently and were thought to be able to detect their depth by listening to echoes from the water surface. (C) 2000 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(00)01609-X].

Developing molecular identification numbers by an all-paths method

A new topological index is devised from an all-paths method. This molecular topological index has highly discriminating power for various kinds of organic compounds such as alkane trees, complex cyclic or polycyclic graphs, and structures containing heteroatoms and thus can be used as a Molecular IDentification number (MID) for chemical documentation. Some published MIDs derived from an all-paths method and their structural selectivity for alkane trees are also reviewed.

An improved PCR method for direct identification of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) using conchocelis based on a RUBISCO intergenic spacer

An improved method of PCR in which the small segment of conchocelis is amplified directly without DNA extraction was used to amplify a RUBISCO intergenic spacer DNA fragment from nine species of red algal genus Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), including Porphyra yezoensis (Jiangsu, China), P. haitanensis (Fujian, China), P. oligospermatangia (Qingdao, China), P. katadai (Qingdao, China), P. tenera (Qingdao, China), P. suborboculata (Fujian, China), P. pseudolinearis (Kogendo, Korea), P. linearis (Devon, England), and P. fallax (Seattle, USA). Standard PCR and the method developed here were both conducted using primers specific for the RUBISCO spacer region, after which the two PCR products were sequenced. The sequencing data of the amplicons obtained using both methods were identical, suggesting that the improved PCR method was functional. These findings indicate that the method developed here may be useful for the rapid identification of species of Porphyra in a germplasm bank. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the RUBISCO spacer and partial rbcS sequence, and the results were in concordant with possible alternative phylogenies based on traditional morphological taxonomic characteristics, indicating that the RUBISCO spacer is a useful region for phylogenetic studies.