26 resultados para FOLSOMIA-CANDIDA COLLEMBOLA

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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The characteristic of biodiesel fuel production from transesterification of soybean oil is studied. The reactant solution is the mixture of soybean oil, methanol, and solvent. A new lipase immobilization method, textile cloth immobilization, was developed in this study. Immobilized Candida lipase sp. 99-125 was applied as the enzyme catalyst. The effect of flow rate of reaction liquid, solvents, reaction time, and water content on the biodiesel yield is investigated. Products analysis shows that the main components in biodiesel are methyl sterate, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate. The test results indicate that the maximum yield of biodiesel of 92% was obtained at the conditions of hexane being the solvent, water content being 20 wt%, and reaction time being 24 h.

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脂肪酸是生物体内普遍存在、具重要生理功能的物质,亦是重要的化工原料。研究脂肪酸生物合成及其调控,既是揭示生命活动基本规律的需要,又具巨大的经济价值。多形汉逊氏酵母(Hansenula polymorpha)是一种甲基嗜热酵母,能合成多聚不饱和脂肪酸,是研究脂肪酸生物合成的理想材料之一。为阐明多形汉逊氏酵母细胞中脂肪酸生物合成途径、关键步骤、调节机理,并利用此系统生产有用脂肪酸,我们开展了不饱和脂肪酸生物合成关键酶基因--△9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因研究。 以P. angusta IFO 1475的P-OLE1基因为探针,Southern杂交分析,发现在亲缘关系很近的不同种类的甲基嗜热酵母如H. pofymorpha、Pichia angusta、P. pastoris、P. methanolica和Candida boMinii中Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的结构多形性。 构建了H. polymorpha CBS 1976染色体Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因座位的限制性酶切图谱,进而分离了3.4 kb BamHI-XhoI基因片段并进行全序列分析,结果表明这个片段含1个与已克隆的酵母Δ59-脂肪酸去饱和酶基因高度同源的、由1353 bp组成的ORF。推导的H-OLE1多肽具脂肪酸去饱和酶的一些基本特征,如含2个结构域:1个位于N一端、含3个保守的组氨酸簇、具催化功能,另1个位于C-端、参与脱饱和反应中电子传递、类似细胞色素b5。将这个序列申报DDBJ,获得Accession number为:AB024576,推导的蛋白的氨基酸序列的Accession number为:BAA75902。 为验证H-OLE1基因的功能,建立了多形汉逊氏酵母DNA电穿孔实验系统,进行了遗传互补测验。发现完整的H-OLE1基因可互补缺乏Δ59-脂肪酸去饱和酶活性的多形汉逊氏酵母营养缺陷型fadl突变体,却不能互补相应的酿酒酵母olel突变体,而由酿酒酵母GAP表达框架和H-OLE1 ORF组成的嵌合基因可互补上述olel突变体。说明H-OLE1基因编码Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶,多形汉逊氏酵母的Δ9-脂肪酸去饱和酶和酿酒酵母的脂肪酸脱饱和系统相亲和,而H-OLE1基因的启动子在异源细胞中没有活性。 为研究H-OLE1基因的转录及其调节规律,通过一系列实验,首次找到了可在研究多形汉逊氏酵母基因表达时用作内标的GAP基因。Northern杂交发现,H-OLE1基因在细胞中以较低水平表达,产生1.5 kb的转录子;基因表达略受不饱和脂肪酸的抑制;在多形汉逊氏酵母HOLE1基因的转录调节中,Choi等在酿酒酵母OLE1基因中发现的脂肪酸调节元件FAR可能不是关键的。 利用基因敲除技术,通过转化H-OLE1∷S-LEU2线性DNA到多形汉逊氏酵母二倍体细胞(fadl/FADl)中,首次构建了多形汉逊氏酵母H-OLE1基因的破坏株。遗传学和分子生物学研究表明,破坏株细胞中线性DNA定位串联多拷贝整合到染色体中并置换了fadl突变部位。利用气相色谱分析了ΔH-OLE1破坏株、fadl-2突变株、野生型菌株及含H-OLE1基因转化子的细胞总脂肪酸,发现多形汉逊氏酵母细胞中除18:0→18:1(Δ9)→18:2(Δ9,12)→18:3(Δ9,12,15)这个脂肪酸去饱和主路外,还可能存在其它几个脱饱和反应与延长反应,如16:1(Δ9)→16:2(Δ9,12)→18:2(Δ11,14);16:1(Δ9)→18:1(Δ11)→18:2(Δ11,15)等。 近年维管组织分化研究进展迅速,取得大量可喜结果,也存在许多不足,如细胞分化调节机理,特别是激素诱导的分子机理研究比较薄弱。为建立研究维管组织分化的理想系统,研究嫁接体发育的激素调节机制,在Parkinson和Yeoman发明的离体茎段嫁接系统的基础上,研究了激素对嫁接体发育特别是维管组织分化的影响。 采用不同的嫁接方法,用试管苗对黄瓜离体茎段自体嫁接、亲和性的黄瓜/黑籽南瓜与不亲和性的黄瓜/绿豆离体茎段嫁接组合进行研究,建立了嫁接过程简单、污染率低的试管苗离体茎段嫁接系统。利用往培养基中添加或不加植物激素研究嫁接体发育,发现通过改变培养基中的植物激素,可使亲和的嫁接体难以形成贯通砧木和接穗的维管束桥,也可诱导非亲和性的嫁接体产生维管束桥。初步研究证明利用植物激素可以克服嫁接不亲和性,这一结果是嫁接基础理论研究的一个重要进展,对揭示嫁接亲和性机制具重要意义。由于黄瓜绿豆嫁接组合中,砧木绿豆是可以固氮的豆科植物,研究结果具有潜在的应用前景。 详细地研究了外源IAA和玉米素(ZT)对黄瓜自体嫁接系统中维管束桥形成时间和数目特别是贯通砧木和接穗的管状分子数的影响。当砧木和接穗培养基中都没有添加植物激素时,嫁接接合部难以产生维管束桥,也难以产生贯通的管状分子。当培养基中添加植物激素时,维管束桥数和贯通的管状分子数随激素浓度和种类的不同而不同。本实验的最佳激素条件是:在接穗培养基中加IAA 1.0 mg/L和ZT 0.25 mg/L,在砧木培养基中加ZT 0.25 mg/L。研究表明在试管苗离体茎段自体嫁接系统中,外源激素是嫁接成功的必要条件。试管苗离体茎段嫁接系统是一个理想的研究植物维管组织分化的新系统。 通过对嫁接体发育期接合部及嫁接体各部分IAA、玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的ELISA分析,发现嫁接接合部维管束的再生受IAA和Z+ZR含量的共同调节;连接接穗和砧木维管束桥的分化比维管束的网联要求更高的IAA水平及LAA(Z+ZR)比率。 上述结果为利用嫁接系统研究维管组织分化机理奠定了基础,使进一步研究嫁接体发育的激素调节机理成为可能。

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  分离和筛选了5种能有效防治采后果实病害的拮抗菌。其中,季也蒙假丝酵母(Candida guiliermondii(Cast) Langeroret Guerra)从引种拮抗菌中筛选获得,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)B-912从土壤中分离筛选获得,膜醭毕赤酵母(Pichia membranefaciens hansen)从桃果实伤口上分离获得,隐球酵母(Cryptococcus albidus (Saito) Skinner)和丝孢酵母(Trichosporon sp.)从桃果实表面分离获得。本文主要研究了这些拮抗菌对桃、油桃、苹果、梨和柑桔等我国主要水果采后病害的防治效果,并对其可能的抑菌机理进行了初步研究。结果如下: 1. Sx108 CFU/mL的C.guiliermondii和P.membranefaciens悬浮液可完全抑制病菌孢子浓度为5x104个/mL时桃和油桃果实软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.ex Fr.) Vuill.)在25℃,15℃和3℃下的发生。lx108 CFU/mL的C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.悬浮液可完全抑制孢子浓度分别为lx105个/mL和5x104个/mL时苹果灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)和青霉病(Penicillum expansum)在23℃-25℃和1℃下的发生。C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.对梨灰、青霉病也有一定抑制效果。B-912对柑桔果实青霉病(Penicillium italicum)、绿霉病(Penicillium digitatum)和核果类果实褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)也有极好的抑制效果。生物防治效果与拮抗菌的浓度成正比,与病菌孢子浓度成反比。 2.拮抗酵母菌在室温和冷藏条件下都能迅速在果实伤口定殖,接种酵母菌48 h后,数量可增加20倍以上。拮抗菌和病菌孢子的接种时间与生物防治效果有关,先接种拈抗菌的抑菌效果显著地好于同时或后于病菌接种的效果。 3.温度对拮抗酵母菌的抑菌活力没有明显影响,无论是在室温还是在冷藏条件下,拮抗酵母菌都有同样的抑菌效果。但拮抗细菌B-912的抑菌效果与温度有一定关系。较高的温度有利于细菌拮抗作用的发挥。 4.拮抗菌能与常规的果实采后处理措施如钙处理、化学杀菌剂、冷藏和气调贮藏相结合。酵母菌与2% CaC12配合能明显地增强其抑菌能力;拮抗菌与低浓度的杀菌剂如扑海因混合使用,可达到高浓度杀菌剂的抑病效果;C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.对果实采后气调贮藏环境有良好的适应性,它们在气调下对采后苹果、梨的灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果比冷藏条件下的好。 5.细菌B-912的抑菌机理与其产生抗菌素有关,B-912的滤液在in vitro上能有效地抑制病菌孢子的萌发,在invivo上也能明显地抑制果实采后病害的发生。拮抗酵母菌的抑菌机理则较复杂,但主要与病菌竞争营养有关,同时,C.guilliermondii和P.membranefaciens对软腐菌的抑制还通过产生水解酶如β-1,3一葡聚糖酶和几丁酶与病原菌直接作用,并参与诱导寄主产生抗性等

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  近年来,酵母拮抗菌在水果采后病害防治中展示了良好的应用前景。然而,在实际应用中,酵母拮抗菌在逆境条件下会因为发生凋亡或细胞损伤而引起生活力的下降,最终导致拮抗菌抑病能力降低。研究酵母拮抗菌生活力下降的规律,提高酵母拮抗菌的生产效率,减少剂型加工过程中的细胞损伤,增强其对逆境条件的耐受力是增加或稳定生防制剂防治效果的有效途径。本文主要研究酵母拮抗菌正常培养过程中生活力下降的规律,筛选剂型加工过程中对酵母拮抗菌具有保护作用的化学物质,并对酵母拮抗菌的培养条件进行了优化。主要研究结果如下:   1. 在正常培养过程中,酵母拮抗菌Rhodotorula glutinis和Cryptococcus laurentii中细胞染色质凝集或细胞膜破损的发生一般在6天以后。外源加入的N-乙酰半胱氨酸及硅酸钠等物质在超过一定浓度时会加速酵母菌的死亡。   2. 在不同的液体悬浮制剂中,对R. glutinis而言,使用磷酸缓冲液(PBS)悬浮时保护效果最好;而C. laurentii悬浮在NYDB培养基中或海藻糖、乳糖溶液中时的生活力最高。   3. 以10 %葡萄糖 + 5 %脱脂牛奶作保护剂,可以有效地保持酵母拮抗菌C. laurentii冻干制剂的生活力,配合使用的保护效果高于它们单独使用时的保护效果。添加1 mM N-乙酰半胱氨酸能更好地保持拮抗菌制剂在常温保存过程中的生活力,这可能与这种还原性物质缓解了细胞内活性氧的积累有关。   4. 不同酵母拮抗菌对不同碳、氮源的利用能力有明显差异。在9种不同的碳源和10种不同的氮源中,Pichia membranefaciens能够最有效利用的碳、氮源是葡萄糖、果糖和多价胨,而Candida guilliermondii的最佳碳源和氮源分别是果糖和肉蛋白胨。

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在果实采后贮藏过程中,病原真菌的侵染会引起果实腐烂,造成巨大的经济损失。利用生物和非生物因子诱导果实抗病性,已经成为采后病害防治领域的一个研究热点。本文主要利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆果实抗病相关基因,通过分子杂交和蛋白羰基化免疫检测技术,研究了外源SA和酵母拮抗菌诱导果实抗病性机理,结果表明: 1. 通过优化RNA提取方法,能从含有多糖的冬枣、葡萄、甜樱桃、桃、番茄等果实中提取到质量较好的RNA,用于RT-PCR和Northern杂交。 2. 采用RT-PCR和RACE方法,从甜樱桃果实克隆了两个抗氧化相关基因CAT2(Genbank:EF165590)和GPX(Genbank:EF165591)和两个PR基因GLU-1(Genbank:EF177487)和GLU-3(Genbank:EF177488)。其中CAT2全长cDNA序列为1479 bp,编码492个氨基酸;GPX全长cDNA序列为513 bp,编码170个氨基酸;GLU-1全长cDNA序列为1050 bp,编码349个氨基酸;GLU-3部分cDNA序列为454 bp,编码141个氨基酸。 3. 酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranaefaciens处理不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低果实贮藏期间青霉病(Penicillium expansum)的发生,并且对低成熟度果实的病害防治效果更为明显。酵母拮抗菌的抑病机理与减轻了甜樱桃果实蛋白羰基化程度,诱导了果实抗氧化酶基因(CAT和GPX)和PR基因(GLU-1)的表达和提高了抗氧化酶(CAT和GPX)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性有关。 4. 四种酵母拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii和Rhodotorula glutinis处理桃果实,可显著降低贮藏期间的褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)。这是由于酵母拮抗菌能抑制病原菌侵染造成的氧化胁迫和蛋白羰基化。此外,酵母拮抗菌处理还能显著诱导CAT、POD、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及相应基因的表达。 5. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)处理采后不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低青霉病的危害。其抑病机理与SA处理能减轻P. expansum侵染引起的果实蛋白羰基化程度,显著提高CAT、GPX和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的表达和相关的酶的活性有关。而2 mM的SA处理对P. expansum的生长没有直接抑制作用。 6. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)与P. membranaefaciens(1×108 CFU/ml)配合处理能显著降低低温贮藏期间桃果实的褐腐病,并能提高几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和POD的活性和相关基因的表达。另外,2 mM的SA对拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens的生长没有影响,但能够抑制病原菌M. fructicola的孢子萌发和菌丝扩展。

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Mitochondrial cytochrome b genes of about 450 bp fragments from 3 proturan species, 5 collembolan species and 2 dipluran species have been sequenced. The number of nucleotide substitutions and Kimura 2-parameter distances have also been calculated, and a series of molecular phylogenetic trees reconstructed by using parsimony and distance methods. The proturan, collembolan and dipluran species have evolved monophyletic groups. The results suggest that Protura and Collembola are sister groups, while Diplura is more or less demonstrating a closer phylogenetic relationship to the pterygotan insects. The phylogeny and their systematic position of protura and other groups are also discussed.

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The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (Co II) from four different apterygotens Cryptopygus nanjiensis (Collembola), Neanura latior (Collembola), Gracilentulus maijiawensis (Protura) and Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura) were sequenced. Their A+T content, number of nucleotide substitutions, TV/TV ratio; and Tamura-Nei's distance were calculated. A series of phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony and distance methods using a crustacean Artemia franciscana as outgroup, Finally the evolutionary trend A+T content of CO II genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of apterygotan groups were discussed.

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The phylogenetic relationship of Hexapoda has been debated for a long time, which will be resolved mainly depending on the settlement of monophyly, affinities and interrelationships among Protura, Collembola and Diplura. Mitochondrial 12sRNA gene about 35

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Previous studies have indicated that genetic variations in the factors of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway could influence human life-span by affecting IGF-1 levels. The promoter region of the IGF-1 gene is an obvious candida

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酸化油是油脂工业中以皂脚、油脚经酸化处理得到的产品。它的主要成分是游离脂肪酸及中性油,是生产脂肪酸的重要原料,但生产过程中有水解废水的产生,若将其直接排放,既污染了环境又浪费了资源。生物柴油的主要成分是脂肪酸甲酯(fatty acid methyl ester,FAME)。它具有原料丰富而且可再生、可生物降解、无毒、不含芳香烃、二氧化硫等污染物、燃烧排放低、闪点高、运输储存安全等特点。作为石化柴油的潜在替代能源,生物柴油因其独特的优越性和现实的需求越来越受到关注。利用酸化油生产生物柴油不仅可以缓解生物柴油原料不足问题,还可解决酸化油所带来的环境问题。


The convertion of acid oil to biodiesel by use of immobilized Candida lipase absorbed on textile cloth was studied in a fixed bed reactor, which can not only reduce the environmental pollution of acid oil, but also produce a substitute for petroleum diesel. The acid oil mixed with methanol was pumped into three fixed bed reactors in series, and the methanol was added with the molar flow rate same as the acid oil in each reactor. The effects of enzyme content, solvent content, water content, flow rate of reactant and temperature on the enzymatic reaction were analyzed. The result of orthogonal experiments indicates that the optimal transesterification can be performed under the following conditions: immobilized lipase content in acid oil, 20% ; hexane content in acid oil, 10% ; water content in acid oil, 10%, reaction temperature, 50 ℃ ; and flow rate of reactant, 0.08 g/rain. Under these conditions, the FAME content of 90.18% in the product is obtained. The immobilized lipase can be reused with relatively stable activity after glycerol being removed from the surface. By refining, most of the chemical and physical properties of biodiesel will meet the American and Germany biodiesel standards and exceed the Chinese standard of 0^# petroleum diesel except for carbon residue, density and kinematic viscosity.

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以固定化的假丝酵母酶为催化剂,在三段式固定床反应器内,醇油摩尔比为1:1,采用分级流加甲醇的方式,将高酸值的酸化油转化为生物柴油,探讨了酶量、溶剂量、水量、温度、反应液流速等与产物中甲酯含量的关系。正交实验结果表明,反应的最适条件为酶用量、溶剂量、水量分别为油重的15%、10%、10%,反应液流速为0.8g·min^-1,温度为45℃,在此条件下,产物中甲酯含量达到了90.18%。


The transesterification of acid oil and methanol to biodiesel catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in fixed bed reactors was studied. The acid oil and methanol were pumped into the reactors in three-steps which were kept the molar ratio as 1: 1. The result of orthogonality experiment indicated that: the optimal conditions for transesterification of acid oil were as following: 15% immobilized lipase, 10% hexane and 10% water of acid oil, reaction temperature 45 ℃, flow velocity of reactant 0.8 g·  min ^-1 The content of fatty acid methyl ester of 90. 18% could be obtained under the optimal conditions.

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) is the residue from the kitchen, restaurants, food factories and even human and animal waste which not only harm people's health but also causes environmental pollution. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil to partially substitute petroleum diesel is one of the measures for solving the twin problems of environment pollution and energy shortage. In this project, synthesis of biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in a three-step fixed bed reactor. The reaction solution was a mixture of WCO, water, methanol and solvent (hexane). The main product was biodiesel consisted of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), of which methyl oleate was the main component. Effects of lipase, solvent, water, and temperature and flow of the reaction mixture on the synthesis of biodiesel were analyzed. The results indicate that a 91.08% of FAME can be achieved in the end product under optimal conditions. Most of the chemical and physical characters of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#)diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D-6751).

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Acid oil, which is a by-product in vegetable oil refining, mainly contains free fatty acids (FFAs) and acylglycerols and is a feedstock for production of biodiesel fuel now. The transesterification of acid oil and methanol to biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in fixed bed reactors. The reactant solution was a mixture of acid oil, water, methanol and solvent (hexane) and the main product was biodiesel composed of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of which the main component was methyl oleate. The effects of lipase content, solvent content, water content temperature and flow velocity of the reactant on the reaction were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that a maximum FAME content of 90.18% can be obtained in the end product under optimum conditions. Most of the chemical and physical properties of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#) diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D6751).