124 resultados para GM

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

By means of a surface plastic deformation method a nanocrystalline (NC) intermetallic compound was in situ synthesized on the surface layer of bulk zirconium (Zr). Hardened steel shots (composition: 1.0C, 1.5Cr, base Fe in wt.%) were used to conduct repetitive and multidirectional peening on the surface layer of Zr. The microstructure evolution of the surface layer was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The NC intermetallic layer of about 25 gm thick was observed and confirmed by concentration profiles of Zr, Fe and Cr, and was found to consist of the Fe100-xCrx compound with an average grain size of 22 nm. The NC surface layer exhibited an extremely high average hardness of 10.2 GPa. The Zr base immediately next to the compound/Zr interface has a grain size of similar to 250 nm, and a hardness of similar to 3.4 GPa. The Fe100-xCrx layer was found to securely adhere to the Zr base. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文运用灰色系统(Gray System)理论,讨论了瓦斯涌出的灰色预测问题,并应用GM模型对阳泉一矿的瓦斯涌出实测资料进行了分析讨论,其结表明用灰色系统理论作瓦斯涌出的近期预测有实用价值。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this paper, a new computational scheme for solving flows in porous media was proposed. The scheme was based on an improved CE/SE method (the space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element method). We described porous flows by adopting DFB (Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy) equation. The comparison between our computational results and Ghia's confirmed the high accuracy, resolution, and efficiency of our CE/SE scheme. The proposed first-order CE/SE scheme is a new reliable way for numerical simulations of flows in porous media. After investigation of effects of Darcy number on porous flow, it shows that Darcy number has dominant influence on porous flow for the Reynolds number and porosity considered.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In our previous work, bone cell networks with controlled spacing and functional intercellular gap junctions had been successfully established by using microcontact printing and self assembled monolayers technologies [Guo, X. E., E. Takai, X. Jiang, Q. Xu, G. M. Whitesides, J. T. Yardley, C. T. Hung, E. M. Chow, T. Hantschel, and K. D. Costa. Mol. Cell. Biomech. 3:95-107, 2006]. The present study investigated the calcium response and the underlying signaling pathways in patterned bone cell networks exposed to a steady fluid flow. The glass slides with cell networks were separated into eight groups for treatment with specific pharmacological agents that inhibit pathways significant in bone cell calcium signaling. The calcium transients of the network were recorded and quantitatively evaluated with a set of network parameters. The results showed that 18 alpha-GA (gap junction blocker), suramin (ATP inhibitor), and thapsigargin (depleting intracellular calcium stores) significantly reduced the occurrence of multiple calcium peaks, which were visually obvious in the untreated group. The number of responsive peaks also decreased slightly yet significantly when either the COX-2/PGE(2) or the NOS/nitric oxide pathway was disrupted. Different from all other groups, cells treated with 18 alpha-GA maintained a high concentration of intracellular calcium following the first peak. In the absence of calcium in the culture medium, the intracellular calcium concentration decreased slowly with fluid flow without any calcium transients observed. These findings have identified important factors in the flow mediated calcium signaling of bone cells within a patterned network.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Homoepitaxial ZnO films have been grown via liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) on (000 1) oriented ZnO substrates. X-ray rocking curve revealed the high quality of the ZnO films with a FWHM of 40 arc sec. Films of thickness about 20 gm were gown in the temperature range 700-720 degrees C. The growth rate of ZnO films was estimated to be 0.3 mu m h(-1). Atomic force microscope analysis showed that the surface roughness of ZnO films was very low, which further confirmed the high crystallinity of ZnO films. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文对神农架地区广泛分布的米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林的种群和群落学特征、干扰历史、更新策略、生物量、生产量及元素循环特征进行了研究。得到如下结论: 1 米心水青冈林是神农架地区山地垂直分布的地带性植被类型,主要群落学特征为:(1)建群种明显,该区域主要有2种类型,即米心水青冈林和米心水青冈、锐齿槲栎林;(2)群落结构简单,但物种组成丰富,在6600m~2样地中出现高等植物(不含苔藓植物)77科150属271种,组成种类以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、樟科、杜鹃花科和壳斗科为主;(3)群落乔木层(占重要值的12%)和灌木层(占盖度的15%)中含有一定比例的常绿树种;(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物(70.89%)占绝对优势,其次为地面芽植物(15.50%)和地下芽植物(12.92%)。 2 米心水青冈是多主干的树种,萌枝现象普遍,但萌枝数量不同地点差异较大。通过萌枝产生的枝群体平均密度为257 ± 99.3n•hm~(-2)。枝群体的年龄结构表现为“幼龄个体数目较多型”和“中国年龄阶段数目较多型”,并且有较多的枝群体表现出一致的年龄结构。从整个群落米心水青冈的年龄结构来看,表现出发展型种群的特点。枝群体的分布格局为随机分布。9丛米心水青冈完整的年轮分析结果表明,它们萌枝的时间不是边疆的,而与森林的受干扰有关。根据83个圆盘和生长锥芯资料,米心水青冈在萌枝后成长为乔木层或林冠层的过程中,径向生长表现为5种模式。这是丛株内竞争的结果。萌枝在米心水青冈林的维持和发展过程中,具有重要的生态学作用。 3 锐齿槲栎林是神农架地区山地垂地分布的地带性植被类型,主要群落学特征为:(1)建群种明显,该区域主要有2种类型,即锐齿槲栎林和锐齿槲栎、米心水青冈林;(2)群落乔木层和灌木层中含有一定比例的常绿树种,和暖温带的落叶栎林有较大差异;(3)群落物种组成丰富,不仅具有典型的温带科属,还有典型亚热带分布的科属,组成种类主要以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、山茱萸科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科和樟科;(4)生活型以高位芽植物(66.32%)占绝对优势,其次为地面芽(23.51%)和地下芽(9.47%)植物。 4 通过样地调查、树干解析及直径分析法,对米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林受压和释压历史及更新策略进行了研究。米心水青冈直径生长表现为5种模式。而锐齿槲栎只表现为2种模式。85.9 ± 6.9%的米心水青冈有过受压过程,平均受压2.1 ± 0.8次,平均受压时间为47 ± 24.1a,最长受压时间73a,平均释压次数为1.6 ± 0.7次,平均释压时间为23 ± 21.5a,而60.83%的锐齿槲栎都均有1次受压。平均受压时间为19 ± 14a,受压后没有表现出释压过程。结合高生长和径向生长,认为米心水青冈是耐阴树种,它的更新策略是在林下形成苗性萌枝,在有林窗形成时释压生长进入乔木层;而锐齿槲栎是不耐阴树种,它的更新策略是通过产生大量种子,当有大的林窗时,幼苗在林窗内生长逐步进入乔木层。 5 神农架地区102-130a成熟米心水青冈林的生物量在251.31-358.63T•hm~(-2)之间,平均为288.70 ± 48.30T•~(-2),20-60a锐齿槲栎林群落生物量在134.85-301.20T•hm~(-2),平均为231.60 ± 78.10T•hm~(-2)。虽然米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林灌木层草本层及藤本植物组成很丰富,但二种类型森林生物量的95%以上集中在乔木层。乔木层生物量主要集中在少数优势种中。在米心水青冈林生物量从大到小的序列中,前5种植物分别占乔木层总生物量58.67%-96.37%不等,同样锐齿槲栎林前5种植物占群落生物量的68.13%-95.26%。常绿植物占乔木层生物量的比例变化较大,米心水青冈林中占2.85-18.70%,锐齿槲栎林中一般常绿植物占0.8-9.98%,只有1个锐齿槲栎林样地常绿植物(主要是粉白杜鹃)占乔木层生物量的44.04%。米心水青冈林生物量根冠比为0.27 ± 0.05,锐齿槲栎林为0.21 ± 0.06。神农架地区米心水青冈林的生物量,在成熟的欧洲水青冈林及日本的水青冈林生物量范围之内,而锐齿槲栎林生物量远远大于我国温带落叶栎林的生物量。 6 神农架地区102-130a米心水青冈林生产量范围在1857-2786g•m~(-2)•a~(-1),平均为2330 ± 397 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。20-60a锐齿槲栎林的生产量范围在1319-2521 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1),平均为1930 ± 498 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林乔木层生产量占群落总生产量的95%以上,乔木层各器官生产量大小顺序为叶> 树干> 枝和根,其中叶生产量占乔木层的一半以上,达53.87 ± 2.72%(米心水青冈林)和57.31 ± 6.23%(锐齿槲栎林)。在乔木层生产量从大到小的序列中,前5种植物平均占乔木层总生产量的81.03 ± 13.94%(米心水青冈林,范围在62.75%-92.66%)和84.23 ± 9.68%(锐齿槲栎林,范围在68.54-95.11%)。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林群落地下部分生产量占总生产量的比例分别为11.29 ± 1.02%和9.22 ± 2.72。和我国其它地区地带性植被类型相比。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎生产量是较高的,和亚热带绿阔叶林生产量接近,但在器官分配上两者差异较大。 7 米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林土壤均呈酸性。其中锐齿槲栎林地土壤酸性更强。土壤元素特征表现为Al>C>K>Mg>Ca>N>S、P的特点,富铝化作用明显。8种元素在群落优势植物不同部位含量差异较大,N、P、K、Ca、Mg基本上是以叶片含量最高,树干或根中最低。仅从叶片来看,元素特征表现为C>Ca、N>K>Mg>S>P、Al。优势植物的C/N和C/P显著高于暖温带落叶阔叶林优势植物。8种元素在米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林中积累量分别为147.09 ± 25.60和116.00 ± 37.63 Mg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中97%以上积累在群落乔木层。两种森林类型各元素的积累量都表现为C>Ca, N> K> Mg> P> S> Al的特点。米心水青风林和锐齿槲栎林8种元素的年存留量分别为6263 ± 90.8和5946 ±246 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种主要营养元素的存留量分别为179.7 ± 18.2和169.4 ± 23.5kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)。两种森林类型各元素的存留量都表现为C> N> Ca> K> Mg> S> P> Al。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本论文对草地群落地上/地下生物量构成、根冠比特征及其影响因子以及土壤呼吸测定方法比较等的国内外研究进展和主要成果进行了综述,在此基础之上对地处我国北方农牧交错带中段的内蒙古多伦县境内的18种草地群落(包括天然草地和人工草地群落)进行了相关内容的研究工作。 在2002年生长季期间,对这18个植物群落中选取的16个进行了群落学调查,测定了其地上、地下生物量,同时测定了土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤全氮含量和土壤有机质含量。分别分析了地上、地下生物量以及根冠比(root to shoot ratio)与这些立地因子间的相关关系。同期,从18个群落中选定10个代表性群落测定其土壤呼吸速率,测定方法选用了动态红外气体分析法 (Infra red gas analysis, abbreviated as IRGA)和碱液吸收法(Alkali absorption, abbreviated as AA)。对这两种方法的测定结果进行了比较分析,同时分析了不同群落间土壤呼吸变化与土壤水分和养分状况等的相关关系。主要结论如下: ①16种植物群落的地上和地下生物量差异明显,地上生物量变化范围在80~500 g•m-2之间;相比之下,地下生物量的变化范围要大得多,16个群落中地下生物量最小的为猪毛菜群落,最大的为拂子茅群落,分别为533 g•m-2和2590 g•m-2。群落的根冠比在1.5~11.21之间,平均根冠比为 5.69。 ②土壤含水量对地上和地下生物量有着重要的影响,土壤含水量高的样地(羊草样地)较含水量低(小米蒿样地)的样地地上生物量高,反之亦然。但含水量与地下生物量之间的这种关系却不明显,即土壤含水量高的样地其地下生物量并不一定比含水量低的样地地下生物量高;根冠比与土壤含水量之间基本上呈负相关。土壤全氮含量和有机质含量与地上、地下生物量也存在着一定的正相关关系,而土壤容重却与生物量存有负相关关系;根冠比与土壤全氮、有机质和容重的关系正好与此相反,即根冠比与全氮和有机质含量呈负相关,与容重为正相关。 ③10种植物群落土壤呼吸的昼夜变化比较明显,均为单峰型曲线,主要受土壤温度的驱动,但同时也受到当日降水情况和云量、风速等气象因子的较大影响。因此,影响到这些群落土壤呼吸日动态的一致性,使得规律性并不明显。 ④用碱液吸收法和动态密闭气室法测定的10个群落的土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为394~894mg C•m-2•d-1和313~2043 mg C•m-2•d-1,其中碱液吸收法测定结果平均为动态气室法的67.5%,明显低于动态密闭气室法。 ⑤两种测定方法具有很好的相关性,R2为0.8739。本研究中发现,在土壤呼吸速率低的情况下,两种方法的测定结果十分接近,甚至碱液吸收法的测定结果稍大于动态密闭气室法;而在土壤呼吸速率较高的情况下,动态密闭气室法测定结果则显著高于碱液吸收法。上述结果与国内外同类研究的结果高度一致,从而为校正我们以往采用碱液吸收法在该区域的测定结果提供了可靠依据。 ⑥各个群落间的土壤呼吸变化与立地土壤水分和土壤养分之间存有一定的相关关系,但并不显著,可能与这些群落土壤呼吸测定不是在同一天进行有关。