56 resultados para Giorgione, 1477-1511.
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
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A theoretical investigation is performed on the thermocapillary motion of two bubbles in arbitrary configuration in microgravity environment under the assumption that the surface tension is high enough to keep the bubbles spherical. The two bubbles are dr
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对生物模式的形成机制的探讨一直是生命科学特别是发育生物学的重要课题.目前已经积累了大量的多学科的研究数据并提出了一些的理论,但生物模式形成的真正机制仍然很不清楚而需更深入的探索.本文试图运用元胞自动机方法建立一个从单细胞及其行为到细胞与细胞、细胞与胞外环境相互作用下生物模式形成的模型.并应用此模型,基于"诱导开关"概念,提出一种新的离散模型来模拟盘基网柄菌(Dictyostelium discoideum)的聚集模式.
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本文讨论了利用赝势理论,按照Born稳定性判据,计算简单金属理论强度的方法。然后计算了六种简单金属(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs和Pb)在0K和[100]单轴应力下的理论拉伸与压缩强度。
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We try to connect the theory of infinite dimensional dynamical systems and nonlinear dynamical methods. The sine-Gordon equation is used to illustrate our method of discussing the dynamical behaviour of infinite dimensional systems. The results agree with those of Bishop and Flesch [SLAM J. Math. Anal. 21 (1990) 1511].
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In 1990 JET operated with a number of technical improvements which led to advances in performance and permitted the carrying out of experiments specifically aimed at improving physics understanding of selected topics relevant to the "NEXT STEP". The new facilities include beryllium antenna screens, a prototype lower hybrid current drive system, and modification of the NI system to enable the injection of He-3 and He-4. Continued investigation of the hot-ion H-mode produced a value of n(D)(0)tau-E(T)(i)(0) = 9 x 10(20)m-3s keV, which is near conditions required for Q(DT) = 1, while a new peaked density profile H-mode was developed with only slightly lower performance. Progress towards steady state operation has been made by achieving ELMy H-modes under certain operating conditions, while maintaining good tau-E values. Experimental simulation of He ash transport indicates effective removal of alpha-particles from the plasma core for both L and H mode plasmas. Detailed analyses of particle and energy transport have helped establish a firmer link between particle and energy transport, and have suggested a connection between reduced energy transport and reversed shear. Numerical and analytic studies of divertor physics carried out for the pumped divertor phase of JET have helped clarify the key parameters governing impurity retention, and an intensive model validation effort has begun. Experimental simulation of alpha-particle effects with beta-fast up to 8% have shown that the slowing down processes are classical, and have given no evidence of deleterious collective effects.
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A feasible scheme for constructing quantum logic gates is proposed on the basis of quantum switches in cavity QED. It is shown that the light field which is fed into the cavity due to the passage of an atom in a certain state can be used to manipulate the conditioned quantum logical gate. In our scheme, the quantum information is encoded in the states of Rydberg atoms and the cavity mode is not used as logical qubits or as a communicating "bus"; thus, the effect of atomic spontaneous emission can be neglected and the strict requirements for the cavity can be relaxed.
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利用飞秒激光散斑的信息,可以得知散射体的空间运动信息。为此提出了飞秒激光散斑相关测量技术,将散射体变化或移动前后的飞秒散斑场分别用CCD探测器记录下来并储存于计算机中,对移动前的飞秒散斑场和移动后的飞秒散斑场进行相关性运算,就可以确定出散射体的有关特性或移动量,实现对飞秒散斑场移动实时测量。结果表明,实验中散射体的位移量与用相关算法得到散射体的移动量相吻合,证实了飞秒散斑相关法测量的可行性。
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采用Ag^+-Na^+离子工艺,在K9玻璃上制备了跑道形波导谐振腔滤波器.测试得到该滤波器自由光谱范围为FSR=0.177nm,对比对为Cr=7.5dB.同时分析得到耦合器的耦合系数为κ=0.916,耦合器和环形腔的损耗因子分别为δ=0.55,γ=0.48.耦合器的两波导几乎相连、条波导边缘不规则和一次离子交换波导表面缺陷是造成该波导滤波器具有较大损耗的主要原因。通过改进工艺技术降低波导损耗,该滤波器可以用于光通信、传感等领域,也可与其它波导结构相结合实现新的功能。
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abstract {LaF3 single-layer coatings were prepared by thermal boat evaporation at the deposition temperatures of 189, 255, 277 and 321°C respectively. The crystal structures of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A spectrophotometer was employed to measure its transmittance. Moreover, refractive index, extinction coefficient and cut-off wavelength were obtained from the measured transmittance spectral curve. The residual stress was evaluated by the Stoney's equation and optical interferometer. Laser induce damage threshold (LIDT) was performed by a tripled Nd:YAG laser system. The results show that the crystallization status becomes better with the deposition temperature increasing. Correspondingly, the grain size also gets larger. Meanwhile, the coatings become more compact and the refractive index increases. However, the absorption of coatings seriously rises and the cut-off wavelength drifts to the long wave. In addition, the residual stress also increases and the intrinsic stress plays a determinant role in the coating. The LIDT of the coating also enhances at high temperature.}
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水分条件不仅影响半干旱区群落的组成,而且在一定程度上决定了群落的功能。处于不同水分条件生境下群落的优势物种在水分利用和同化物利用效率方面的功能特征会存在差异,这些差异将导致群落对于气候变化产生不同的响应,进而影响到景观和区域尺度上对于全球变化下碳动态和格局的分析。本研究选取了锡林河流域典型草原区沿水分梯度的四个代表群落,在野外实验测定并结合长期定位研究成果基础上,利用BIOME-BGC模型对代表群落的长期净初级生产力(NPP)动态进行了模拟和模型验证。通过分析该地区1953~2005年气候变化趋势,推测了未来可能的气候变化情景,进而模拟了气候变化下四个群落长期NPP动态的响应。 野外实验分析表明,在四个群落中,净光合速率与光合有效辐射呈单峰曲线关系,与温度和蒸气压亏损(VPD)成反比,叶片氮含量和比叶面积也会影响到光合能力。四个群落由于水分与土壤条件的差别,净光合速率随VPD与温度的变化表现出不同的增减幅度。将日变化分为四个阶段,分别为大致在6:00~8:00左右的低温高湿阶段,10:00~16:00的高温低湿阶段,16:00以后的低温低湿阶段和低温高湿阶段变为高温低湿阶段过程中的适温适湿阶段。在每个阶段中,影响羊草光合速率的主导因子是不同的。在不同的水分与土壤状况下,羊草的光合特性表现出明显差异,但总体说来水分仍是光合作用的主导因子。 模型模拟结果表明,当前气候条件下,羊草群落NPP平均值为197.76 gC m-2 (SE=7.11),大针茅群落NPP平均值为198.95 gC m-2 (SE=6.41),贝加尔针茅群落NPP平均值为210.41 gC m-2 (SE=7.87),克氏针茅群落NPP平均值为144.92 gC m-2 (SE=4.64),四个群落NPP平均值为188.01 gC m-2 (SE=3.72)。 日最高温度与最低温度在1953~2005年间都明显增加,而降水变化很大。温度增加下(P0T1)NPP平均下降14.2%,降水增加下(P1T0)NPP平均增加13.2%,温度与降水都增加情景下(P1T1)NPP平均下降2.7%。在半干旱区,降水是NPP变化的主要限制因子,而温度通过影响了植物的呼吸与蒸散作用对NPP产生影响。 由于生境水分条件差别和优势物种功能特征差异,四个群落在气候变化中表现出对温度与降水不同的敏感程度,这与水分胁迫系数WSI、碳胁迫系数CSI变化密切相关。克氏针茅群落由于所处生境水分条件差,水分胁迫系数高,对降水的依赖程度最大;贝加尔针茅群落一方面处于较好的水分生境,具有相对较小的水分胁迫系数,另一方面,由于具有高碳氮比,维持呼吸消耗的光合产物比例低,碳胁迫系数远低于其它三个群落,未来气候变化下NPP较其它三个群落仍较高。
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植物种间作用是决定物种分布、种群动态、群落演变和生态系统功能的重要因子。长期以来,相关研究集中在竞争作用上。然而自1990年代以来,易化作用逐渐受到重视,被认为是植物群落中物种共存的主要推动力,尤其是在极端和受到干扰的环境中。很多研究都揭示出植物对其他特定的物种产生直接或间接的正向的作用。护卫植物主要通过两种机制对临近的物种产生正向作用,即对恶劣的自然环境的改善和对高强度干扰的阻止和减轻。灌木在很多条件下能够成为护卫植物,影响种群的分布、群落的多样性和生态系统的功能。 中国西南部的青藏高原的牧场上,非生物的环境胁迫(比如生长季短暂、辐射强度大和极端温度等)和生物的干扰作用(比如过度放牧等)都很强。有文献表明,随着过度放牧现象的加重和草地的不断退化,灌木的分布有逐渐扩大的趋势。针对灌木对过度放牧草地上小尺度植被格局的影响,我们在若尔盖地区展开了以下两方面的研究。 为了研究不同种类灌木的影响,我们在若尔盖高原上选择了既具有恶劣的自然环境又遭受过度放牧压力的草地,对三种灌木内外的相同大小面积上小尺度范围内的植被进行调查。三种灌木分别是高山绣线菊、窄叶鲜卑花和金露梅,它们在形态结构、高度和可食性上都存在差异。在不考虑灌木种类的基础上,我们发现物种丰度、总盖度、开花的物种数和花序数都是灌木内部高于外部,而均匀度则恰好相反,是外部要高于内部,香农多样性指数内外没有明显的差异。金露梅灌丛中内外物种丰度和均匀度的差异要明显高于窄叶鲜卑花,但是总盖度、开花的物种数和花序数的差异不随着灌木种类的不同而有明显的差异。大多数的物种(占总物种数的47-85%)并没有因为灌木的存在而在内外出现的频数上表现出差异,而相当一部分物种(占总物种数的13-39%)在灌木外部的频率要高,仅仅有很少的物种(占总物种数的3-13%)因为灌木的存在而受益,内部的频数要高于外部。这种对某些物种的保护作用没有表现在群落水平上,即提高群落的物种丰富度和多样性,因为同时发生的灌木和其他植物的竞争作用也会限制以致排除冠层下面某些物种的存在。灌木的可食性和形态结构(比如盖度、高度、冠层的紧实度等)能对它们跟其他植物的相互之间净作用的类型和强度产生影响。不同的灌木能保护不同种类、不同数量的植物,表明易化作用是物种特异性的,跟护卫植物有关,也跟受益者有关。通过植被的排序,金露梅和高山绣线菊内外的植被得到了很明显的分离,而窄叶鲜卑花的则没有。总体上来说,灌木的存在确实能够通过提高出现或开花的频率,保护了某些对放牧比较敏感的物种,而且这种易化作用是物种特异性的。内外植被的差异在放牧压力最大的金露梅灌丛中最大,表明过度放牧导致的大尺度的植被状况对于小尺度上灌丛内外的植被的差异所起的作用比灌木种类的作用更大。 为了研究同种灌木不同的分布类型对植被格局的影响,选择金露梅作为目标灌木。金露梅是当地常见灌木,有的植株孤立存在,有的则是很多株联合形成比较大的斑块。我们选择金露梅形成的斑块中央、外沿金露梅植株内部、外围和孤立的金露梅植株内部、外部五个位置,并在小尺度上进行了植被调查和比较,发现金露梅的存在确实保护了一些物种,但是种类有限,反而是大部分的物种在外部的频数要高与内部;从群落水平来看,金露梅冠层下的植被从丰富度、多样性上来讲并没有超过外部,仅仅是具有更高的均匀度和同质性;生殖方面的结果也是类似的,而且大部分物种跟其分布呈现出基本类似的格局。金露梅斑块的存在和自然围栏的产生没有起到很明显的保护作用,并没有使得斑块中央植被的丰富度、多样性、均匀度提高,而仅仅是提高了植物的长势(表现为具有较高的总盖度等);在物种水平,没有发现什么特异种的存在,仅仅发现能够促进一些物种在内部的生长或开花,而且比例很低。在这种效应的影响下,斑块边缘的金露梅相对于孤立的金露梅而言,也没有表现出更好的保护植被的能力。几乎所有的群落水平的指标都仅仅是受到灌木内外这个因素的影响,而两种分布格局(即:在斑块边缘和孤立存在)的影响是微乎其微的。植被排序的结果也充分证明了这一点,灌木内外的植被被明显的分离开来,而不同灌木中相应位置的植被则是混杂在一起。并且在物种水平上,除了极个别的物种之外,绝大部分物种内外的差异是是一致的,没有受到灌木分布格局的影响。即使个别物种具有不同的格局,也没有证据表明是受到了斑块中央植被的影响而产生的。
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Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 human (Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Ghrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.