The calculation of photoelectron angular distributions with jet-like structure from scattering theory

Photoelectron angular distributions produced in above-threshold ionization (ATI) are analysed using a nonperturbative scattering theory. The numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with recent measurements. Our study shows that the origin of the jet-like structure arises from the inherent properties of the ATI process and not from the angular momentum of either the initial or the excited states of the atom.

Anomaly in photoelectron angular distributions

The recently observed anomaly in photoelectron angular distributions (PADs), the disappearance of the main lobes of PADs which should be usually in the direction of laser polarization, is reinterpreted as a minimum of generalized Bessel functions in the laser-polarization direction with the theory of nonperturbative quantum electrodynamics. The reinterpretation has no artificial fitting parameters and explains more features of the experimentally observed PADs, in contrast to the existing interpretation in which the anomaly is interpreted as a quantum interference of angular momentum partial waves. Some hierarchy anomalies are predicted for further experimental observations.

Relativistic laser channeling in plasmas for fast ignition

We report an experimental observation suggesting plasma channel formation by focusing a relativistic laser pulse into a long-scale-length preformed plasma. The channel direction coincides with the laser axis. Laser light transmittance measurement indicates laser channeling into the high-density plasma with relativistic self-focusing. A three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation reproduces the plasma channel and reveals that the collimated hot-electron beam is generated along the laser axis in the laser channeling. These findings hold the promising possibility of fast heating a dense fuel plasma with a relativistic laser pulse.

CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF A DUAL MASS-SELECTED LOW-ENERGY ION-BEAM SYSTEM

A direct ion beam deposition system designed for heteroepitaxy at a low substrate temperature and for the growth of metastable compounds has been constructed and tested. The system consists of two mass-resolved low-energy ion beams which merge at the target with an incident energy range 50-25 000 eV. Each ion beam uses a Freeman ion source for ion production and a magnetic sector for mass filtering. While a magnetic quadrupole lens is used in one beam for ion optics, an electrostatic quadrupole lens focuses the other beam. Both focusing approaches provide a current density more than 100-mu-A/cm2, although the magnetic quadrupole gives a better performance for ion energies below 200 eV. The typical current of each beam reaches more than 0.3 mA at 100 eV, with a ribbon beam of about 0.3-0.5 x 2 cm2. The target is housed in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber with a base pressure of 1 x 10(-7) Pa and a typical pressure of 5 x 10(-6) Pa when a noncondensable beam like argon is brought into the chamber. During deposition, the target can be heated to 800-degrees-C and scanned mechanically with an electronic scanning control unit. The dual beam system has been used to grow GaN using a Ga+ and a N+ beam, and to study the oxygen and hydrogen ion beam bombardment effects during carbon ion beam deposition. The results showed that the simultaneous arrival of two beams at the target is particularly useful in compound formation and in elucidation of growth mechanisms.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM COMPLEX WITH BENZENE ACETIC ACID

The crystal structure of erbium (III) complex of benzene acetic acid is reported. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/a with a = 0,9008(3)nm, b=1.4242(5) nm, c=1.8437(7) nm, beta=98.80(3)degrees, V = 2.337(1) nm(3), Z = 4. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of complex has been studied by TG-DTG-DTA. The activation energy for dehydration reaction has been calculated by Freeman Carroll method. The enthalpy change for dehydration and phase change process has been determined.

Er_2((PhCH_2COO)_6)·4H_2O的结构及热分析

用X-射线四圆衍射仪测定了Er_2(PhCH_2COO)_6·4H_2O的晶体结构。配合物属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2_1/α,晶胞参数:α=0.9008(3)nm,b=1.4243(5)nm,c=1.8437(7)nm,β=98.80(3)°,V=2.337(1)nm~3,Z=4.采用TG-DTG-DTA研究了配合物的热分解过程,确定了热分解机理。采用Freeman-Carroll方法计算了配合物脱水过程的活化能和反应级数。用DSC测定了配合物脱水,熔化过程的焓变。

仿射非线性系统的广义逐点最小范数控制

在Freeman的逐点最小范数控制器的基础上,提出了一种新的非线性控制器设计框架-广义逐点最小范数控制器,并证明了其连续性.通过一个引导函数,新的控制器可以和其他的控制器设计策略结合,从而大大提高了控制器设计的灵活性.另外,给出了新方法的两个应用:改善局部线性化控制器稳定域较小的缺陷;及和其它控制器设计方法结合,使之能够简单有效地处理具有输入约束的系统.

非线性机电系统的鲁棒及预测控制

近年来，机器人、数控机床等机电系统在国民生产及生活中得到了越来越广泛的应用，与之相对应的，机电系统的控制无形中也逐渐成为机电一体化和自动控制的研究热点。另一方面，非线性特性是任何实际系统普遍存在的现象，在机电系统中尤其如此。本文从控制器设计的角度研究非线性机电系统的两个典型问题：系统闭环优化性能的改善；控制器鲁棒性的增强。这也是当前自动控制研究领域的两个重点及热点问题。 最优性是闭环系统性能最实用的评价指标之一。最优控制及预测控制是试图实现控制性能优化的两种典型方法。但前者因本身不构成闭环而严重缺乏鲁棒性，在实践中很少能得到应用；后者作为前者理念的推广，在实践中已经得到了较为广泛地应用，并取得了不错的效果，但在实现某种程度的鲁棒性时依然面临困难。除最优性外，闭环控制的鲁棒性也是非线性系统控制中亟待解决的问题之一，这是由于实际的系统几乎不可能避免模型不确定性。 现有的非线性预测控制及鲁棒控制方法无论在方法的广泛适用性还是在可行性方面都还远非完备。据此，本论文沿鲁棒性和最优性两条主线，以典型的机电系统（无人直升机模型）为研究对象，分别进行了深入的理论和实验研究，并最终形成一种同时兼顾最优性和鲁棒性的控制器设计框架，以期在一定程度上解决现有方法中存在的问题，并为以后更深入的研究工作奠定基础。 鉴于此，本论文分别针对鲁棒控制和预测控制展开讨论，其中前者主要解决基于加速度反馈实现鲁棒控制的方法，内容为第二章和第三章；后者则旨在解决基于控制Lyapunov函数方法实现实时稳定预测控制，主要内容为第四章和第五章。本论文的具体内容安排如下： 论文的第一章综述了控制理论在鲁棒性与最优性两个方向的发展概况（主要针对非线性系统），包括其发展历史，现存方法的局限性等。从而引出本论文的研究内容及研究意义。 第二章，研究了基于加速度反馈的控制器鲁棒增强方法。在深入分析常规加速度反馈控制方法的基础上，指出其存在的三方面主要问题：代数环问题；高增益实现问题和不能用于欠驱动非线性系统等。并针对两种典型的非线性系统（以无人直升机模型为代表）将新的加速度反馈控制方法与H∞控制相结合，得到了一种能够保证输入输出稳定的扰动抑制方法。大量的仿真结果验证了方法的可行性及有效性。 随后，在第三章研究了加速度的估计问题。基于加速度反馈的鲁棒控制器增强技术得以实现的前提是加速度信号的获取，本章在分析了现有加速度估计方法存在严重的滞后问题的同时，提出了将Kalman滤波方法同牛顿预测方法相结合以改善相位滞后问题的方法。实验及仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。 第四章提出了基于控制Lyapunov函数的稳定闭环控制器设计框架。本章利用集值分析理论研究了控制Lyapunov函数具有的一些性质及其在控制器设计中的应用。随后，介绍了两种典型的根据控制Lyapunov函数设计控制器的方法。接着，将引导函数的概念引入到Freeman的逐点最小范数控制方法中，形成了一种新的利用控制Lyapunov函数设计非线性控制器的方法—广义逐点最小范数控制器。最后指出，在这种框架下，鲁棒控制器设计也可以实现，并针对三种不同的不确定性系统给出了鲁棒广义逐点最小范数控制器设计方法。 最后，在第五章，将前面提出的广义逐点最小范数控制引入到非线性预测控制中去，以期利用控制Lyapunov函数保证闭环稳定性，同时利用控制器中的参数化变量作为优化对象以减轻预测控制算法的计算负担，从而达到实时稳定预测控制的目的。另外，在这一章我们还在第二章和第四章的基础上，结合加速度反馈思想和鲁棒控制Lyapunov函数的概念，提出了一种用于扰动抑制的鲁棒实时预测控制算法。同样，仿真实验验证了方法的有效性和可行性。