Fatigue crack-growth rate in ferrite martensite dual-phase steel

style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 9px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: -0.15ex; text-align: justify; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 20px">An empirical study is made on the fatigue crack growth rate in ferrite-martensite dual-phase (FMDP) steel. Particular attention is given to the effect of ferrite content in the range of 24.2% to 41.5% where good fatigue resistance was found at 33.8%. Variations in ferrite content did not affect the crack growth rate style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si1.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="53" height="18" />when plotted against the effective stress intensity factor range style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si2.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="39" height="14" /> which was assumed to follow a linear relation with the crack tip stress intensity factor range style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔK. A high style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si4.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="39" height="14" /> corresponds to uniformly distributed small size ferrite and martensite. No other appreciable correlation could be ralated to the microstructure morphology of the FMDP steel. The closure stress intensity factor style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si5.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="21" height="13" />, however, is affected by the ferrite content with style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si6.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="64" height="17" /> reaching a maximum value of 0.7. In general, crack growth followed the interphase between the martensite and ferrite.

style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 9px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: -0.15ex; text-align: justify; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; line-height: 20px">Dividing the fatigue crack growth process into Stage I and II where the former would be highly sensitive to changes in style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔK and the latter would increase with style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔK depending on the style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si9.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="115" height="18" /> ratio. The same data when correlated with the strain energy density factor range style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔS showed negligible dependence on mean stress or style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">R ratio for Stage I crack growth. A parameter α involving the ratio of ultimate stress to yield stress, percent reduction of area and style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">R is introduced for Stage II crack growth so that the style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="color: #0156aa; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline" title="View the MathML source" class="mathImg">style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline; max-width: 600px" class="imgLazyJSB" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-016784429190028I-si13.gif" border="0" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" width="53" height="18" /> data for different style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">R would collapse onto a single curve with a narrow scatter band when plotted against style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">αΔS.

SNPNB: analyzing neighboring-nucleotide biases on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

SNPNB is a user-friendly and platform-independent application for analyzing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism NeighBoring sequence context and nucleotide bias patterns, and subsequently evaluating the effective SNP size for the bias patterns observed from the whole data. It was implemented by Java and Perl. SNPNB can efficiently handle genome-wide or chromosome-wide SNP data analysis in a PC or a workstation. It provides visualizations of the bias patterns for SNPs or each type of SNPs.