Energy Principle And Nonlinear Electric-Mechanical Behavior Of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Many experimental observations have shown that a single domain in a ferroelectric material switches by progressive movement of domain walls, driven by a combination of electric field and stress. The mechanism of the domain switch involves the following steps: initially, the domain has a uniform spontaneous polarization; new domains with the reverse polarization direction nucleate, mainly at the surface, and grow though the crystal thickness; the new domain expands sideways as a new domain continues to form; finally, the domain switch coalesces to complete the polarization reversal. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of the ferroelectric material and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of a ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total potential energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u(i), electric displacement D-i and volume fraction rho(I) of the domain switching for the variant I. The mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total potential energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion established by Hwang et al. [ 1]. Based on the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for determining the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. If the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each domain is prescribed, the unknown displacement and electric potential can be obtained based on the conventional finite element procedure. It is assumed that a domain switches if the reduction in potential energy exceeds a critical energy barrier. According to the experimental results, the energy barrier will strengthen when the volume fraction of the domain switching increases. The external mechanical and electric loads are increased step by step. The volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each element obtained from the last loading step is used as input to the constitutive equations. Then the strain and electric fields are calculated based on the conventional finite element procedure. The finite element analysis is carried out on the specimens subjected to uniaxial coupling stress and electric field. Numerical results and available experimental data are compared and discussed. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

Energy principle of ferroelectric ceramics and single domain mechanical model

Many physical experiments have shown that the domain switching in a ferroelectric material is a complicated evolution process of the domain wall with the variation of stress and electric field. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of ferroelectric ceramic and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u (i) , electric displacement D (i) and volume fraction rho (I) of the domain switching for the variant I. Mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion. On the basis of the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for the volume fraction rho (I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. Then a single domain mechanical model is proposed in this paper. The poled ferroelectric specimen is considered as a transversely isotropic single domain. By using the partial experimental results, the hardening relation between the driving force of domain switching and the volume fraction of domain switching can be calibrated. Then the electromechanical response can be calculated on the basis of the calibrated hardening relation. The results involve the electric butterfly shaped curves of axial strain versus axial electric field, the hysteresis loops of electric displacement versus electric filed and the evolution process of the domain switching in the ferroelectric specimens under uniaxial coupled stress and electric field loading. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results given by Lynch.

激光诱导放电复合毛化坑形貌与电极侵蚀问题研究

利用高重频YAG激光作用在固体表面所产生的等离子体使工件和电极之间在大气环境中并且电压远低于击穿闭值的条件下产生可控定向放电。实验结果显示，放电坑基本上呈火山坑形，既有单坑结构，也有多坑结构，其形貌受到放电波形、电源极性、放电介质等因素的影响。放电坑表面形貌的规律是：①除了涂油时的阳极放电坑是单坑结构以外，其他条件下的放电坑都是复合多坑结构；②单坑结构呈火山坑形，坑底为圆弧形，熔凝物堆积在坑的边缘，而多坑结构则是一个大的放电坑中有多个凸起的尖峰，这种结构有利于毛化加工。研究表明，对于碳钢、铸铁、黄铜三种材料，放电坑直径d���电源参数的关系可以表示成：d���I��p（对于三角波），或d���Υβ（对于矩形波）。α的范围在0.40～0.71，β的范围在0.23～0.47。在工件表面涂油，有利于提高放电的能量密度，使放电坑变深。介质的密度和粘性系数可作为控制放电通道扩展的有效因素。放电能量一定时，有固态相变材料的相变区深度的变化遵从以下规律：①放电波形和电源极性一定时，涂油时的深度＞大气时的深度；②极性和介质一定时，矩形波时的深度≥三角波时的深度；③介质和波形一定时，阳极时的深度≥阴极时的深度。与一般的研究电极损耗即放电前后电极的质量差所不同的是，认为在激光诱导放电毛化技术中，对工件电极应该研究放电的侵蚀作用，即实验上可观测到的能量作用的范围所对应的体积V，它不仅包括脱落下来的那部分物质，也包括发生了组织变化的那部分物质。对于有固态相变的材料，V通常就是相变区边界所对应的球冠体积；对于无固态相变的材料，V通常是放电坑的体积。通过量纲分析，揭示出V是一个多元函数。当电极材料和放电介质一定时，对于电流峰值一定的矩形波放电，v主要取决于脉冲宽度γ，其函数关系为：V＝K1·Υ1.41～1.45；对于脉冲宽度一定的三角波放电，V主要取决于电流峰值IP，V＝K2·I1.30～2.15P，K1、K2为与材料和放电介质有关的常量。在比较分析了脉冲激光束与激光诱导放电在功率密度、作用时间和坑的深度等方面对材料的影响之后，认为：高重频激光束适合于对材料表面进行薄层熔凝和毛化，低重频长脉冲激光束适合于对材料进行表面改性处理，而激光诱导放电具有对材料表面进行造型强化和组织强化的双重作用。设计了一种转动式圆盘电极，延长了工具电极的连续工作时间。

硬粒小麦（Triticum durum Desf.）单倍体诱导新技术单倍体原生质体植株的再生

硬粒小麦DR147授以超甜玉米(ss7700)的花粉后，83.4%的小麦柱头上的玉米花粉萌发，花粉管经由花柱抵达胚囊，受精率和成胚率分别为44.4%和42.6%。杂种合子核型高度不稳定，在细胞分裂过程中来自父本玉米的染色体逐渐被排除，最后形成硬粒小麦单倍体胚。尽管硬粒小麦×玉米存在较高频率的双受精(32.7%)，同时形成胚和胚乳，但由于胚乳发育异常及败育，最后难以获得有生活力的种子。 硬粒小麦授以玉米的花粉后用100ppm 2，4-D���行处理（浸蘸穗子或向穗茎节间注射），可以延长杂种胚在植株上的存活时间。授粉9-13天后将颖果表面灭菌后在实体显微镜下剥取不同发育时期的幼胚，分别接种于含或不含2.0mg／l2，4-D���3%蔗糖，200mg／l水解酪蛋白，146mgl谷氨酰氨，300mg／l天冬氨酸的MS固体培养基上进行胚拯救或诱导愈伤组织。结果表明，发育程度较高的胚（具盾片的胚，长度大于0.5mm）容易通过胚拯救获得单倍体植株或诱导出愈伤组织，而发育程序较低的胚（琏形胚，梨形胚，鱼雷形胚，长度小于0.3mm）不易获得单倍体植株或诱导愈伤组织而常常变褐，最后死亡。如果将这些胚预先接种子含0.1mg／l BAP，3%蔗糖，200mg/l水解酪蛋白，146mg/l谷氨酰胺，300mg/l天冬氮酸的MS固体培养基上预培养20天，再转移至愈伤组织诱导培养基上则易于产生愈伤组织，通过选择和继代培养可以获得淡黄色，结构致密的胚性愈伤组织。将这种愈伤组织转移至含1.Omg/l BAP和0.1mg/l NAA的MS固体分化培养基上培养20天后即可分化出小植株和绿色芽点，将这些小植株和绿色芽点再在分化培养基上继代培养20天，形成大量根系发达的健壮植株及次生小植株。其中一个胚性愈伤组织系的分化频率高达70. 6%。从获得的100余棵植株中随机取6棵再生植株进行根尖细胞染色体计数发现它们均为单倍体。具发达根系的健壮植株移入实验田后成活率可达80％以上，并生长至成熟。 利用硬粒小麦×玉米建立的单倍性胚性愈伤组织系进行了原生质体培养的研究。胚性愈伤组织经液体悬浮培养4个月后形成了生长迅速的由大小不同(0.5mm至5mm)的愈伤组织块组成的混合悬浮愈伤组织系，酶解试验表明2.0%纤维素酶RS和0.5%离析酶Y-23组合效果最好，而液体悬浮培养物和固体培养的愈伤组织（在酶解时用锋利的解剖刀片切成1mm左右的块）都能释放出大量原生质体，但悬浮培养物释放出的原生质体状态较好，胞质更浓厚，用KM8p培养基以琼脂糖包埋培养方式培养时得到了较高的（5%左右）分裂频率。 原生质体再生的小愈伤组织经增殖、筛选后可获得胚性愈性组织，将其转移至分化培养基Ⅰ（0.2mg/l 2，4-D���1.0mg/l BAP，0.1mg/l NAA，3%蔗糖，200mg/l水解酩蛋白，146mg／l谷氨酸胺，300m8/l天冬氨酸的MS固体培养基）和Ⅱ（不含2，4-D���其它成份同I���上进行分步分化培养可再生出完整植株，分化频率约为20%。从获得的22棵原生质体再生植株中，随机取4株进行根尖细胞染色体计数表明，它们均为单倍体。

甘薯体细胞胚胎发生和原生质体培养及转化的研究

甘薯[Ipomoea batatm L.]胚性愈伤组织的诱导、生长及分化，受遗传背景、外植体来源、激素配比等多种因素的影响。以徐薯l8叶片为外植体，在Ms附加2mg／l2.4-D���培养基上，诱导、筛选出三种类型的愈伤组织（I���、Ⅱ型、IV型），虽然其来源和培养条件相同，但在外部形态、内部结构、分化途径、分化能力、同工酶酶谱、可溶性蛋白质组成以及DNA分子结构方面，都有显著差异。I���愈伤组织在Ms无激素培养基上分化出体细胞胚，其过氧化物酶及脂酶同工酶与Ⅱ型愈伤组织和lV型愈伤组织相比，酶带的数目、深浅不同，而与胚状体相类似，可以作为不回类型愈伤组织及其分化途径的生理指标。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明：三种愈伤组织的总蛋白组成也有显著差异。I���愈伤组织与Ⅱ型愈伤组织相比，无论是酶带的数目，还是酶带的扫描高度，都占绝对优势，表明其具有相对较高的蛋白质合成代谢水平。RAPD���析表明，三种类型愈伤组织的遗传基础具有一定差异。在所用的10个随机引物中，引物G3(GAGCCCTCCA)扩增出了显著的多态性，在I���愈伤组织与胚状体中发现两个特异片段，有可能与体细胞胚胎发生过程特异相关。 以I���愈伤组织进行悬浮培养，建立了具有再生能力的胚性悬浮细胞系，并对其鲜重、干重、PCV体积、PH值等生长特性进行了测定，研究了在悬浮培养条件下，2.4-D���度对体细胞胚胎发生的影响。在MS附加Img/12.4-D���培养基中，细胞呈园球型，细胞质浓厚，细胞核显著，分裂旺盛，转入不含2.4-D���分化培养基中，即可得到大量的游离胚状体：浓度过高（4-8mg／l）或过低（0.5mg/l），都不利于细胞的生长和分化。胞外同工酶研究发现：胞外过氧化物酶水平，随着2.4-D���度升高、培养时间的延长、细胞生长速度的减缓而降低，随着体胚分化的开始而升高。这种变化趋势表明：2.4-D���度、过氧化物酶及细胞的生长、分化之间，存在密切联系。蛋白质分析发现，2.4-D���浓度与细胞内可溶性蛋白质组成及含量也密切相关：在无激素培养基中的培养物，其蛋白质电泳图谱与在含有不同浓度2.4-D���培养基中的培养物相比，无论是谱带的数目还是谱带的峰值，都有深刻差异，表明在体胚分化和发育过程中，细胞内进行着旺盛的蛋白质合成代谢。 以胚性悬浮细胞为材料，进行原生质体培养。通过对游离条件的比较研究，发现采用PH值为6.0的E3酶液酶解2小时，可以得到大量具有旺盛活力的原生质体。采用液体浅层一固体平板双层培养方式进行培养，原生质体分裂旺盛，20天后形成肉眼可见的微型愈伤组织，在附加0.5mg/1 2.4-D���继代培养基中，出现根的分化，转入附加0.5mg/12.4-D���Img/16-BA的分化培养基中，有少量不定芽发生，并形成小苗，但无胚状体产生。 以来源于胚性悬浮细胞的原生质体为受体，通过与农杆菌共培养，将苏云金杆菌毒蛋白(Bt)基因导入甘薯细胞，经卡那霉素筛选，得到抗性愈伤组织，并有根的分化。经过PCR检测，证明了Bt基因在甘薯细胞染色体组中的整合。

模式识别在Eu~(2+)光谱结构研究中的应用

由于Eu~(2+)离子在不同复合氟化物中存在不同的跃迁发射形式，主要有5d → 4f的宽带跃迁，位于365nm-650nm间和4f → 4f的窄带跃迁，中心位置在360nm附近。Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁形式决定于基质的化学组成。本工作就是用多种模式识别方法（KNN，ALKNN，BAYES，LLM，SIMCA和PCA）研究不同复合氟化物基质中Eu~(2+)离子的跃迁发射形式和基质晶体结构之间的关系，找出Eu~(2+)离子产生f → f跃迁其基质构成的一般规律性。收集了90个复合氟化物（AB_mF_n）作为样本集，根据其中Eu~(2+)离子跃迁形式的不同将它们分成两类，一类为具有f → f跃迁的基质45个；另一类为不具有f → f跃迁的基质45个。随机地选用63个基质作为训练集，其余的为验证集。每个基质样本利用其12个晶体结构参数作为描述。由于各参数间差别不大，对原始数据未进行标度化。特征提取是模式识别分析的一个重要步骤，本工作结合变化权重法，BAYES特征量评价法和SIMCA变量相关性评价法的特点，建立了一个以验评价判据式：d(i) = -5.0 + 2.3V(i) + 0.89f(i) + 7.2W(i)根据经验式，选取了变量Z_B/r_(kB)，r_(covA)/r_(covB)和Z_B/r_(covB)，并删除了变量Xσ_A，Xσ_B，r_(covA)。其它变量由于其D���接近，利用穷举法对它们进行选取，结果M，Z'_A和r_(covB)被选中。这样把这6个被选的变量作为对跃迁发射问题最相关的变量进行进一步分析。采用被选的6维变量对训练集样本施行主成份分析，结果表示前三个主成份已可解释原数据信息量的99%以上。所以分别以主成份1-3及主成份1和主成份3作了三维和二维的映射图。结果表示两类基质样本基本上分在不同区域。进一步分别用12维和6维变量对样本系进行了其它几种模式识别分析。所有这些方法对训练集的分类效果都比较理想。采取6维特征时，其正确分类率达79.4-96.8%，这说明与跃迁问题相关的大部分变量已被选入。但是结果显示，各种方法对训练集的分类有一定的差别。我们认为这是由于各种不同的方法对数据结构要求不同引起的。实验证明Bayes线性判别方法对该样本集数据的分类效果最佳。根据Bayes线性差别方法的执行得到了对基质样本分类模式，由此模式讨论了各结构参数对Eu~(2+)离子光谱结构的影响，并对七个未知基质中Eu~(2+)离子的光谱结构进行了计算机预报，结果表示KTbF_4，KBF_4，NaIn_2F_7和KLu_2F_7为具有f → f跃迁发射的基质，而NaCaF_3，MgBeF_4和MgAlF_5为不具有f → f跃迁发射的基质。

SRV1感染和未感染Raji���胞的某些同工酶的比较研究

为了观察猴艾滋病D���逆转录病毒I���(SRV1)感染却未感染的Raji���胞同工酶 活性的变化，用超声波破碎细胞，提取细胞内总蛋白+然后 垂直薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝肢等电聚焦 电泳对其进行酶谱分析。 以n醋酸萘酯和／或 醋酸萘酯为底物时，SRV1感染的Raji���胞近酸性端酯酶Est 1l一1 4妁 活性是未感染Raji���胞的2，2倍，提示酯酶活性的变化与病毒感染有关。SRV]感染弄口未感染Raji 细胞系的酸性磷酸酶的酶带数．pI���和酶活性无差异，二者均没有检出乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、醇脱 氢酶(ADH)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)，但有较弱的碱性磷睦酶(APH)。这些结 果提示酯酶活性的增加有可能作为SRVJ感染Raji���胞的一种指标

Influence of interface on radiation effects of crystalline polymer - radiation effects on polyamide-1010 containing BMI

Aimed at saving the radiation dose required to crosslinking the polyamid-1010, BMI/PA1010 systems containing different amounts of difunctional crosslinking agent N,N'-bis-maleimide-4,4'-biphenyl methane (BMI) were prepared and the structure changes at the crystallographic and supermolecular levels before and after irradiation were studied by using WAXD, SAXS, and DSC techniques. It was found that by incorporation of BMI the microcrystal size L-100 is lowered due to the formation of hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen of BMI and the amide hydrogen of PA1010 in the hydrogen bonded plane, and the overall crystallinity W-c is also decreased. The presence of BMI causes the crystal lamella thickness d(c) to decrease and greatly thickens the transition zone d(tr) between the crystalline and amorphous regions. As for the irradiated specimen, the maximum increments in the L-100 and W-c against dose curves decrease with BMI content, and the interception point D-i, at which the L-100 and W-c curves intercept their respective horizontal line of L-100/L-100(0) and W-c/W-c(0)=1, shift to lower dose with an increase in BMI concentration. In addition. the mechanism of the radiation chemical reactions in the three different phases under the action of BMI are discussed with special focus on the interface region. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nonradiative energy transfer study on the interface of compatibilized linear low density polyethylene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends

Blends of chromophore-labeled LLDPE and chromophore-labeled PMMA compatibilized by block copolymer of hydrogenated polybutadiene and methyl methacrylate (PHB-b-PMMA) were studied by nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) technique. The ratio of fluorescence intensity of the donor at 336 nm and the acceptor at 408 nm (I-D/I-A) decreased with an increase in block copolymer content. At about 8 wt.-% block copolymer content I-D/I-A reached a minimum value, indicating the interdiffusion of LLDPE chains and PMMA chains in the interface is strongest. The influence of temperature on the interdiffusion of polymer chains in the interface was also examined. Samples quenched in liquid nitrogen from 140 degrees C showed lower energy transfer efficiencies than those annealed from 150 degrees C to room temperature.

Instrumented impact testing of phenolphthalein polyether ketone

The Charpy impact fracture behaviour of unnotched specimens of phenolphthalein polyether ketone (PEK-C) was studied over a temperature range from room temperature to 220 degrees C by using an instrumented impact tester. The load-time and energy-time curves of PEK-C at different temperatures were recorded. From these curves, some important parameters, such as the maximum impact load, the maximum stress, the total impact energy, the crack initiation energy, the crack propagation energy etc., were obtained and their temperature dependences of PEK-C were investigated. The point of 100 percent maximum load on the load-time trace was shown to be the yield point. Two parameters, the ductile ratio (D.R.) and the ductility index (D.I.) were applied to characterize the ductility of PEK-C and their relationships to the relaxation processes were discussed.

栉孔扇贝抗鳗弧菌感染性状候选基因的多态性研究

栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri���是我国北方地区主要的养殖贝类之一，曾为沿海各省带来巨大的经济效益。但自1997年以来，陆续爆发的病害问题给扇贝养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失，严重影响了该产业的健康发展。目前认为培育抗病性强的扇贝优良品种是解决病害问题的根本途径。由于传统的育种方法费时费力，无法满足对良种的迫切需求，因此有必要通过分子手段加快抗病品种的培育步伐。标记辅助育种（marker assisted selection，MAS）是成功应用于动物育种中的分子手段之一，但由于缺乏与抗病性状相关的标记，MAS目前还无法在软体动物中得到应用。因此，寻找与抗病性状相关的分子标记是在软体动物中发展MAS的关键。 本研究利用鳗弧菌（Listonella anguillarum）对栉孔扇贝进行攻毒感染实验，初步得到敏感群体和抗病群体后采用PCR、PCR-RFLP、Bi-PASA PCR等方法研究了CfLysG、CfC1qDC和CfLITAF基因多态性及其与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌抗性的关系。 研究发现，栉孔扇贝CfLysG的基因序列中共有104个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点和29个插入/缺失（I/D���多态性位点。有17个多态性位点位于启动子区域，选择其中的-753 I/D���-391A/G和-284I/D���态性进行检测，发现这三个位点的基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05）。其中-753 ID基因型和-284 ID基因在抗病群体中的频率高于在敏感群体中的频率，但两者之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。-391 AG基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于敏感群体（P=0.007），表明-391 AG基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。为验证这一相关性，对-391位点不同基因型的扇贝进行攻毒感染实验。统计发现，具有-391 AA基因型的扇贝累计死亡率显著高于具有-391 AG基因型的扇贝（P=0.001），进一步证实了CfLysG基因-391 AG基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。CfLysG基因的外显子共有3处SNP，其中仅第三外显子上的+3473 A/C为非同义突变。统计分析表明，+3473位点不同基因型在敏感群体中的分布频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05），而在抗病群体中则偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P<0.01）。+3473 AA基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于在敏感群体中的频率（P=0.022），表明+3473 AA基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。CfLysG基因第1内含子存在+96 I/D���+487 I/D���处大片段的I/D���态性。统计发现，这两个位点的基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg 平衡（P>0.05）。其中+96 DD基因型和+487 ID基因型在抗病群体中的频率均略高于在敏感群体中的频率，但两者之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。表明这两个位点的多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性无显著相关性。对CfLysG基因各多态性位点的统计分析表明，各位点之间存在不同程度的连锁不平衡，提示有单体型的存在。对19种频率>1%的单体型在敏感群体及抗病群体中的频率进行分析，发现-753 I/-391 G/-284 I/+96 I/+487 D/+3473 A单体型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于敏感群体（P=0.044），表明该单体型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。 在栉孔扇贝CfC1qDC基因cDNA序列上共发现14处SNP。对+423 T/C多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌抗性的关系进行了分析。统计发现，+423位点各基因型在敏感群体和抗病群体中的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P>0.05）。+423 TT基因型在抗病群体中的频率显著高于在敏感群体中的频率（P=0.005），表明+423 TT基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关。 在栉孔扇贝CfLITAF基因cDNA序列中共发现3处SNP及1处I/D���态性。对+145 I/D���态性进行研究，发现所有敏感个体及抗病个体中均同时存在+145 位点所有等位基因，表明+145位点多态性与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性不相关。 以上研究表明，栉孔扇贝CfLysG基因-391 AG基因型、+3473 AA基因型、-753 I/-391 G/-284 I/+96 I/+487 D/+3473 A单体型以及CfC1qDC基因+423 TT基因型与栉孔扇贝对鳗弧菌的抗性显著相关，提示它们可作为与栉孔扇贝抗病相关的候选分子标记应用于贝类抗病育种中，为贝类的标记辅助育种提供参考。此外，抗病相关分子标记的发现还有利于加深对扇贝发病机理的理解，并有助于发掘预防及治疗贝类疾病的新方法。

白垩纪超静磁带地球磁场古强度测定

The long-term variations in the strength of the geomagnetic field provide important constraints on the chemical-physical processes of the Earth’s interior. Especially, the intensity of the geomagnetic field during the Cretaceous normal superchron (CNS) is crucial to understand the geodynamo. But a paucity of paleointensity further limits to obtain essential knowledge interior process in the deep earth. In order to improve the experimental efficiency, this study tried to apply two new rock magnetic methods (FORC diagram and low-temperature demagnetization technique) to determine the paleointensity. First, some problems in the theory and technique in paleointensity experiments were introduced. A combined palaeomagnetic and geochronologic study was further conducted on a basaltic lava sequence at Jianchang in Liaoning Province, northeastern China. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating indicates that the volcanism occurred at about 119 Ma within the marine anomaly C34n in Cretaceous normal superchron (CNS). Rock magnetic investigations show that pseudo-single domain (PSD) titanium-poor titanomagnetite is dominant in the studied lava flows. Both stepwise thermal and alternating field demagnetizations isolate the well-defined normal characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) in three independent lava flows with a mean direction of D/I = 6.0/51.9 degree(a95 = 12.3degree). Palaeointensity was determined using the modified Thellier method with systematic partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) checks on total 72 samples, but only 10 samples exhibit ideal linear behavior on the Arai-plot in the temperature interval of 300-560 C and yield an average paleointensity of (25.8+/-1.4)uT. In addition, slopes of the line defined by the initial and the final points on the Arai-plot for the other 18 samples with characteristic PSD features give an average paleointensity estimation value of (24.8+/-1.9)uT. The consistency of these two approaches confidently demonstrates the fidelity of our results. The overall mean field strength determined using both approaches are thus estimated to be (25.2+/-0.7 )uT. This value corresponds to the virtual dipole magnetic moments (VDM) of (4.5+/-0.1)E22 Am^2, which is about half of the value of present field. This finding suggests that palaeointensity just at the onset of the CNS is characterized by a weak magnetic field.

工程地质三维建模与可视化技术应用开发

Synthetic Geology Information System (SGIS) is an important constituent part of the theory of Engineering Geomechanics Mate-Synthetic (EGMS), and is the information system more suited for the collection, storage, management, analysis and processing to the information coming from engineering geology,' geological engineering and geotechnical engineering. Its contents involve various works and methods of the investigation, design, and construction in different stages of the geological engineering. Engineering geological and three-dimensional modeling and visualization is the fundamental part of the SGIS, and is a theory, method and technique by which, adopting the computer graphics and image processing techniques, the data derived from engineering geological survey and the calculated results obtained from the geomechanical numerical simulation and analysis are converted to the graphics and images displayed on the computer screen and can be processed interactively. In this paper, the significance and realizing approaches of the three-dimensional modeling and visualization for the complex geological mass in the engineering geology are discussed and the methods of taking advantage of the interpolation and fitting for the scattered and field-surveyed data to simulate the geological layers, such as the topography and earth surface, the groundwater table and the stratum boundary, are researched into. At the mean time, in mind the characteristics of the structure of the basic data for three-dimensional modeling, its visual management can be resolved into the engineering surveyed database management module, plot parameter management module and data output module and the requirement for basic data management can be fulfilled. In the paper, the establishment and development of the three-dimensional geological information system are probed tentatively, and an instance of three-dimensional visual Engineering Distribution Information System (EDIS), theConstruction Management Information System for an airport, in which the functions, such as the real-time browse among the three-dimensional virtual-reality landscapes of the airport construction from start to finish, the information query to the airport facility and the building in the housing district and the recording and playback of the animation sets for the browse and the takeoff and landing of the planes, is developed by applying the component-mode three-dimensional virtual-reality geological information system (GIS) software development kits (SDK), so the three-dimensional visual management platform is provided for the airport construction. Moreover, in the gaper, integrated with the three-dimensional topography visualization and its application in the Sichuan-Tibet Highways, the method of the digital elevation model (DEM) data collection from the topographic maps is described, and the three-dimensional visualization and the roaming about the terrain along the highway are achieved through computer language programming. Understanding to the important role played by the varied and unique topographical condition in the gestation and germination of the highly-dense, frequently-arising and severely-endangered geological hazards can be deepened.

碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石的矿物学特征、结晶和演化

本文样品产自辽宁宽甸黄椅山产出的巨晶单斜辉石。作者在一般矿物学、矿物谱学、晶体结构和晶体化学、结晶动力学和出熔结构等诸多方面对它们进行了较详实的研究。巨晶的矿物成分为铝质普通辉石。样品中可含不透明的硫化物包体、裂隙矿物和出溶相等杂质。绝大多数巨晶都具有不尽相同的反应边。除此以处，多项实验观察结果均表明巨晶内部的成分和结构基本均一。晶体结构修正结果表明，本文巨晶的晶体结构中出现了明显的M2晶位分裂，即分出了由较小阳离子占据的M2`位置。作者分析了该现象所蕴含的重要矿物学意义。单晶薄片红外光谱实验得到很有意义的结果：巨晶单斜辉石结构中含有OH。这种名义上不含水的矿物中的OH极有可能代表着地幔大部分地区水之储存方式，因此对深源或幔源无水矿物进行结构OH的研究具有重要意义。巨晶单斜辉石的穆斯堡尔谱出现四对双峰，此即所谓单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”。本文给出谱图归属，重点阐明CC'系由M1位置的Fe~(2+)的次邻近效应所致。作者得出关系式：M2分裂 → M1次邻近构型的多样化 → “异常 穆斯堡尔谱”，从而圆满解释了一直存在疑义的单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”的成因，此外，分析了Fe的结构态及穆斯堡尔谱的可用性。巨晶具有较高的Fe~(3+)/ΣFe反映其曾有一个相当氧化的结晶环境。应用火成岩中矿物的结晶动力学原理，本文首次对巨晶的结晶动力学及有关物理环境进行研究。通过对P与粘度η和扩散系数D���关系以及η与成核速率I���生长速率Y的关系的综合理论分析，本文证明：高压下η增大从而T和Y会减小，但变化的幅度不会超出一个数量级（就有关的压力范围）。根据硅酸盐熔体中成核理论，本文得出碱性玄武岩中主要硅酸盐矿物巨晶的成核次序（由早到晚）：Grt → Cpx → An。分析了熔体的运动及其对巨晶结晶的影响，并由此指出巨晶结晶环境的相对稳定。通过详细的光学显微观察、电子探针对TEM分析，作者确认碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石可以具有比较复杂的出溶结构。根据观察结果本文进行了全方位的讨论：解释了多种出溶相的共存、普通辉石出溶普通辉石（或透辉石）以及不同的出溶相尺寸。同时纠正了前人某些欠妥的认识，诠释了有关的疑惑。无论是出溶相的成分特征还是出溶相的尺寸都表明出溶事件延续了一段相当长的时间。出溶事件不一定只与一个滞留区有关。根据巨晶单斜辉石普遍具有反应边的事实，本文分析得出一些能够反映巨晶及其寄主岩浆演化的信息。