CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF ASIAN COLOBINES

In order to study the differentiation of Asian colobines, 14 variables measured on 123 skulls, including Rhinopithecus, Presbytis, Presbytiscus (Rhinopithecus avunculus), Pygathrix and Nasalis were analyzed by one-way, cluster and discriminant function analyses. Information on paleoenvironmental changes in China and southeast Asia since the late Tertiary was used to examine the influences of migratory routes and range of distribution in Asian colobines. A cladogram for 6 genera of Asian colobines was constructed from the results of various analyses. Some new points or revisions were suggested: (1) Following one of two migratory routes, ancient species of Asian colobines perhaps passed through Xizang (Tibet) along the northern bank of the Tethys sea and through the Heng Duan Shan regions of Yunnan into Vietnam. An ancient landmass linking Yunnan and Xizang was already present on the east bank of the Tethys sea. Accordingly, Asian colobines would have two centers of evolutionary origin: Sundaland and the Heng Duan Shan regions of China. (2) Pygathrix shares more cranial features with Presbytiscus than with Rhinopithecus. This differs somewhat from the conclusion reached by Groves. (3) Nasalis (karyotype: 2n = 48) may be the most primitive genus among Asian colobines. Certain features shared with Rhinopithecus, e.g. large body size, terrestrial activity and limb proportions, can be interpreted as symple-siomorphic characters. (4) Rhinopithecus, with respect to craniofacial features, is a special case among Asian colobines. It combines a high degree of evolutionary specialization with retention of some primitive features thought to have been present in the ancestral Asian colobine.

Onychostoma virgulatum, a new species of cyprinid fish (Pisces: Teleostei) from southern Anhui Province, South China

Onychostoma virgulatum, new species, is described from the Qiupu River, a tributary on the Southern bank of the lower Yangtze River at Shitai County, southern Anhui Province, South China. It shares with O. fusiforme and O. meridionale the presence of a longitudinal dark brown stripe extending along the lateral line, a character separating them from all other congeners of the moderate-mouth group diagnosed by having a slightly arched or nearly transverse mouth opening (with the extremities slightly curved posteriorly), its width being equal to or slightly less than the width of head at this same point, and a short postlabial groove extending along half of the length of the lateral margin of the lower jaw. Onychostoma virgulatum differs from both in the presence of two pairs of barbels in adults, from O. fusiforme in the body depth, caudal-peduncle depth, and position of pelvic and anal fins, and from O. meridionale in the structure of the last simple dorsal-fin ray.

Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) is currently limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, China, and the adjoining Poyang and Dongting Lakes. Its population size has decreased remarkably during the last several decades due to the heavy impact of human activities, including overfishing of prey species, water development projects that cause attendant habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and accidental deaths caused by harmful fishing gear and collisions with motorized vessels. It was estimated that the number of remaining individuals was down to approximately 1800 in 2006, a number that is decreasing at a rate as high as 5% per year. Three conservation measures - in situ and ex situ conservation and captive breeding have been applied to the protection of this unique porpoise since the early 1990s. Seven natural and two "semi-natural" reserves have so far been established. Since 1996, a small group of finless porpoises has been successfully reared in a facility at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; three babies were born in captivity on July 5, 2005, June 2, 2007 and July 5, 2008. These are the first freshwater cetaceans ever born in captivity in the world. Several groups of these porpoises caught in the main stream of the Yangtze River, or rescued, have been introduced into the Tian'e-Zhou Semi-natural Reserve since 1990. These efforts have proven that, not only can these animals survive in the area, they are also to reproduce naturally and successfully. More than 30 calves had been born in the reserve since then, with one to three born each year. Taking deaths and transfers into account, there were approximately 30 individuals living in the reserve as of the end of 2007. Among eight mature females captured in April 2008, five were confirmed pregnant. This effort represents the first successful attempt at off-site protection of a cetacean species in the world, and establishes a solid base for conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A lesson must be drawn from the tragedy of Chinese River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), which has already been declared likely extinct. Strong, effective and appropriate protective measures must be carried out quickly to prevent the Yangtze finless porpoise from becoming a second Chinese River Dolphin, and save the biodiversity of the Yangtze River as a whole.

岷江上游高山林线附近优势树种土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的研究

岷江上游地区高山/亚高山植被分布的坡向性分异显著，阴阳坡高山林线不仅物种组成差异明显，并且分布海拔呈现出阴坡高阳坡低的格局．阳坡林线树种主要是圆柏属乔木，林线类型多为渐变型，海拔高度大约在3 400m~3 800m；阴坡林线树种主要是冷杉，林线类型多为骤变型，海拔高度约在3 800m~4 400m．本研究采用土壤种子库物理筛选、室内萌发实验及野外群落调查等方法，对岷江上游地区阴坡岷江冷杉和阳坡祁连圆柏两类林线树种不同海拔梯度上土壤种子库以及幼苗库特征进行了调查，从土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的角度对林线乔木树种种群更新特征进行了分析，进而对该地区高山林线在阴阳坡分布差异的原因进行了探讨，结果显示： 1．土壤种子库 阴坡：阴坡高山林线附近岷江冷杉土壤种子的平均密度大约为50.96粒/m2，其中树线以上10m处土壤种子密度为1.00粒/m2，树线处大约19.33粒/m2，林线交错带内土壤种子密度最高为136.83粒/m2，郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带，只有30.50粒/m2，种子平均空壳率为52％，霉变率达34%，完好种子只有6%．土壤种子库垂直分布特征为地被物层含种子比重最大，大约在67.50%左右；其次为0~2cm层，约18.84%左右；2~5cm层所占种子比例最小，约13.66%左右．霉变种子数量与土壤深度呈负相关． 阳坡：阳坡祁连圆柏土壤种子的平均密度为60.16粒/m2．树线以上10m处密度为1.92粒/m2，树线位置大约108.16粒/m2，林线交错带内平均为75.80粒/m2，郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带，只有20.00粒/m2．种子平均空壳率为36％，完好种子占49%，霉变率较低，大约为10%．阴阳坡林线树种土壤种子库垂直分布特征为：地被物层含种子最多，其次为0~4cm层，4~10cm层所占种子比例最小，霉变种子数量与土壤深度也呈负相关． 2． 幼苗库调查 阳坡：在树线以上区域没有发现幼苗，林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达3 250株/hm2，郁闭林内仅2 750株/ hm2．整个样地内1～2a幼苗很少甚至没有出现，3～10a的幼苗相对较多．空间分布上，祁连圆柏幼苗在林线交错带内接近随机分布，郁闭林内则介于随机分布和均匀分布之间． 阴坡：在树线以上幼苗密度为1 250株/ hm2，全部为1~2a幼苗，林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达7 000株/ hm2，郁闭林内达6 250株/ hm2．林线附近岷江冷杉幼苗丰富度以及幼苗的出现频率明显高于祁连圆柏，年龄结构也较祁连圆柏完整．岷江冷杉幼苗空间分布除了树线处幼苗的分布为随机分布，其他海拔则为集群分布． 3．从不同土壤深度的种子总量和幼苗数量的相关性检验发现，当年生幼苗数量跟表层种子总量相关性极显著, 但是两年生幼苗的数量与底层种子数量相关性显著．土壤种子在土壤中的垂直分布格局从一定程度上可以反映种子库的年际特征．岷江冷杉土壤种子库较丰富，种子散布后的存活力随着时间的变化逐渐下降，属于季节性瞬时种子库；祁连圆柏土壤种子散布格局为集群型分布，成熟种子大部分散布在母株冠幅内，属于永久性土壤种子库． 4．在阴坡林线交错带及以上区域还存在较为丰富的乔木土壤种子，并且在树线以上区域还发现了少量的岷江冷杉幼苗．从样地乔木的年龄结构发现，在林线交错带内上部到树线位置主要以幼龄林为主，且年龄结构完整，基本符合入侵性林线特征；阳坡林线交错带内幼苗出现频率很低，树线以上区域虽然存在种子库，但是没有幼苗出现，在林线交错带内乔木径级差距很大，年龄结构异常不完整，这种特征的林线将会面临两个可能结果：一种是维持现有状态，保持平衡；另外一种就是退化，但阳坡林线的实际动态趋势还有待长期定点研究． Treelines on the upper region of Minjiang River differ between the north aspect and the south aspect in their appearances, altitudes and tree species. On the north aspect, trees of Abies form a sharp and abrupt treeline ranging from 3800m to 4400m, while on the south the treeline is generally lower(3 400~3 800m), more open and gradual and mostly composed of Sabina. In this study, we examined the altitudinal gradients of soil seed banks and seedling recruitments at the treeline ecotones of a N-aspect and a S-aspect by using soil sieving, germination experiment and field investigations, analyzed the characteristics of population regeneration of tree species at the transitional zone and presented a analysis of the causes to the aspect-related difference in treeline patterns in the study area. Major results of our study include: 1． Soil seed bank N-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 50.96/m2, in which well-formed seeds account for 6%, empty seeds 52%, parasitized seeds34%, and seeds damaged by animals 8%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, being 1.00 seeds /m2 at the 10m above the treeline and ca.19.33 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline. The highest density (136.83 seeds/m2) occurs at the treeline ecotone. By contrast, the density of soil seed for the closed forest is only 30.50 seeds/m2. In terms of vertical strata, 67.50% of the total seeds are at the surface layer, 18.84% at the middle layer (0~2cm) and 13.66% at deeper layer (2~5cm). The number of parasitized seeds is negatively correlated to soil depth. S-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 60.16 seeds/m2, and the well-formed seeds account for 49%, empty seeds 36%, parasitized seeds10%, and seeds damaged by animals 1%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, with 1.92 seeds/m2 recorded at the10m above the treeline，108.16 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline, and 75.80 seeds/m2 at the treeline ecotone, while that for the closed forest is 20.00 seeds/m2. The number of seeds decreases with the depth of soil. As is on the N-aspect, the size of soil bank, from large to small, follows the order of the surface layer, the middle layer (0~4cm) and the bottom layer (4~10cm). The number of parasitized seeds is also negatively correlated to the depth of the soil. 2． Seedling bank N-aspect: A mean maximum seedling abundance of 31 000 seedlings/hm2 was recorded near alpine treeline at growing season. The density of seedlings is 1 250 seedlings/ha (all being 1 or 2 years old) at the alpine meadow 10m away above treeline, 7 000 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 6 250 seedlings/ha for closed forest．The spatial distribution of Abies faxoniana seedlings is random at the upper limit of the treeline but clumped at other altitudes． S-aspect: No seedlings were found at the alpine meadow 10m away from the treeline. The density of seedlings was 3 250 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 2 750 seedlings/ha for the closed forest．Hardly any 1 year current and 2 year-old seedlings appeared at the plots. The spatial distribution of Sabina przewalskii seedlings is random at treeline ecotone and between “random” and “even” forest closed forest． 3．Correlation tests of seedling population and seed bank at different soil layers indicated that the emergents were strongly correlated to seed bank at surface layer while the number of two-year seedlings was significantly correlated to the seed bank at the bottom of soil layer, indicating that germination mainly occurs at the soil surface while the middle or bottom layer was the reserve for non-germination or dead seeds. It can thus be postulated that Abies faxoniana soil seed bank is of seasonal transient type. By contrast, the soil seed bank of Sabina przewalskii is of persistent type and the soil seeds and seedlings of this species occurred more frequently near the islands of adult trees. 4．A good many soil seeds of both tree species were found near the treeline ecotone and above at N- and S-aspects. A few young seedlings were found above the Abies treeline. Investigation of five altitudinal transects respectively on N- and S-aspects indicated that Abies faxoniana has a more complete age structure than the stands of Sabina przewalskii. The age of firs decreased from closed forest to the upper limit of treeline, which suggests that the Abies treeline is advancing to higher altitude. While on the south aspect, only few Sabina przewalskii soil seeds and nearly no seedlings were found above the treeline ecotone. The stands exhibit extremely great difference in diameter classes with significantly incomplete age structure. This would lead to two possible results for the treelines: maintaining an equilibrium state at the current position or degenerating. But more studies should be carried out at longer time scales or larger spatial scales to understand whether the Sabina treeline is degenerating.

On-line voltammetric monitoring of dissolved Cu and Ni in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain

Geochemical processes in estuarine and coastal waters often occur on temporally and spatially small scales, resulting in variability of metal speciation and dissolved concentrations. Thus, surveys, which are aimed to improve our understanding of metal behaviour in such systems, benefit from high-resolution, interactive sampling campaigns. The present paper discusses a high-resolution approach to coastal monitoring, with the application of an automated voltammetric metal analyser for on-line measurements of dissolved trace metals in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain. This coastal sea receives metal-rich inputs from a metalliferous mining area, mainly via the Huelva estuary. On-line measurements of dissolved Cu, Zn, Ni and Co were carried out on-board ship during an eight-day sampling campaign in the study area in June 1997. A pumping system operated continuously underway and provided sampled water from a depth of ca. 4 m. Total dissolved metal concentrations measured on-line in the Gulf of Cadiz ranged between <5 nM Cu (<3 nM Ni) ca. 50 km off-shore and 60–90 nM Cu (5–13 nM Ni) in the vicinity of the Huelva estuary. The survey revealed steep gradients and strong tidal variability in the dissolved metal plume extending from the Huelva estuary into the Gulf of Cadiz. Further on-line measurements were carried out with the automatic metal monitor from the bank of the Odiel estuary over a full tidal cycle, at dissolved metal concentrations in the μM range. The application confirmed the suitability of the automated metal monitor for coastal sampling, and demonstrated its adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions in the dynamic waters of estuaries and coastal seas. The near-real time acquisition of dissolved metal concentrations at high resolution enabled an interactive sampling campaign and therefore the close investigation of tidal variability in the development of the Huelva estuary metal plume.

三峡库区岸边植物水分利用研究

随着三峡大坝建设，在2003年6月三峡库区蓄水到135 m水位，之后人为调节使其在137-139 m范围内波动变化。从2003年7月开始，我们对库区植物的水分关系及其对三峡水位上升的可能反应进行了系统研究。 在库区中残存的次生松栎混交林，我们从江边沿海拔梯度设置了3块样地：Riparian，Mid-hill和Top-hill样地，垂直高度相差约20 m。从2003年7月到2004年7月，我们比较了岸边样地内与高处两样地内植物的木质部水分稳定同位素D和18O值，植物清晨和中午水势，叶片碳稳定同位素值13C，以及2004年7月测定的气体交换。岸边 植物木质部水分同位素值显著高于江水的同位素值，而与高处两样地内植物木质部水分同位素相近。岸边植物与高 处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势，也表明对岸边植物来说，江水并不是它们重要的水分来源。同样，岸边植 物叶片 13C值与高处同种植物的值也不存在显著差异。我们研究的3种植物清晨水势都与土壤含水量正相关，尤 其浅层土壤更为显著。研究结果表明岸边植物几乎没有利用江水，而同高处两样地内植物一样，都是以利用渗入到土壤中的降雨为主。 松栎混交林中，马尾松与槲栎相比，净光合速率和气孔导度，叶片含N量，以及清晨水势低于槲栎，而中午水势，叶片13C值高于槲栎。两种树木叶片13C值与含N量都成正相关关系。槲栎叶片13C值与清晨水势成负相关，而马尾松针叶13C值与清晨水势相关性并不显著。 在岸边的松栎混交幼林与成年林相比，幼树的清晨水势略高于对应的成年树，叶片13C值低于成年树;幼树的光合速率和气孔导度略高于成年树，而瞬时水分利用效率低于成年树，但差异均不显著。马尾松幼苗为实生苗，与成年树相比，更偏向于利用浅层土壤水;而槲栎幼树多为从原来被砍伐的树上萌生的，木质部水分同位素与成年树相近。 从2004年5月到10月，我们又对大坝下游江段岸边植物（马尾松，枫杨和柑桔）的水分关系进行了研究。木质部水分同位素比率表明，岸边植物木质部水分同位素比率与高处植物具相近的值，且显著高于江水同位素值。研究表明岸岸边和高处植物以降雨或靠降雨补充的浅层地下水为主要水分来源，即便岸边植物也几乎不利用江水。岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势，光合速率和气孔导度，以及叶片C值等，也进一步说明岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的水分生理特征。 叶片13C可以指示植物的一些生理过程，我们对松栎混交林中不同生活型植物的13C值进行了分析，乔木层叶片 13C值比较高，其中常绿针叶的值又高于落叶阔叶树木的值;林下灌木，非禾本科草本，及藤本植物的13C值都明显低于乔木层。 三峡大坝改变河水对植物生理生态过程的影响是一个长期的过程，库区水位上涨是否影响到岸边植物的生理过程及生长等，需要进一步作长期、定位和连续的观测研究。

中国白裤瑶永生细胞库的建立

目的　建立和保存白裤瑶B 淋巴母细胞永生细胞株。方法　采用EB 病毒转化外周血B 淋巴细胞,同 时加环孢菌素A 法。结果　成功地建立了含有44 株永生细胞的白裤瑶永生细胞库。供血者身体健康,三代均为 白裤瑶。结论　建立永生细胞库,可永久保存白裤瑶特有的基因组,为民族起源、演进和遗传多样性的研究提供细 胞资源。

子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外调查取样和室内观测试验相结合的方法,研究了子午岭人工油松林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征。结果表明:(1)土壤种子库储量密度平均为5711粒/m2,最大密度是9537粒/m2,最小密度是3563粒/m2。(2)土壤种子库的种子的垂直分布主要集中在0—2.5cm,2.5—5cm和5—7.5cm这3个层次,占75.38%～79.32%,枯枝落叶层和7.5—10cm层分布较少,占20.68%～24.62%。(3)土壤种子库物种组成主要为灌木和草本两个种类,无乔木植物,多年生草本在物种数和种子数上占据明显优势。

子午岭辽东栎天然林土壤种子库研究

结合野外调查与室内试验对子午岭辽东栎天然林的种群生长状况,枯落层种子库,不同坡位土壤种子库物种组成、数量特征、生活型及其与地上植被的相似性进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明:(1)试验萌发鉴定出的幼苗共有24种,隶属于16科,其中多年生草本和落叶灌木物种比例最高,分别占种子库物种总数的58.33%和12.5%;(2)整个子午岭天然辽东栎林土壤种子库总密度为12 761.44粒/m2,种子主要分布在枯枝落叶层和0-2.5 cm土层中,其中,辽东栎种子密度为752.5粒/m2,占整个样地土壤种子库总密度的5.89%,表明辽东栎种子萌发能力很差,该林分群落天然更新缓慢。(3)子午岭天然辽东栎林的下坡位物种多样性指数较其它坡位高,但各个样地物种多样性指数均高于对照;(4)天然辽东栎纯林的种群生长状况良好,树龄均为成年树种;(5)方差分析表明:辽东栎的胸径、地径在不同坡位之间均具有显著性差异(P>0.05);(6)相关分析表明:枯枝落叶层厚度,重量与土壤种子库密度之间具无显著相关性(P<0.05)。

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持耕作及施肥下农田土壤种子库特征

为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0～20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)～(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...

老秃顶子自然保护区北坡森林土壤动物多样性研究

土壤动物区系是分解者食物网的重要组成部分，在分解作用、养分循环和土壤肥力保持中起重要的作用。论文以辽宁老秃顶子北坡森林生态系统为研究对象，综合运用野外调查、室内分析和多元统计方法，对土壤动物组成和多样性随海拔梯度变化（海拔>700m）、典型天然次生林土壤动物组成与多样性（海拔<700m）、典型人工林土壤动物群落组成和多样性等问题进行定量分析研究，旨在揭示土壤动物生态分布规律，为生态系统生物多样性保护和恢复提供数据支持。 研究结果表明：（1）采集的主要土壤动物隶属于7门、11纲、18个目，其中蜱螨4亚目、41科，中气门亚目26个属；土壤动物类群数量与密度的对数值呈极显著线性正相关关系。（2）无论是天然林，还是人工林，不同林型间大型土壤动物密度和组成有显著差异，除天然赤松林外，其他样地蜱螨密度、多样性指数差异多不显著；（3）各海拔群落间土壤动物密度随海拔梯度的升高呈现先下降后升高、之后又下降的趋势；（4）不同海拔高度，相邻群落螨类共有度高，低海拔相邻群落共有度大于高海拔相邻群落螨类共有度（5）天然林大型土壤动物优势类群多为腹足纲、后孔寡毛目（蚯蚓）和膜翅目；人工林大型土壤动物优势类群为膜翅目；无论天然林群落还是人工林群落，奥甲螨科均为螨类优势类群。（6）土壤动物群落沿海拔的垂直分布可划分为：海拔<1100m的低海拔土壤类群带和海拔>1100m的高海拔土壤动物类群；（7）典型天然次生林（海拔<700m）土壤动物群落可划分为阔叶林土壤动物群落、天然油松林土壤动物群落、天然赤松林土壤动物群落。（8）植被类型、乔木多样性和坡向是影响土壤动物组成和分布的重要因素。

松果采摘对长白山自然保护区红松林健康的影响

近几年，松果采摘对红松林的健康构成了极大的威胁。本文在野外调查研究的基础上，结合史料分析研究了松果采摘对红松地面种源贮藏量分布状况、红松林主要乔木树种组成和幼苗幼树更新等的影响，通过与20世纪70年代相应数据对比，结合红松更新过程与动物的关系，分析了松果采摘对红松林生态系统健康的影响。研究结果表明：（1）松果采摘后，红松林地面红松种子数量少，大部分是废种子，且主要呈单粒状分布，地面红松种子贮藏量1582-2640粒/hm2，仅为70年代的0.3-0.5％，废种子比值大于67.8％，单粒状占总簇数的46.8-77.1％。（2）“采摘掠青”对种子质量具有显著影响，9月15日与8月20日采摘的松果相比，种子千粒重增加了69％，种仁重增加了30.3％，出仁率增加了2.7％，球果鲜重减少了20.0％，种子重增加了21.3％，出种率增加了51.7％。（3）与红松林中其他主要更新树种相比，采摘使红松更新不良，红松幼苗数量大大减少，减少幅度达49.5-95.0％。（4）破坏了红松天然更新规律，2000年是结实年，但2002年并没有出现更新年。（5）林分中红松小径级植株占比值很小，而大径级比值大，呈生长下降性种群；而其它主要伴生树种与此相反，呈生长增长性种群。（6）以松籽为主要食物来源的动物食物链遭到破坏，红松林生物群落结构发生变化。在此分析基础上，提出了以松果采摘为例的长白山自然保护区健康管理策略，以期为保护区管理提供科学依据。

浑太流域洪涝灾害及其治理方略

Hunhe, Taizihe rivers originating from the east mountain areas of Liaoning Province are the biggest tributaries of the left bank of Liaohe River. From the initial stage of New China to the early 1990s, the frequency of flood damage had decreased, but recently the disasters have upgraded and changed from trunk stream to tributary basins. In July 1995, Dongzhouhe, a tributary of Hunhe River, suffered from a heaviest flood since establishing the document of floods in Hunhe basin. Meanwhile, a peak discharge, almost beyond double defending ability, occurred at Dadongshanpu Station of Beishahe River, a tributary of Taizihe River. Besides the continued heavy rainstorm, no controllable water conservancy projects and ecological damages caused by quickly decreasing forest cover and water and soil loss are the two main causes of flood damage. In addition, the low flood protection standard is also one of causes. According to the above analyses, some strategies of synthetic controlling for flood damages were put forward: 1) Establishing the system of ecological engineering to defend floods and reduce disasters; 2)Setting up storage and detention areas; 3) Establishing flood controlling information system; 4) Improving the accuracy of media short period and short period rainstorm forecast and flood forecast; 5) Insurance of flood protection.