Remark on Laser Bending Mechanisms

Laser bending mechanism is remarked, and its essence is the temperature gradient mechanism. The reverse bending and the thickened mechanisms are included in the temperature gradient mechanism because they are only different phenomena based on different thickness of the material. Experimental result shows that there is a kind of un-convention temperature distribution in the limit thickness specimen under laser irradiation. This phenomenon cannot be explained by the classical Fourier Law and is defined as Pan-Fourier effect in order to explain laser bending mechanism further.

A special method to evaluate the strong adhesion between brittle coating and ductile substrate

The evaluation of the interfacial adhesion of coating system has always been a rough task. In this paper, a special testing method of cross-sectional indentation is applied on a model coating system, i.e. electroplated chromium on a steel substrate which is generally regarded as an example of materials pair with strong adhesion. Based on fractography analysis with SEM and interfacial stress simulation with FEM, it is found that interfacial shear stress may induce coating spalling. More interestingly, spalling location is sensitive to substrate pretreatment process. This shows the feasibility of cross-sectional indentation to distinguish interfacial strength at a high level.

Comparative investigation of up-conversion luminescence in Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped germanate-niobic and germanium-bismuth glasses: effect of phonon density on up-conversion emission

Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped gernianate-niobic (GN) and germanium-bismuth (GB) glasses have been synthesized by conventional ruching and quenching method. Intense blue and weak red emissions centered at 477 and 650 nm, corresponding to the transitions (1)G(4)->H-3(6) and (1)G(4)->H-3(4), respectively, were observed at room temperature. The possible Up-conversion mechanisms are discussed and estimated. GN glass showed a weaker up-conversion emission than GB glass, which is inconsistent with the prediction from the difference of maximum phonon energy between GN and GB glasses. In this paper, Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the origin of the difference in up-conversion luminescence in the two glasses. Compared with phonon side-band spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy extracts more information including both phonon energy and phonon density. For the first time, our results reveal that, besides the maximum phonon energy, the phonon density of host glasses is also an important factor in determining the up-conversion efficiency. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

内蒙古半干旱温带草原土壤微生物对环境变化的响应

地处干旱半干旱区的我国北方温带草原是欧亚大陆草原生物区系的重要组成部分，对全球变化敏感。土壤微生物在联系生态系统地上和地下部分起着中枢作用，由于其周转速率快，对环境因子变化响应快速，可用来指示短期内环境因子的变化对生态系统的影响。目前关于内蒙古半干旱温带草原的研究主要集中在生态系统地上部分，对地下尤其是土壤微生物对全球变化及人为干扰的响应研究仍然缺乏。本研究选取位于内蒙古多伦县的代表性的半干旱温带草原，通过对多种环境因子变化及人为干扰下土壤微生物量、呼吸、氮可利用性及转化等参数进行测定，旨在探讨全球变化及人为干扰对土壤微生物的影响，为地上植物群落的响应及生态系统地上与地下部分的联系提供机理解释，研究结果如下： 通过研究土壤微生物生物量和呼吸生长季的动态变化，以及它们对地形、火烧、施用氮肥及其交互作用的响应，结果表明，土壤微生物参数在生长季表现出明显的季节变异。土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)分别在坡下比坡上高出14.8%和11.5%。但是，有机碳微中生物量碳的百分比(Cmic/Corg)以及总氮中微生物量氮的百分比(Nmic/Ntot)分别在坡上比坡下高16.9%和26.2%。微生物呼吸(MR)和代谢熵(qCO2)都不受地形的影响。火烧在整个生长季分别提高MBC和MBN29.8%和14.2%，MR和qCO2 则有降低趋势，尤其是在八月份。火烧在坡上提高Cmic/Corg 和Nmic/Ntot，但是在坡下对二者没有影响。氮肥的施用在第一个生长季对所有土壤微生物指标都没有影响。 草原生态中环境因子的空间和时间变异可以影响土壤微生物以及它们对干扰的响应。通过对地形、火烧、施肥进行三年连续处理和观测土壤微生物指标发现，1)土壤微生物参数有明显的年际变异。2)在相对湿润的年份，土壤微生物量在坡下比坡上高，但是Cmic/Corg和Nmic/Ntot 在坡上高于坡下。但在干旱年份里，所有土壤微生物参数都是在坡下高于坡上，且由于地形引起的差异在干旱年份表现更强烈。MBC、MBN、MR 的变异系数在坡上高，表明土壤微生物量和活性在坡下稳定性高。说明了土壤水分含量在半干旱温带草原调节土壤微生物和其稳定性方面起着重要作用。地形对土壤可利用的氮没有影响。3)每年一次的火烧对土壤微生物量、Cmic/Corg、Nmic/Ntot 有正效应但正效应随处理时间延长和处理次数增加而降低。火烧在在第一年内不论在坡上还是坡下都降低MR，但是在干旱年份里，火烧在坡上降低MR，在坡下提高MR。火烧在第二年里在坡下提高了土壤无机氮含量，但在坡上降低了土壤无机氮含量。在第三年，不论坡上还是坡下，火烧使得土壤无机氮含量降低。4)施用氮肥提高土壤无机氮含量，但是它对土壤微生物参数产生负效应，且负效应随着处理时间延长和处理次数的增加而增强。此外，氮肥增加了MBC、MBN、MR的变异系数。 土壤微生物在生态系统碳氮循环中起着关键作用，但是关于氮素添加是否促进或抑制土壤微生物生物量和活动仍然存在争议。在我国北方温带草原的这项研究目的在于探讨土壤微生物沿着一个施氮梯度的响应。本研究设置了每年一次、连续四年的八个水平(0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 g N m-2以尿素形式施入土壤)N处理。并在第三年和第四年测定了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷、微生物呼吸和代谢熵、土壤无机氮、净氮矿化和硝化。大多数测定的微生物参数都在低施氮处理下有所增加，相反在高施氮处理下降低。在取样测定的两年中，对土壤微生物生长和活动的最适施氮量大致为2 g N m-2 y-1；而施氮的阈值在16 和32 gN m-2 y-1之间，在此阈值之上，土壤pH、微生物生物量、微生物呼吸、Cmic/Corg、Nmic/Ntot 急剧降低，相反，土壤无机氮、净氮矿化和硝化急剧增加。土壤微生物对低施氮处理和高施氮处理的特异性响应(Differential Response)可能是由于微生物碳氮限制的转换、以及高施氮处理下土壤pH值降低的毒害影响而引起的。本研究中观察到的土壤微生物沿着施氮梯度的非线性响应有助于解决不同报道及不同生态系统中氮素添加对土壤微生物影响的争议。 气候变化将显著影响陆地生态系统的碳循环。以2005年4月开始的一项野外控制实验为平台，检验我国北方半干旱典型草原土壤和微生物呼吸以及微生物生物量对试验增温和增加降水的响应。在3 个实验年份内(2005-2007 年)测定了整个生长季节的土壤呼吸、微生物呼吸、微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮。结果表明，1)受到降水年际波动的影响，土壤和微生物呼吸以及微生物生物量均存在明显的年际变化。2)实验室内沿着一个水分梯度的培养实验揭示了微生物呼吸对温度的响应受到低土壤水分含量的限制。3)在三年时间内，试验增温引起土壤和微生物呼吸以及微生物生物量的显著降低，说明试验增温通过加剧土壤水分胁迫的间接负效应大于温度增加的直接正效应。试验增温所引起的蒸发散的增加导致土壤水分可利用性减少到某一胁迫阈值(Threshold)之下，并因此抑制了植物生长、根系和微生物活动。4)降水增加显著刺激了土壤和微生物呼吸以及其它微生物参数，而且这种正效应随着时间而增强。研究结果表明：在半干旱温带草原，土壤水分在调节土壤和微生物呼吸以及微生物生物量及其对气候变化的响应方面所起的作用比温度更为重要。比较温带草原土壤呼吸与总初级生产力的相对变化显示，相对于光合碳固定而言，增温导致更多而增雨引起较少的呼吸碳损失。这一发现说明：除非降水增加，气候变暖情形下，我国北方的干旱半干旱温带草原将可能作为一个净的碳源。

新型有机锗化合物的合成、抗癌活性及其与DNA的相互作用研究

有机锗化合物具有广谱抗癌活性和低毒副作用，有关它们的合成、生物活性及应用研究引起了医药界和化学界的兴趣。但由于未注重有机基团的相关性，忽略了分子整体对抗癌作用的影响，至今尚未出现临床应用的高效低毒的有机绪抗癌新药，分子结构与抗癌活性关系及抗癌作用机理仍不清楚。因此，继续合成新型且具有结构可比性的有机锗抗癌活性化合物，研究药物与生物大分子DNA的相互作用、揭示有机锗化合物的结构与抗癌作用关系，具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。为此，本论文就以下几个方面开展了研究工作。1、合成了4种有机锗二元杂环化合物一有机锗喳琳醋和有机锗蔡酚醋化合物。根据它们的光谱性质讨论了其结构特征，该类化合物具有与Ge-132类似的空间结构，即具有-Ge-O-Ge-O-聚合网络大环结构。由于保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构，同时引入了能够与DNA有强烈相互作用的蔡酚和喳琳基团，可能会产生协同效应，使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和较好的选择性。2、在保留有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构的基础上，引入了本身具有抗癌活性和光谱学性质，并且能够与DNA有相互作用的葱、葱醒、菲、荀、荀酮等三环有机基团，合成了16种未见报道的有机锗三元杂环化合物。以葱环为代表的杂环化合物，例如氮杂葱醌及氮杂葱并吡唑类化合物，作为重要的抗癌活性化合物，引起了药学界的极大兴趣。我们合成的新化合物，既保留了有机锗倍半氧化物的基本结构，又引入了葱环类化合物，进而使新化合物具有较强的抗癌活性和选择识别性。3、选择了8个药物小分子，分别应用UV-Vis、热变性（Melting）、荧光光I新型有机锗化合物的合成、抗癌活性及其与DNA的相互作用研究谱变化、粘度测定等方法，研究它们与3种DNA，即小牛胸腺DNA（CT－DNA）和2种人I合成的寡聚核昔酸［22一merspoly（dA·d劝和22一merspoly（dG·dC）］的相互作用。发现与DNA作用后，这些化合物的紫外吸收光谱均发生减色效应和红移现象，它们能使3种DNA的热变性温度（几）升高，粘度增加，说明化合物是以插入方式与DNA结合的。应用荧光滴定方法，求得了新化合物与DNA的结合常数，场在1护一105M一l范围内，属中等强度结合。进一步研究发现它们是以1：2（小分子／碱基对）的计量比与DNA碱基结合的。4、2种有机锗菲醋化合物（G一1、G一2）与DNA结合后，紫外吸收光谱产生减色效应和兰移现象以及荧光淬灭，对DNA的粘度基本无影响，它们是以沟槽结合方式与DNA发生作用的。发现G-1和G-2不仅能够增加三链DNA-Polv（dA·ZdT油的稳定性，并且能够促进Poly（dA．ZdT）22的形成。这一结果说明，某些结构的有机锗化合物可能以这种作用机理发挥抗癌作用，同时可以作为潜在的三链DNA稳定剂。5、研究了部分新合成的有机锗化合物（GK－1，GK-2，GN-1，GN-2，EK-1，EK-2，D-1，D-2，G-，G-2）对PC一3M和K562癌细胞的作用。GK-1，GK-2能够显著抑"制PC一3M细胞的增值，而且对细胞形态也产生了严重影响，显示了明显的细胞毒作用。流式细胞实验结果表明EK类化合物对PC-3M细胞周期有很大影响，发现对细胞增值的抑制作用发生在S期，即细胞内DNA合成期，细胞实验的结果也进一步验证了药物与DNA相互作用的事实。GN-1，GN-2，EK-1，EK-2，D-1，D-2，G-和G一2对K562细胞表现了较强的抑制作用，尤其GN-1和GN-2，效果更为明显，说明分子内有机锗链和其它基团的协向作用增强了整体化合物的生物学作用。6、有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的结合常数和体外抗癌活性明显高于有机锗三元杂环化合物，结合强度和抗癌活性之间呈现线形相关性。有机链中甲基的存在不利于有机锗二元杂环化合物与DNA的作用，同时降低了抗癌活性，而同样甲基的存在有利于有机锗三元杂环化合物与DNA的相互作用和抗癌功能的发挥。

Interactions of thiamine monophosphate (TMP) with one- and two-dimensional polymeric halogenomercurate anions. Crystal structures of (TMP)(Hg2Br5)center dot 0.5H(2)O and (TMP)(2)(Hg3I8)

An investigation into the interactions between thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and anions has resulted in the preparation and X-ray characterization of the compounds (TMP)(Hg2Br5).0.5H(2)O (1) and (TMP)(2)(Hg3I8) (2). In each compound the TMP molecule exists as a monovalent cation in the usual F conformation. The halogenomercurate anions occur in two-dimensional (2-D) network in 1 or one-dimensional (1-D) chain in 2. In both 1 and 2, the structures consist of alternating cationic sheets of the hydrogen-bonded TMP molecules and anionic sheets of the polymeric halogenomercurate anions. The TMP molecule binds to the polymeric anions through the characteristic 'anion bridge I', C(2)-H..X...pyrimidinium (X = Br in 1 and 1 in 2), and electrostatic interactions between electropositive S(1) and halogen atoms. The 'anion bridge II' of the type N(4'1)-H...X...thiazolium (X = phosphate group) plays a role in stabilizing the molecular conformation. The biological implication of the host-guest-like complexation between TMP and polymeric anions is discussed.

Metal ion and anion coordination in the thiamine-[Pt-II(NO2)(4)](2-) system. Structures of a metal complex, Pt(thiamine)(NO2)(3), and two salts, (H-thiamine)[Pt(NO2)(4)]center dot 2H(2)O and (thiamine monophosphate)(2)[Pt(NO2)(4)]center dot 2H(2)O

Reaction of thiamine or thiamine monophosphate (TMP) with K2Pt(NO2)(4) afforded a metal complex, Pt(thiamine)(NO2)(3) (1), and two salt-type compounds, (H-thiamine)[Pt(NO2)(4)]. 2H(2)O (2) and (TMP)(2)[Pt(NO2)(4)]. 2H(2)O (3), which were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. In 1, the square-planar Pt2+ ion is coordinated to the pyrimidine N(1'), a usual metal-binding site, and three NO2- groups. The thiamine molecule exists as a monovalent cation in 1 and a divalent cation in 2 while the TMP molecule is a monovalent cation in 3. In each compound, thiamine or TMP adopts the usual F conformation and forms two types of host-guest-like interactions with anions, which are of the bridging forms, C(2)-H . . . anion . . . pyrimidine-ring and N(4'1)-H(...)anion(...)thiazolium-ring. In 3, there is an additional anion-bridging interaction between the pyrimidine and thiazolium rings of TMP, being of the form C(6')-H . . . anion . . . thiazolium-ring. The salts 2 and 3 show similar hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers of thiamine or TMP between which the anions are held. Results are compared with those of the other thiamine-platinum complexes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Host-guest-like thiamine-anion complexation in thiaminium bis(tetrafluoroborate)

In the title compound, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidin-1-io)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium(2+) bis(tetrafluoroborate), C12H18N4OS2+. 2BF(4)(-), the divalent thiamine cation (in the F conformation) is associated with BF4- anions via two characteristic bridging interactions between the thiazolium and pyrimidinium rings, i.e. C-H . . . BF4- . . . pyrimidinium and N-H . . . BF4- . . . thiazolium interactions. Thiamine molecules are linked by N-H . . .O hydrogen bonds to form a helical chain structure.

FACTOR-ANALYSIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VALENCE STATES OF METALS

Two M(n+)-2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol systems for the simultaneous determination of the valence states of Cr and Fe using factor analysis were studied. (1) At pH 4.0, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) react with the reagent to form stable complexes and a slight difference in the wavelengths of maximum absorption (lambda(max.)) between the two complexes is observed when the sodium lauryl sulfate, which also acts as a solubilizing and sensitizing agent, is added, viz., 590 nm for Cr(III) and 593 nm for Cr(VI) complexes. (2) In the presence of ethanol, both Fe(II) and Fe(III) form 1:2 complexes with the reagent at pH 2.5-3.5 and the lambda(max.) of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes is at 557 and 592 nm, respectively. In the target transformation factor analysis, the K coefficients calculated from the standard mixtures by classical least-squares analysis and a non-zero intercept added to each wavelength are used as the target vector instead of the pure component standards; this can decrease the analysis errors introduced by the interaction between the two species and by deviations from Beer's law.