Double synaptic weight neuron theory and its application

In this paper, a novel mathematical model of neuron-Double Synaptic Weight Neuron (DSWN)(l) is presented. The DSWN can simulate many kinds of neuron architectures, including Radial-Basis-Function (RBF), Hyper Sausage and Hyper Ellipsoid models, etc. Moreover, this new model has been implemented in the new CASSANN-II neurocomputer that can be used to form various types of neural networks with multiple mathematical models of neurons. The flexibility of the DSWN has also been described in constructing neural networks. Based on the theory of Biomimetic Pattern Recognition (BPR) and high-dimensional space covering, a recognition system of omni directionally oriented rigid objects on the horizontal surface and a face recognition system had been implemented on CASSANN-II neurocomputer. In these two special cases, the result showed DSWN neural network had great potential in pattern recognition.

Discussion on the basic mathematical models of neurons - Double synaptic weight neuron in general-purpose neurocomputer, theory and application

Based on the introduction of the traditional mathematical models of neurons in general-purpose neurocomputer, a novel all-purpose mathematical model-Double synaptic weight neuron (DSWN) is presented, which can simulate all kinds of neuron architectures, including Radial-Basis-Function (RBF) and Back-propagation (BP) models, etc. At the same time, this new model is realized using hardware and implemented in the new CASSANN-II neurocomputer that can be used to form various types of neural networks with multiple mathematical models of neurons. In this paper, the flexibility of the new model has also been described in constructing neural networks and based on the theory of Biomimetic pattern recognition (BPR) and high-dimensional space covering, a recognition system of omni directionally oriented rigid objects on the horizontal surface and a face recognition system had been implemented on CASSANN-H neurocomputer. The result showed DSWN neural network has great potential in pattern recognition.

Calculation of the hourly and daily radiation incident on three step tracking planes

Mathematical formulas for estimating the hourly and daily radiation incident on planes of azimuth three step tracking and hour angle three step tracking have been derived in this paper. Based on the hourly solar radiation data of an average day in each month at Er-Lian-Hao-Te city, the hourly and monthly radiation received by planes of these two kinds of tracking have been calculated. The results show that in this district, one axis azimuth three step tracking and hour angle three step tracking could, respectively, obtain 66.5% and 63.3% higher radiation than that on the horizontal surface all year. Moreover, a two axis azimuth three step tracking plane could receive 72% more radiation than the horizontal surface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interannual horizontal heat advection in the surface mixed layer over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: assimilation versus TAO analysis

The interannual anomalies of horizontal heat advection in the surface mixed layer over the equatorial Pacific Ocean in an assimilation experiment are studied and compared with existing observational analyses. The assimilation builds upon a hindcast study that has produced a good simulation of the observed equatorial currents and optimizes the simulation of the Reynolds sea surface temperature (SST) data. The comparison suggests that the assimilation has improved the simulation of the interannual horizontal heat advection of the surface mixed layer significantly. During periods of interrupted current measurements, the assimilation is shown to produce more meaningful anomalies of the heat advection than the interpolation of the observational data does. The assimilation also shows that the eddy heat flux due to the correlation between high-frequency current and SST variations, which is largely overlooked by the existing observational analyses, is important for the interannual SST balance over the equatorial Pacific. The interannual horizontal heat advection anomalies are found to be sensitive to SST errors where oceanic currents are strong, which is a challenge for ENSO prediction. The study further suggests that the observational analyses of the tropical SST balance based on the TAO and the Reynolds SST data contain significant errors due to the large gradient errors in the Reynolds SST data, which are amplified into the advection anomalies by the large equatorial currents.

Characters of Surface Deformation and Surface Wave in Thermal Capillary Convection

In the field of fluid mechanics, free surface phenomena is one of the most important physical processes. In the present research work, the surface deformation and surface wave caused by temperature difference of sidewalls in a rectangular cavity have been investigated. The horizontal cross-section of the container is 52 mmx42 mm, and there is a silicon oil layer of height 3.5 mm in the experimental cavity. Temperature difference between the two side walls of the cavity is increased gradually, and the flow on the liquid layer will develop from stable convection to un-stable convection. An optical diagnostic system consisting of a modified Michelson interferometer and image processor has been developed for study of the surface deformation and surface wave of thermal capillary convection. The Fourier transformation method is used to interferometer fringe analysis. The quantitative results of surface deformation and surface wave have been calculated from a serial of the interference fringe patterns.The characters of surface deformation and surface wave have been obtained. They are related with temperature gradient and surface tension. Surface deformation is fluctuant with time, which shows the character of surface wave. The cycle period of the wave is 4.8 s, and the amplitudes are from 0 to 0.55 mu m. The phase of the wave near the cool side of the cavity is opposite and correlative to that near the hot side. The present experiment proves that the surface wave of thermal capillary convection exists on liquid free surface, and it is wrapped in surface deformation.

Combined effect of surface tension, gravity and van der Waals force induced by a non-contact probe tip on the shape of liquid surface

Aiming at understanding how a liquid film on a substrate affects the atomic force microscopic image in experiments, we present an analytical representation of the shape of liquid surface under van der Waals interaction induced by a non-contact probe tip. The analytical expression shows good consistence with the corresponding numerical results. According to the expression, we find that the vertical scale of the liquid dome is mainly governed by a combination of van der Waals force, surface tension and probe tip radius, and is weekly related to gravity. However, its horizontal extension is determined by the capillary length.

Experimental Study of Surface Deformation and Flow Pattern on Buoyant-Thermocapillary Convection

Free surface deformation is one of the most important physical phenomena in fluids with free surface. In the present paper, convection and surface deformation caused by thermocapillary effect in a rectangular cavity were investigated. In ground experiments, the convection was also affected by gravity. The cavity has a horizontal cross section of 52mm×42mm and the thikkness of the liquid layer is 4mm. Temperature difference between two sides of the liquid layer was increased gradually, and the flow in liquid layer will develop from steady to unstable convection. An optical diagnostic system consisting of a revised Michelson interferometer with image processor was developed to study fluid surface deformation in convection, and the displacements of free surface oscillation were determined. PIV technique was adopted to observe the evolution of flow pattern, and the velocity fields were obtained quantitatively. The present experiments demonstrate that surface deformation is quite distinct in buoyant-thermocapillary convection. in order to understand the mechanism of buoyant-thermocapillary convection, not only the hydrothermal wave instability but also the surface wave instability should be discussed.

Experimental Study On Liquid Free Surface In Buoyant-Thermocapillary Convection

We investigate the surface deformations of buoyant-thermocapillary convection in a rectangular cavity clue to gravity and temperature gradient between the two sidewalls. The cavity is 52mm x 42mm in horizontal cross section, the thickness of liquid layer h is changed from 2.5mm to 6.5mm. Surface deformations of h = 3.5mm and 6.0mm are discussed and compared. Temperature difference is increased gradually, and the flow in the liquid layer will change from stable convection to unstable convection. Two kinds of optical diagnostic system with image processor are developed for study of the kinetics of buoyant-thermocapillary convection, they give out the information of liquid free surface. The quantitative results are calculated by Fourier transform and correlation analysis, respectively. With the increasing temperature gradient, surface deformations calculated are more declining. It is interesting phenomenon that the inclining directions of the convections in thin and thick liquid layers are different. For a thin layer, the convection is mainly controlled by thermocapillary effect. However, for a thick layer, the convection is mainly controlled by buoyancy effect. The surface deformation theoretically analysed is consistent with our experimental results. The present experiment proves that surface deformation is related to temperature gradient and thickness of the liquid layer. In other words, surface deformation lies on capillary convection and buoyancy convection.

Static equilibrium of horizontal ring prominence

In 1980 the Beijing Observatory had successively observed sevesal rare completely closed ring prominences whose ring plane was approximately parallel to the solar surface with a characteristic life about 1—2 days. In this paper we discuss the static equilibrium of this kind of horizontal ring plasma under the simultaneous actions of magnetic force, gravity and pressure gradients. Assuming ring plasma with axisymmetry and rectangular plasma cross-section and adopting closed magnetic field boundary condition from the basic equations we obtain the exact zero order general solutions for magnetic field (force-free field) and density (pressure). We further obtain an eigen-solution for the zero order magnetic field and density as well as the first order magnetic field, thus giving a kind of the possible distribution of magnetic field and density for the horizontal closed ring prominence. The closed magnetic structure of ring prominence as presented in this paper, has no link with the force lines of the outside corona magnetic field. This is helpful to explain the great temperature difference between prominenee and corona.

Experimental Observation on Surface Wave Phenomena in Thermal Capillary Convection

An optical diagnostic system consisting of the Michelson interferometer with the image processor has been developed for studying of the surface wave in the thermal capillary convection in a rectangular cavity. In this paper, the capillary convection, surface deformation and surface wave due to the different temperature between the two sidewalls have been investigated. The cavity is 52mm?42mm in horizontal cross section and 4mm in height. The temperature difference is increased gradually and flow in liquid layer will change from steady convection to unstable convection. The optical interference method measures the surface deformation and the surface wave of the convection. The deformation of the interference fringes, which produced by the meeting of the reflected light from the liquid surface and the reference light has been captured, and the surface deformation appears when the steady convection is developed. The surface deformation is enhanced with the increasing of the temperature difference, and then several knaggy peeks in the interference fringes appear and move from the heated side to the cooled side, it demonstrates that the surface wave is existed. The surface deformation, the wavelength, the frequency, and the wave amplitude of the surface wave have been calculated.

Responses of saturated sand surrounding a bucket foundations under horizontal vibration loading

In this paper we investigated the responses of saturated sand under horizontal vibration loading induced by a bucket foundation. It is shown that the saturated sand liquefies gradually since the vibration loading is applied on. The maximum displacement on the surface of sand layer occurs near the loading end and in this zone the sand is compressed and moves upwards. The liquefaction zone is developed from the upper part near the loading side and stopped gradually.

Interaction of linear waves with an array of infinitely long horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid of infinite depth

The linear water wave scattering and radiation by an array of infinitely long horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid of infinite depth is investigated by use of the multipole expansion method. The diffracted and radiated potentials are expressed as a linear combination of infinite multipoles placed at the centre of each cylinder with unknown coefficients to be determined by the cylinder boundary conditions. Analytical expressions for wave forces, hydrodynamic coefficients, reflection and transmission coefficients and energies are derived. Comparisons are made between the present analytical results and those obtained by the boundary element method, and some examples are presented to illustrate the hydrodynamic behavior of multiple horizontal circular cylinders in a two-layer fluid. It is found that for two submerged circular cylinders the influence of the fluid density ratio on internal-mode wave forces is more appreciable than surface-mode wave forces, and the periodic oscillations of hydrodynamic results occur with the increase of the distance between two cylinders; for four submerged circular cylinders the influence of adding two cylinders on the wave forces of the former cylinders is small in low and high wave frequencies, but the influence is appreciable in intermediate wave frequencies.

Modeling vertical heat transport in the wave affected surface layer of the ocean

In considering the vertical heat transport problems in the upper ocean, the flat upper boundary approximation for the free surface and the horizontal homogenous hypothesis are usually applied. However, due to the existence of the wave motion, the application of this approximation may result in some errors to the solar irradiation since it decays quickly in respect to the actual thickness of the water layer below the surface; on the other hand, due to the fluctuation of the water layer depth, it is improper to neglect the effects of the horizontal advection and turbulent diffusion since they also contribute to the vertical heat transport. A new model is constructed in this study to reflect these effects. The corresponding numerical simulations show that the wave motion may remarkably accelerate the vertical heat transferring process and the variation of the temperature in the wave affected layer appears in an oscillating manner.