Cloning of bradykinin precursor cDNAs from skin of Bombina maxima reveals novel bombinakinin M antagonists and a bradykinin potential peptide

Bombinakinin M (DLPKINRKGP-bradykinin) is a bradykinin-related peptide purified from skin secretions of the frog Bombina maxima. As previously reported, its biosynthesis is characterized by a tandem repeats with various copy numbers of the peptide and sometimes co-expressed with other structure-function distinguishable peptides. At present study, two novel cDNAs encoding bombinakinin M and its variants were cloned from a cDNA library from the skin of the frog. The encoded two precursor proteins are common in that each contains three repeats of a novel 16-amino acid peptide unit and one copy of kinestatin at their N- and C-terminal parts, respectively. They differ in that the first precursor contains two copies of bombinakinin M and the second one contains one copy of a novel bombinakinin M variant. Bombinakinin M was found to elicit concentration-dependent contractile effects on guinea pig ileum, with an EC50 value of 4 nM that is four times higher than that of bradykinin (1 nM). Interestingly, the synthetic peptide (DYTIRTRLH-amide), as deduced from the 16-amino acid peptide repeats in the newly cloned cDNAs, possessed weak inhibitory activity on the contractile effects of bombinakinin M, but not on that of bradykinin. Furthermore, the newly identified bombinakinin M variant (DLSKMSFLHG-Ile(1)-bradykinin), did not show contractile activity on guinea pig ileum, but showed potentiation effect on the myotropic activity of bradykinin. In a molar raito of 1:58, it augmented the activity of bradykinin up to two-fold. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Co-administration of Morphine and Cholinergic Antagonists on Y-maze Spatial Recognition Memory Retrieval and Locomotor Activity in Mice

吗啡和胆碱能系统的相互作用已在多项研究中提到,本实验想查明吗啡是否能和胆碱能拮抗剂、东莨菪碱以及阿托品共同作用对小鼠的Y迷宫空间识别记忆提取产生影响.采用测试前腹腔给药的方法,选用3种剂量的吗啡(5、1.5、0.5mg/kg),两种剂量的东莨菪碱(1、0.1mg/kg),以及两种剂量的阿托品(0.5、0.1mg/kg),剂量由高到低相配对作为联合给药的手段.其结果表明:1)0.5mg/kg低剂量吗啡与0.1 mg/kg低剂量的东莨菪碱,或与0.1 mg/kg低剂最的阿托品联合给药的小鼠,在记忆提取测试中, 空间探查行为(各臂停留时间百分比)对新异臂没有偏好,而新奇探索行为(各臂访问次数百分比)仍保持了对新异臂的偏好,而相应剂最药物单独给药的小鼠记忆提取均没有被损害;2)吗啡能和东莨菪碱相互作用使小鼠的活动性显著增强.暗示吗啡和胆碱能拮抗剂对小鼠空间记忆提取的破坏存在一定程度的相互作用.

GABA and its agonists improved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys

Human cerebral cortical function degrades during old age. Much of this change may result from a degradation of intracortical inhibition during senescence. We used multibarreled microelectrodes to study the effects of electrophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the GABA type a (GABAa) receptor agonist muscimol, and the GABAa receptor antagonist bicuculline, respectively, on the properties of individual V1 cells in old monkeys. Bicuculline exerted a much weaker effect on neuronal responses in old than in young animals, confirming a degradation of GABA-mediated inhibition. On the other hand, the administration of GABA and muscimol resulted in improved visual function. Many treated cells in area V1 of old animals displayed responses typical of young cells. The present results have important implications for the treatment of the sensory, motor, and cognitive declines that accompany old age.

GABA Transporter-1 Activity Modulates Hippocampal Theta Oscillation and Theta Burst Stimulation-Induced Long-Term Potentiation

The network oscillation and synaptic plasticity are known to be regulated by GABAergic inhibition, but how they are affected by changes in the GABA transporter activity remains unclear. Here we show that in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus, pharmacolog

1.初级视觉皮层功能，GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化; 2.奖赏机制，极低频磁场的生物学效应研究

1 初级视觉皮层功能，GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化 本章首先对衰老过程中神经形态学和神经电生理学上的研究进行了综述，然后报道了作者的博士学位论文研究工作。实验采用神经电生理的手段，探讨初级视觉皮层（primary visual cortex；V1）功能，以及GABA（gamma-aminobutyric acid）系统功能在衰老过程中的变化。 实验1和2均采用单细胞记录技术，检测了中年猴V1细胞的方位选择性、方向选择性、自发放和最大反应，并与年轻和老年猴进行对比；比较了年轻和老年猴V1细胞的感受野外周抑制能力。在实验3中，我们记录了年轻和中年大鼠在给予GABA直接或间接的激动剂，戊巴比妥钠或氯胺酮{通过拮抗NMDA（N-methyl-D-aspartate）受体}后，其皮层的EEG（electroencephalogram）活动，并分析与年龄相关的差异。结果如下： 实验1：中年猴V1细胞的方向选择性和自发放介于年轻猴和老年猴之间，而方位选择性和最大反应与年龄之间没有相关性。 实验2：感受野外周区的最优刺激明显降低了年轻和老年猴具有高方位选择性细胞的比例。同时，年轻猴所有细胞，以及老年猴高方位选择性细胞具有较高的最大抑制比，与它们相比，老年猴无明显方位偏好细胞的最大抑制比显著降低； 实验3：戊巴比妥钠注射后，在年轻和中年大鼠上，alpha (8-12 Hz) 和beta (12-20 Hz) 频段EEG功率增加，theta (4-8 Hz) 功率减少，这些变化在中年大鼠上较为明显。氯胺酮注射后，中年大鼠theta功率比年轻大鼠具有更大幅度的降低。 我们的结果表明，视觉皮层功能的下调在衰老早期就已发生，其机制可能与抑制系统功能普遍降低有关. 2 奖赏机制，极低频磁场的生物学效应研究 本章首先对自然奖赏和药物成瘾机制、极低频磁场生物学效应，以及极低频磁场对奖赏系统的影响进行了综述，然后报道了作者的博士论文研究工作。实验目的是探讨大鼠眶额叶皮质（orbitofrontal cortex；OFC）活动与食物奖赏刺激的相关性，以及极低频磁场对小鼠空间认知能力的影响。 实验1采用EEG记录技术，检测了大鼠OFC在食物奖赏和渴求过程中EEG各频段的功率变化。在实验2中，使用了一种探索型Y-迷宫实验范式，它仅依赖于啮齿类动物天生的探索欲望，避免了奖赏效应的干扰，利用此新型迷宫，我们检测了25和50 Hz磁场对小鼠空间识别记忆能力的影响。其结果如下： 实验1：大鼠OFC的delta频段（2-4 Hz）EEG活动与食物刺激显著相关，其相对功率在食物渴求时下降，在食物奖赏时升高。 实验2：与短时照射相比，长时的50 Hz磁场照射降低了小鼠对新异臂的探索能力，而25和50 Hz磁场暴露都不影响小鼠的活动力。 本研究表明，食物奖赏与OFC的delta频段EEG活动密切相关，而我们以前发现，大鼠和猴OFC的gamma（20-100 Hz）活动与吗啡成瘾相关，提示了OFC在自然奖赏和药物成瘾中具有不同的作用；另外，本实验首次证明，极低频磁场损害了小鼠不依赖于奖赏系统的空间认知能力，而我们先前发现，极低频磁场可以强化吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏好，从而说明极低频磁场对吗啡成瘾具有独特的生物学效应。

Study on the GABA gated channels in the neurosecretory cells of MTXO in the eyestalks of Eriocheir sinensis

The responses to rapid application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the GABA receptor characteristics of MTXO neurosecretory cells in the eyestalks of Chinese mitten-handed crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were examined by whole-cell patch clamp. Under current clamp mode, the depolarization and hyperpolarization were evoked from the three types of neurosecretory cells in response to the GABA (0.1 mmol/L) depending on the Nernst Cl- potential. Under voltage clamp mode, the inward Cl- channel currents (I-GABA) were resolved from all three types of neurosecretory cells in response to GABA (0.01similar to5 mmol/L). The GABA currents were activated within 1 200 ms and peaked within 800 ms. No obviously desensitization was observed during GABA application. The dose-response curve showed usual S-shape, with a just-discernible effect at 0.01 mmol/L and near-saturation at 0.5 mmol/L. The GABA currents had reversal potentials that followed Nernst Cl- potentials when [Cl-] was varied. The pharmacological results revealed that the GABA receptor of the crab neurosecretory cells was sensitive to the Cl- channel blockers picrotoxin and niflumic acid (0.5 mmol/L), insensitive to GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline and GABA(C) receptor agonist cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA 1 mmol/L) and trans-4-aminocrotonic (TACA 1 mmol/L).

果实采后病害生物防治及其机理研究

　　分离和筛选了5种能有效防治采后果实病害的拮抗菌。其中，季也蒙假丝酵母(Candida guiliermondii(Cast) Langeroret Guerra)从引种拮抗菌中筛选获得，枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B-912从土壤中分离筛选获得，膜醭毕赤酵母（Pichia membranefaciens hansen）从桃果实伤口上分离获得，隐球酵母(Cryptococcus albidus (Saito) Skinner)和丝孢酵母（Trichosporon sp.）从桃果实表面分离获得。本文主要研究了这些拮抗菌对桃、油桃、苹果、梨和柑桔等我国主要水果采后病害的防治效果，并对其可能的抑菌机理进行了初步研究。结果如下： 1. Sx108 CFU/mL的C．guiliermondii和P．membranefaciens悬浮液可完全抑制病菌孢子浓度为5x104个/mL时桃和油桃果实软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.ex Fr.) Vuill.)在25℃，15℃和3℃下的发生。lx108 CFU/mL的C．albidus和Trichosporon sp.悬浮液可完全抑制孢子浓度分别为lx105个/mL和5x104个/mL时苹果灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)和青霉病（Penicillum expansum）在23℃-25℃和1℃下的发生。C．albidus和Trichosporon sp.对梨灰、青霉病也有一定抑制效果。B-912对柑桔果实青霉病(Penicillium italicum)、绿霉病(Penicillium digitatum)和核果类果实褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)也有极好的抑制效果。生物防治效果与拮抗菌的浓度成正比，与病菌孢子浓度成反比。 2．拮抗酵母菌在室温和冷藏条件下都能迅速在果实伤口定殖，接种酵母菌48 h后，数量可增加20倍以上。拮抗菌和病菌孢子的接种时间与生物防治效果有关，先接种拈抗菌的抑菌效果显著地好于同时或后于病菌接种的效果。 3．温度对拮抗酵母菌的抑菌活力没有明显影响，无论是在室温还是在冷藏条件下，拮抗酵母菌都有同样的抑菌效果。但拮抗细菌B-912的抑菌效果与温度有一定关系。较高的温度有利于细菌拮抗作用的发挥。 4．拮抗菌能与常规的果实采后处理措施如钙处理、化学杀菌剂、冷藏和气调贮藏相结合。酵母菌与2% CaC12配合能明显地增强其抑菌能力;拮抗菌与低浓度的杀菌剂如扑海因混合使用，可达到高浓度杀菌剂的抑病效果;C．albidus和Trichosporon sp.对果实采后气调贮藏环境有良好的适应性，它们在气调下对采后苹果、梨的灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果比冷藏条件下的好。 5．细菌B-912的抑菌机理与其产生抗菌素有关，B-912的滤液在in vitro上能有效地抑制病菌孢子的萌发，在invivo上也能明显地抑制果实采后病害的发生。拮抗酵母菌的抑菌机理则较复杂，但主要与病菌竞争营养有关，同时，C．guilliermondii和P．membranefaciens对软腐菌的抑制还通过产生水解酶如β-1，3一葡聚糖酶和几丁酶与病原菌直接作用，并参与诱导寄主产生抗性等

酵母拮抗菌的抑病机理及生防效力改良的研究

相对于酵母拮抗菌的使用来说，人们对其作用机理了解得还不是很清楚。而了解拮抗菌的抑菌机理却是增强拮抗菌的生防效果以及进行拮抗菌筛选标准的重要前提。本文主要研究了酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranefaciens、Cryptococcus albidus以及Crytococcus laurentii对水果采后软腐病、褐腐病以及青霉病的防治效果，拮抗菌与病原菌之间的相互作用，并对酵母拮抗菌与外源物质配合使用，以及通过遗传改良途径来提高酵母拮抗菌生防能力等进行了初步研究。实验结果如下： 1、酵母拮抗菌P. membranefaciens、C. albidus以及C. laurentii能在果实伤口大量繁殖。采用扫描电镜技术，观察发现在桃果实伤口处P. membranefaciens能紧密地吸附在软腐病菌Rhizopous stolonfier的菌丝体上;C. laurentii与青霉病菌Penicillium expansum在苹果果实伤口处也存在着直接的拮抗作用;但P. membranefaciens和C. albidus对P. expansum的直接作用不明显。 2、酵母拮抗菌P. membranefaciens能够有效地抑制甜樱桃果实在常温和低温贮藏条件下褐腐病的发生。在常温贮藏条件下，P. membranefaciens和褐腐病菌Monilinia fracticola 处理都能够提高果实β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、以及PAL酶的活性，但在低温贮藏条件下，拮抗菌和病原菌处理对甜樱桃果实β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD酶活性的升高有促进作用，对PAL和PPO酶活性的诱导作用不明显。 3、梨果实采后经过水杨酸，CaCl2，UV辐射和草酸等各种激发子处理以后，再接种病原菌Alternaria alternata，可以显著降低梨果实的发病率。其中，水杨酸处理的果实发病率最低。不同的激发子均可以诱导梨果实β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO酶活性的升高，但对果实乙烯含量的影响不明显。 4、氨基糖甙类抗菌素G418能够抑制P. membranefaciens的生长，其最低抑制浓度为100g ml-1。将G418抗性基因Neor插入到酵母-大肠杆菌穿梭表达载体pFL61中，构建PGK启动子驱动的表达载体pFL61-neo，利用醋酸锂转化法转化P. membranefaciens。酵母转化子在非选择性培养条件下连续生长50代后，仍有67.87%的细胞保留该质粒。这表明穿梭表达载体pFL61-neo能稳定地存在于P. membranefaciens中，并且该酵母细胞能有效地识别PGK启动子和终止子指导Neor的表达。 5、酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii和Rhodotorula glutinis与2%的碳酸氢钠混合使用，对冬枣果实青霉病的防治效果明显比单独使用拮抗菌或化学物质的防病效果好。其中，107CFU ml-1的拮抗菌与238 mmol l-1的碳酸氢钠配合使用可以达到单独使用108CFU ml-1拮抗菌的防病效果。另外，钼酸铵作为一种添加剂也能提高R. glutinis对梨果实青霉病和黑霉病的防治效果，但将钼酸铵与Trichosporon sp.配合使用的防病效果不明显。碳酸氢钠和钼酸铵在果实伤口对酵母拮抗菌的生长都有一定的抑制作用。 6、酵母拮抗菌P. membranefaciens在不同碳源、氮源中生长情况表明：在几种氮源中，大豆蛋白胨、酵母提取物、牛肉浸膏对P. membranefaciens的生长有显著的促进作用，其中，大豆蛋白胨的效果最好。在检测以葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖作为碳源的生长实验中，发现这几种碳源都能够被拮抗菌很好的利用，其中葡萄糖的利用率最好。小球藻生长因子（CGF）能够明显地促进了P. membranefaciens的生长。但是，CGF的浓度从0.5%增加到1%并没有促进酵母菌细胞数量的增加。

拮抗菌和化学物质的抑病机理及果实抗病相关基因的克隆

真菌病害是造成采后新鲜水果损失的一个主要原因。生物拮抗菌能有效地防治果实采后腐烂，降低杀菌剂的用量，从而增加了食品安全性和降低了潜在的环境危害。然而，与化学杀菌剂相比，单独使用生物拮抗菌对果实采后病害的控制效果有时不如化学杀菌剂明显。因此，为了提高拮抗菌的生防效力，有效控制果实的采后病害，本文主要研究了拮抗菌与化学物质使用的防病机理，并从冬枣果实中克隆β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因并对其特性进行了初步分析。研究结果表明： 1. 酵母菌Cryptococcus laurentii和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis能够有效的防治冬枣果实采后青霉病和黑霉病的发生，而且C. laurentii对病害的防治效果比B. subtilis好。拮抗菌的抑病效果与使用浓度成正比。在接种C. laurentii的伤口上再接种病原菌可以显著刺激酵母菌的生长。然而，在接种B. subtilis的伤口上接种病原菌则不增加拮抗细菌的群体数量。 2. 不同酵母拮抗菌对四种杀菌剂（Deccozil，Sportak，Iprodine和Stroby）的敏感程度不同。其中，R. glutinis对Deccozil，Iprodione和Stroby最敏感。将低剂量的杀菌剂与酵母菌配合能显著增强酵母菌对采后病菌的抑制作用。C. laurentii与100 µl/L的Stroby配合能完全抑制青霉和黑霉病菌的孢子萌发。2%（w/v）的碳酸氢钠（SBC）与C. laurentii或T. pullulans配合使用显著抑制采后病菌(Penicillium expansum或Alternaria alternata)的孢子萌发和芽管伸长。SBC显著增强拮抗菌对梨果实采后青霉病和黑霉病的防治能力。C. laurentii对采后病害的防治效果好于T. pullulans的防治效果。 3. C. laurentii和B. subtilis对冬枣果实抗病性的诱导与接种距离和接种时间密切相关。距接种拮抗菌近的部位，抗性诱导就越强。酵母菌诱导果实的这种抗病性与诱导果实几丁质酶，β-1，3-葡聚糖酶， PAL，POD和PPO活性有关。 4. 采前喷施2 mM的水杨酸（SA）和0.2 mM的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）显著降低甜樱桃果实采后褐腐病的病斑直径， 并能诱导甜樱桃果实β-1，3-葡聚糖酶， PAL， POD和PPO活性以及乙烯含量的增加。采前处理对果实抗病性的诱导效果要好于采后处理。采前和采后SA或MeJA处理，贮藏于25C的甜樱桃果实β-1，3-葡聚糖酶和PAL活性显著高于贮藏于0C的甜樱桃果实的酶活性。2 mM的SA显著抑制了Monilinia fructicola的孢子萌发和菌丝扩展;而0.2 mM的MeJA则对M. fructicola几乎没有抑制作用。在贮藏早期，MeJA对果实β-1，3-葡聚糖酶和PAL活性的诱导作用要强于SA的诱导作用。 5. 1 × 108CFU/ml的C. laurentii，以及5 × 107CFU/ml的C. laurentii与0.2 mM的MeJA 配合使用均可诱导桃果实的抗性，并显著降低果实青霉病和褐腐病的病斑直径。0.2 mM的MeJA能促进C. laurentii生长，抑制P. expansum的菌丝扩展， 但对M. fructicola基本没有抑制作用。在25和0C，MeJA和C. laurentii单独或配合使用都诱导了桃果实几丁质酶，β-1，3-葡聚糖酶，PAL和POD活性的升高。这些抗病相关酶活性的升高可能与病斑扩展的程度是直接相关的。 6. 通过设计简并引物，采用降落PCR，扩增出β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因的同源片段，分别克隆到两个彼此间同源性很低的β-1，3-葡聚糖酶的cDNA全长（Glu-1和Glu-2）。RT-PCR结果表明，Glu-1基因的表达受酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii处理所诱导，这一结果与酵母拮抗菌诱导果实β-1，3-葡聚糖酶活性的增加相呼应;而Glu-2基因的表达则不受C. laurentii处理所诱导。

Homologous feeder cells support undifferentiated growth and pluripotency in monkey embryonic stem cells

In the present study, five homologous feeder cell lines were developed for the culture and maintenance of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells (rESCs). Monkey ear skin fibroblasts (MESFs), monkey oviductal fibroblasts (MOFs), monkey follicular granulosa fibroblast-like (MFG) cells, monkey follicular granulosa epithelium-like (MFGE) cells, and clonally derived fibroblasts from MESF (CMESFs) were established and compared with the ability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to support rESC growth. MESF, MOF, MFG, and CMESF cells, but not MFGE cells, were as good as or better than MEFs in supporting undifferentiated growth while maintaining the differentiation potential of the rESCs. In an effort to understand the unique properties of supportive feeder cells, expression levels for a number of candidate genes were examined. MOF, MESF, and MEF cells highly expressed leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, transforming growth factor PI, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and WNT3A, whereas WNT2, WNT4, and WNT5A were downregulated, compared with MFGE cells. Additionally, all monkey feeder cell lines expressed Dkk1 and LRP6, antagonists of the WNT signaling pathway, but not WNT1, WNT8B, or Dkk2. rESCs grown on homologous feeders maintained normal karyotypes, displayed the characteristics of ESCs, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, the cell surface markers stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, SSEA-4, tumor-related antigen (TRA)-1-60, and TRA-1-81, and formed cystic embryoid bodies in vitro that included differentiated cells representing the three major germ layers. These results indicate that the four homologous feeder cell lines can be used to support the undifferentiated growth and maintenance of pluripotency in rESCs.

溴隐亭和巴氯芬对吗啡诱导成瘾后戒断症状的协同抑制作用

皮下递增注射吗啡(25、50、75、100、125、150mg/kg)建立小鼠身体依赖动物模型,把6mg/kg纳络酮作用下的小鼠跳跃症状作为成瘾后戒断的行为学观测指标,检测DA受体激动剂溴隐亭和GABAB受体激动剂巴氯芬对戒断行为的影响;同时进一步研究激动二受体在成断过程中的作用.结果表明:溴隐亭低剂量(10mg/kg)无抑制戒断症状的作用,中、高剂量(20、30mg/kg)能够明显抑制戒断症状;巴氯芬低、中剂量(0.5、1.0mg/kg)无抑制戒断症状的作用,高剂量(1.5mg/kg)则可以抑制戒断症状的作用.当无抑制作用剂量的溴隐亭(10mg/kg)和巴氯芬(1.0mg/kg)联合应用时能够明显抑制小鼠的戒断症状,说明此二受体在吗啡成瘾后戒断期间功能上具有协同作用,能够很好地抑制纳络酮诱导的成瘾小鼠跳跃症状.

巴氯芬对慢性吗啡依赖后条件化位置偏好和戒断症状的抑制

小鼠连续7天腹腔注射吗啡(40mg/kg)建立条件化位置偏好模型,连续皮下递增注射吗啡(25、50、75、100、125、150mg/kg),成瘾后腹腔注射纳络酮(6mg/kg)诱导戒断症状(跳跃行为)建立戒断模型.腹腔注射GABAB受体激动剂巴氯芬(2 mg/kg)可以有效地抑制吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏好和减轻纳络酮诱导的戒断症状,结果表明GABA系统参与动物成瘾后渴求和戒断过程,激动GABAB受体可以在一定程度上抑制成瘾的心理和生理戒断症状.

Improved spatial recognition memory in mice lacking adenosine A(2A) receptors

Adenosine receptors play an important role in learning and memory as their antagonists have been found to facilitate learning and memory in various tasks in rodents. However, few studies have examined the effect of adenosine A(2A) receptor deficiency on c

γ-氨基丁酸受体和甘氨酸受体在大鼠丙泊酚麻醉中的作用

目的 研究丙泊酚对大鼠海马CA1区电刺激诱发兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)的影响,分析γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体和甘氨酸受体在丙泊酚麻醉中的作用.方法 断头法分离wistar大鼠(13～19 d)海马半脑,切出400 μm厚度的海马脑片,全细胞膜片钳技术记录CA1区锥体神经元EPSC.80张脑片分为八组:脂肪乳剂组,50 μmol/L丙泊酚组,100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,200 μmol/L丙泊酚组,SR95531组,士的宁组,SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,每组10张.SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组和士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组先在循环液中加入10 μmol/L SR95531或4 μmol/L士的宁预孵脑片30 min.八组均记录基础EPSC 10 min,然后加入不同药物,继续记录EPSC 40 min.膜钳制电压为-70 mV.结果 脂肪乳剂、SR95531和士的宁对EP-SC幅值无影响;丙泊酚呈剂量依赖性的抑制EPSC幅值,50、100、200 μmol/L丙泊酚最大抑制EPSC幅值为14.4%、52.3%、67.8%;SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组加入丙泊酚后,EPSC幅值基本无改变;士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组加入丙泊酚后,EPSC幅值仍然下降,最大抑制程度为34.7%.结论 丙泊酚主要通过增强GABAA受体功能使兴奋性突触活动降低,甘氨酸受体在其中起到协同和调节作用.

Mechanisms of H+ modulation of glycinergic response in rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons

Many ionotropic receptors are modulated by extracellular H+. So far, few studies have directly addressed the role of such modulation at synapses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of changes in extracellular pH on glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) as well as glycine-evoked currents (I-Gly) in mechanically dissociated spinal neurons with native synaptic boutons preserved. H+ modulated both the mIPSCs and I-Gly, biphasically, although it activated an amiloride-sensitive inward current by itself. Decreasing extracellular pH reversibly inhibited the amplitude of the mIPSCs and I-Gly, while increasing external pH reversibly potentiated these parameters. Blockade of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) with amiloride, the selective antagonist of ASICs, or decreasing intracellular pH did not alter the modulatory effect of H+ on either mIPSCs or I-Gly, H+ shifted the EC50 of the glycine concentration-response curve from 49.3 +/- 5.7 muM at external pH 7.4 to 131.5 +/- 8.1 muM at pH 5.5, without altering the Cl- selectivity of the glycine receptor (GlyR), the Hill coefficient and the maximal I-Gly, suggesting a competitive inhibition of I-Gly by H+. Both Zn2+ and H+ inhibited I-Gly. However, H+ induced no further inhibition of I-Gly in the presence of a saturating concentration of Zn2+. In addition, H+ significantly affected the kinetics of glycinergic mIPSCs and I-Gly. It is proposed that H+ and/or Zn2+ compete with glycine binding and inhibit the amplitude of glycinergic mIPSCs and I-Gly. Moreover, binding of H+ induces a global conformational change in GlyR, which closes the GlyR Cl- channel and results in the acceleration of the seeming desensitization of IGly as well as speeding up the decay time constant of glycinergic mIPSCs. However, the deprotonation rate is faster than the unbinding rate of glycine from the GlyR, leading to reactivation of the undesensitized GlyR after washout of agonist and the appearance of a rebound I-Gly. H+ also modulated the glycine cotransmitter, GABA-activated current (I-GABA). Taken together, the results support a 'conformational coupling' model for H+ modulation of the GlyR and suggest that W may act as a novel modulator for inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian spinal cord.