6 resultados para Equisetum

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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位于我国西南边陲的云南省今天以丰富的植物种类、复杂的植被类型,被誉为“绿色明珠”和“植物王国”,其现今格局的形成无疑是长期历史演化的结晶。探讨其植物区系成分的由来、植被演替的规律及其与环境的关系已经成为研究的热点问题。 新生代是云南植物王国形成和环境演变过程中的关键地质时期。本论文以新生代晚第三纪中新世吕合地区植物群为研究的切入点,对其中的木贼属(Equisetum L.)化石做了深入研究。 木贼属为早期陆地维管植物楔叶类唯一的现存代表,过去报道和研究的化石记录多集中在古生代和中生代,新生代的较少。 本文首次报道云南吕合中新世地层中发现的以地下根状茎和块茎形式保存的木贼属草问荆比较种(E. cf. pratense Ehrhart)。化石根状茎分明显的节和节间, 节部簇生1-4 串串珠状的块茎(每串块茎数目2-4 个),单个块茎椭圆形、圆球形、卵形或纺锤形,通常位于串珠末端的块茎顶端较尖。 木贼属现存两亚属:问荆亚属(8 个种,气孔与表皮齐平,地上茎一年生, 通常分枝,孢子囊穗顶端钝)和木贼亚属(7 个种,气孔凹陷于表皮,地上茎宿存,通常不分枝,孢子囊穗顶端尖)。问荆亚属中,除溪木贼(E. fluviatile L.) 和E. bogotense Kunth 外,其余6 个种都有块茎,而从未在木贼亚属中发现过块茎。具块茎的问荆亚属6 个种中,仅发现草问荆有2-3 个串联的块茎,其余种均为单个块茎。鉴于吕合发现的化石根状茎上着生块茎之特征和现代草问荆的情形一致,表明二者之间亲缘相近,故将吕合化石标本鉴定为草问荆比较种。 前人在北美、欧洲和亚洲的早白垩世到第三纪地层中,报道过14 种具根状茎和块茎的木贼类化石,其中具串珠状块茎的仅5 种。这些化石种与吕合标本有明显区别,如美国怀俄明州始新世的E. haydenii Lesquereux 根状茎的节部收缩,块茎有分枝。美国蒙大纳州渐新世至中新世的E. cf. arcticum Heer 和中国吉林始新世的E. hunchunense Guo 块茎在根状茎节上轮生。尽管据报道加拿大白垩纪E. perlaevigatum Cockerell 和辽宁北票早白垩世Equisetites longevaginatus Wu 有串珠状块茎结构,但原文提供的照片显示却只有单个块茎。 根据将今论古的原理,似可将化石的现存最近亲缘种草问荆的生境和物候调查结论,推演到发现草问荆比较种的云南吕合中新世地点及相应层位上。这样,不仅可以推测当时环境湿润,而且化石沉积的时间应为块茎形成的秋冬季节。结合前人在该产地发现喜热的亚热带成分壳斗科青冈属、栲属、金缕梅科枫香属等花粉和喜湿的桦木科桤木属花粉、杉科落羽杉型木以及红杉属的枝叶和球果,表明云南吕合中新世植被类型为常绿落叶阔叶混交林,气候类型为温暖湿润的亚热带气候。

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有关水生植物净化污水的研究已有广泛报道,但现有成果多来源于静态的室内研究,所用植物多为生活型接近的物种。为了比较不同生活型植物对河道污水的原位净化效果差异,构建了由水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)、马尾草(Equisetum flu-viatile)、伊乐藻(Elodea Canadensis Michx.)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum L.)等4种不同生活型水生植物组成的水生植物塘系统,研究塘中不同植物对滇池入湖河道污水中氮、磷等指标去除效能的差异。结果表明

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九寨沟湖泊湿地在维持九寨沟的生态平衡中起着重要的作用,在旅游产业的发展下,湿地生态系统及生物多样性面临着较大的威胁。尽管九寨沟湿地具有重要的生态价值,但目前对其研究尚比较薄弱。湿地植物群落和植物地理研究可以为湿地资源的可持续利用和监测保护提供科学依据。作者从2004年8月到2007年11月对九寨沟湿地的植物物种组成、地理分布、优势植物群落的结构、生长动态、湿地土壤种子库进行了调查研究。主要结果如下: 1. 九寨沟湿地物种组成、地理分布特点及湿地植物群落特点 九寨沟湿地共有苔藓植物8科13属16种,维管植物为48科107属199种。九寨沟湿地植物的地理成份较为丰富,维管植物在科级水平上有7种地理分布型(变型),在属级水平上有13种地理分布型(变型), 在种级水平上共有29种地理分布型(变型)。九寨沟湿地植物以温带成份和我国特有成份为主,同时兼有热带、亚热带成份和环极—高山成份。九寨沟湿地植物的分布表现出明显的垂直地带性和水平地带性。湿地植物群落可划分21个群落类型,不同植物群落类型的物种多样性及物种组成存在较大的差异。九寨沟湿地植物的物种多样性和群落多样性以及较高的生产力特征,是维持其湿地生态景观多样性和稳定性的基础。 2. 土壤、水环境、海拔等对湿地植物的分布及生物多样性的影响 九寨沟湿地土壤、水等环境因子存在较大的差异。帕米尔苔草和宽叶香蒲等群落的凋落物较多,土壤有机碳、土壤总磷较高,可能是九寨沟湿地的重要土壤碳库。 九寨沟湿地植物沿水环境梯度的分布规律表现为:沉水植物(轮藻—篦齿眼子菜,水苦荬,杉叶藻)——挺水植物(水木贼,芦苇,宽叶香蒲)——湿生草本(苔草、节节草、披散木贼)——湿生灌木(柳灌丛,小檗灌丛)等。海拔也影响湿地植物的物种组成。 水深对物种多样性有影响,水深与物种丰富度负相关。随着水深的增加,水木贼、芦苇、杉叶藻、宽叶香蒲等群落的物种多样性下降;在长期淹水和季节性淹水的地方,水木贼群落物种多样性存在显著差异。土壤总氮与水木贼群落物种丰富度正相关。 3. 土壤营养元素、水环境对植物生长的影响 水深影响湿地植物生物量的分配。芦苇无性系分株在47 cm水深的环境中单株平均生物量最大;在干滩地中(地面水深0 cm),叶生物量百分比最大,而茎生物量百分比最小,茎的生物量百分比和生长速率随水深的增加而增加;在较干的滩地生境中,开花率、花序的生物量百分比明显大于水较深的生境。 水深与水木贼地上生物量负相关,但水木贼地上生物量在长期淹水和季节性淹水的地方没有显著的差异。在水浅的地方,杉叶藻、水木贼、芦苇等植物群落中,其他伴生物种的生物量占样方总生物量的百分比较大。 土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、土壤总磷等对湿地植物生物量的影响比较大:宽叶香蒲地上生物量与土壤总磷正相关;水木贼地上生物量与土壤总氮正相关;杉叶藻地上生物量与土壤有机碳正相关。 水深、土壤营养成分对湿地植物高度、密度等有影响。水木贼的平均高度在季节性淹水的地方比长期淹水的地方低,平均密度在长期淹水的地方比季节性淹水的地方低;除了5月份,其他观察月份水木贼的密度都与水深负相关,同时与土壤有机碳正相关。另外,芦苇密度与土壤有机碳含量正相关,宽叶香蒲密度与水深负相关,帕米尔苔草高度与土壤有机碳负相关。 4. 优势植物群落的动态变化 在优势植物群落中,优势种的高度、密度、盖度、生物量等在群落中占绝对优势。除五花海,水木贼群落的物种组成、高度、生物量在两年间没有显著的变化。芦苇群落的物种丰富度在近两年有所增加。 湿地植物生长表现为明显的季节动态,生长的峰值大多在7月-8月。优势植物群落的物候与水文周期有关。湿地植物群落的物种组成和密度,可以作为对湿地监测和保护的生物指示。 5. 九寨沟湿地土壤种子库特征及其在湿地生物多样性恢复中的作用 水深和现存植被物种丰富度可以解释湿地土壤种子库的变化。水深可以解释表层物种丰富度45%的变化。现存植被物种丰富度可以分别解释10 cm土层、2-5 cm土层及5-10 cm土层土壤种子库45%、48%和25%的变化。 湿地土壤种子库的密度为0-15945粒m-2, 种子库中共发现23个物种。现存植被优势物种和种子库优势物种不同。各层土壤种子库密度和物种丰富度并不存在显著的差异,但第二层土壤种子库密度最大。海拔、现存植被优势种盖度、土壤总磷、土壤总氮、土壤有机碳对湿地土壤种子库的密度和垂直结构没有影响。土壤种子库物种丰富度小于地上植被物种丰富度。湿地土壤种子库与地上植被的相关性不大。在浅水区域,湿地土壤种子库在湿地植被恢复中有一定作用。但在深水区域,保护现存植被更重要。 The lakeshore wetlands are valuable ecological units of the Jiuzhaigou lakes. Pressure for travel industry development pose a continuing and severe threat to the biodiversity-support function of the wetland system. Despite the ecological importance of wetlands in Jiuzhaigou, they are so far poorly studied. Both general plant communties and biogeographical studies are needed in order to attain basis for sustainable use the wetland resources and adequate protection of these areas. The present study was undertaken to examine aquatic plants distribution and the species compositon, structure and growth dynamics of their communities with variations of environmental factors along altitudes, water depth and soil properities gradients in Jiuzhaigou. Analysis of field survey data collected during August 2004 and November 2007 in lakeshore wetlands in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. The results were as following: (i) Species composition and biogeography in wetland vegetation 8 families, 13 genus, 16 species of moss and 48 families, 107 genus and 199 species of vascular plants in Jiuzhaigou wetlands were found. The floristic compositions were abundunt. Ten geographical distribution types at family level, 13 geographical distributions types at generic level and 29 geographical distribution types at specific level in vascular plants were found. Most species in Jiuzhaigou wetlands are temperate elements and Chinese endemic elements, with a few of tropical and subtropical and some circumarctic elements. And the plant distributions show clear vertical and horizontal patterns. There were 21 major wetland plant community types. Species composition and species richness in different plant communities are different. The species diversity and plant community diversity and their high biomass are the basis for the diversity and stability of wetland landscapes in Jiuzhaigou. (ii) Water depth, soil nutrients and altitudes influence on the species diversity and plant distribution. Total phosphorous and organic cabon in soil were higher in C. pamiernensis and T. latifolia communities, where are important cabon reservoirs in Jiuzhaigou wetlands. Along gradients of water depth, among populations of the dominant plant species present: submerged macrophytes (Chara vulgaris, Potagemonton pectinatus, Veronica anagalis-aquatica,Hippuris vulgaris), emergent macrophytes (Equisetum fluviatile, Phragamites australis, Typha latifolia), helophytes (Carex pamirensis )and shrubs (Salix sp., Berberis sp. ). Altitudes influence on the assemblage of plant communities. Water depth negatively correlated with species richness. Specie richness showed differences between permanently flooded sites and seasonally flooded sites in E. fluvatile communities. And total nitrogen in soil was negatively correlated with species richness in E. fluviatile communities. Altitudes show no significant influence on species richness, but in fact, through our analyses, they do have influence on the assemblage of wetland plants. (iii) Water depth, soil nutrients influence on the plant growth Water depth influences the biomass allocation in Phragmities australis. The average aboveground biomass of a single ramet (4.2 g) was the largest in the habitat with water level 47 cm above the soil surface. At the habitat with water level under soil surface 15 cm (-15 cm), the leaf biomass percentage (of the total ramet biomass) was the largest (46.1%), and the height and percentage of ramose ramets ( with branches on stem )(of the total ramets in a plot) were found obviously different. The deeper in water, the larger the biomass percentage and growth rate of stems were. The flowering rate and biomass of panicles were greater in shallow water than those in deep water. Water depth negatively correlated with aboveground biomass of E. fluviatile. However, above-ground biomass of E. fluviatile showed no significant difference between permanently flooded sites and seasonally flooded sites. But in shallow water, more biomasses of accompanying species were found in dominant plant communities such as H. vulgaris communities, E. fluviatile communities and P. australis communities. Water depth, soil nutrients influence on shoot density and shoot length of wetland plants. The shoot density of E. fluviatile was correlated to water depth in all growth months. Annual average density was significantly lower at permanently flooded sites than at seasonally flooded sites. But the annual average shoot length was significantly lower at seasonally flooded sites than at permanently flooded sites. (iv) Growth dynamics of dominant communities in Jiuzhaigou wetland The shoot length and shoot density, coverage and biomass of domiant species were dominated in plant communities. The species composition increased in P. australis communities in recent two years. The species richness in E. fluviatile communities showed no difference between 2005 and 2007. The above-ground biomass and shoot density in Five-flower Lake from July 2005 to July 2007 were significantly different, while in other sites, the differences were not significant. Shoot height, shoot density and above-ground biomass showed significant seasonal changes in all sites. Growth dynamics correlated with the cycle of water levels in lakes. Most plants growth parameters peaked at July or August. The biomass of T. latifolia peaked in August. But the shoot length of T. latifolia in deeper water peaked in July. The shoot length of E. fluviatile increased significantly from May to August except in seasonally flooded sites in Arrow-bamboo Lake. The species composition of communities and shoot density can be used as bioindicators in Jiuzhaigou wetland. (v) Soil seed bank in Jiuzhaigou wetland and its role in vegetation restoration Seed density in all soil layer samples was negatively correlated to water depth. Water depth can explain 45% variance of species richness in surface layer in sediment. Species richness in extant vegetation can explain 45%, 48%, 25% variance of species richness in total 10 cm and in 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm layer sediment respectively. Mean seed densities in wetlands ranged from 0 to 15945 m–2. A total of 23 species germinated in seed bank. The dominant species in seed bank and extant vegetation showed great difference. The total number of species and seedlings that germinated in different layers was not significantly different. But the second layer had the greatest seed density. In shallow water, seed bank can contribute to vegetation restoration, while in deeper water, protection of extant vegetation may be a better strategy.

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矿产资源开采利用过程中导致的重金属环境污染问题日益严重。我国铅锌矿资源丰富,其开采利用过程中镉的环境污染也日益突出。本文通过对云南兰坪金顶Pb-Zn矿区矿床开采利用过程中镉等重金属元素的环境地球化学行为及矿区生态环境的研究,得出如下主要结论。 1. 矿石淋滤实验表明矿区部分氧化铅锌矿石可以很快被再次氧化或者被溶解并释放出大量镉等有害元素,滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹,其释放能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。铅锌氧化矿石中菱锌矿组分含量是影响镉淋失的主要因素。在开放体系的水-岩作用下,矿区岩石、矿物的自然风化极易造成当地水系统中镉污染。 2. 矿区不同岩(矿)石中镉含量分布差异比较大,围岩中镉含量为50-650 ppm,平均310 ppm,原生矿中镉含量为14-2800 ppm,平均767 ppm,氧化矿中镉含量为110-8200 ppm,平均1661 ppm,其平均值最高。Zn、Cd地球化学性质的差异导致了二者在原生矿和氧化矿中的不同地球化学分配特点,原生矿Zn/Cd高于氧化矿Zn/Cd,表明氧化环境中镉更容易在氧化矿中富集,而锌更容易被氧化析出到环境中。氧化矿中Cd与Ca呈负相关,这表明Cd的富集和Ca的氧化淋失是同时进行的,并且还可能有Cd对Ca的类质同像代替存在。 3. 矿区上游对照区土壤中的高含量Cd浓度是因土壤母质层重金属高背景值造成的,而非人为污染。矿区中心区土壤受到严重Cd污染,可能与选厂、采场废石堆、尾矿库和露采矿山大范围暴露有关。矿区沿沘江下游两岸土壤中Cd含量远远超出上游土壤背景值和金顶全区土壤背景值,这可能是与污水灌溉有关。通过加权综合污染指数评价法发现矿区土壤污染的主要因子是Cd,其次是Zn和Pb,矿区土壤重金属污染贡献顺序为:Cd>Zn>Pb。矿区土壤污染主要表现为:矿区土壤污染有从中心区向沘江下游扩散区土壤中蔓延的趋势。 4. 矿区水体中出现较高含量的镉,高出天然河流中镉含量的50-100倍。矿区架崖山、北厂和跑马坪等采矿区水体中镉浓度范围在15-30 µg/L之间。矿区水体中镉含量水平表现为:矿山浅层地下水>矿山溪流水>沘江河水。研究结果表明,矿区沘江下游河段水体明显受镉污染,其中水体中镉的平均含量为15.7 µg/L,悬浮物中镉含量为49.3 mg/kg,沉积物中镉含量为203.7 mg/kg。矿区载镉岩石和矿物的自然风化是造成矿区水环境中镉污染的直接原因。 5. 跑马坪采场的废弃石具有较低的Cd含量,而北厂、架崖山采场的废弃石具有较高的Cd浓度,可能与废弃矿石类型本身差异有关。尾矿剖面中的Cd含量,在表层中随剖面深度呈递减趋势,在中层随剖面深度变化不明显,而在底层中明显富集。尾矿库表层尾矿样品中弱酸提取态和可还原态Cd高于底层尾矿样品,相比之下,表层尾矿中Cd等重金属元素易于释放到环境中,对环境的潜在危害大。老尾矿库尾矿砂中Cd金属总量高于新尾矿库尾矿砂,可能还是因为选矿工艺、技术的差异造成的。 6. 矿区污染段水体中硫同位素值较低,远远低于上游非污染区硫同位素值。矿区水体中δ34S值保持了金顶铅锌矿山源区矿山物质硫同位素的特征,显示了矿山来源物质的影响。根据水体硫酸盐中硫同位素稀释原理,研究发现沘江下游水体SO42-中85 %的硫来源于矿山物质。 7. 从矿区筛选出Cd、Zn、Pb的超富集植物共有4种:其中Cd超富集植物有2种,分别是本地生条裂萎陵菜(Potentilla lancinata Card. In Lecomte)和辣子草(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.);Zn超富集植物仅发现有1种植物,为节节草(Equisetum ramosissmum Desf.);Pb超富集植物发现了1种植物,为毛莲菜(Picris hieracioides L.)。这些植物均具备了超富集植物的基本特征,在污染土壤治理与修复方面具有一定的实践意义。 8. 建立了金顶铅锌矿山(床)地质环境模型。Cd的释放、迁移扩散模式为:雨水淋滤时,矿山固体废弃物产生富Cd的酸性或弱酸性矿山排水,通过下渗淋滤发生测向和垂向迁移,进入周边水体和土壤,然后被水系沉积物中针铁矿、方解石等吸附,并在沉降物中沉淀富集,导致矿区主要河流沘江水体的自净能力下降,加速水体的进一步恶化,破坏生物生存环境。矿区受污染水体、土壤和大气中的有害物质通过生物链进入动植物体内,进而危害人类健康。