21 resultados para Elymus

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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在江河源区披碱草(Elymus natans)/星星草(Puccinellia tenuflora)混播人工草地上进行了两个放牧季(2003年6月29日~9月20日和2004年6月29日~9月20日)的牦牛放牧试验,研究了放牧强度对混播草地群落特征和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)种群密度的影响。结果表明:在两个放牧季内,随着放牧强度的提高,草地群落的盖度、地上现存量和优势种植物(披碱草和星星草)的株高降低,且放牧强度与其呈极显著负相关关系;对照处理组群落的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数最低,中度放牧组最高,该结果支持“中度干扰理论”。随着放牧强度的提高,高原鼠兔的种群密度增加,且放牧强度与其呈极显著的正相关关系;不同放牧强度下群落的物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数与高原鼠兔的种群密度之间存在着一定的相关关系。

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禾本科Poaceae小麦族Triticeae Dumort.的多年生物种是该族的重要组成部分,约占该族植物总数的三分之二以上,广泛地分布于全世界各地,主要集中于北半球温带地区。由于小麦族多年生植物的种类繁多,生态环境多样、种间和种内的形态变异极大,而大多数多年生物种又具有多倍体起源,加之属间及种间的天然杂交也十分频繁,以致于造成了其系统学研究的巨大困难。通过近三十年来对小麦族植物的大量属间和种间杂交以及对其杂种的减数分裂染色体配对行为分析,对该族各个属的染色体组构成及其在进化上的关系和意义已经有了较为深入的认识。小麦族中的多倍体属是由来源不同的二倍体祖先属经过天然杂交和染色体自然加倍而形成,因而研究和分析各个二倍体属之间及与多倍体属间的染色体组亲缘关系,为揭示小麦族各属、种之间的系统与进化关系提供了非常有价值的资料。本研究通过对一些小麦族多年生植物的形态学、地理分布、属间和种间杂交以及染色体组之间的亲缘关系的一系列研究,对不同属以及同一属内不同组的物种之间的进化关系进行了深入的分析,并对其系统学进行了讨论。同时对于一些异常的细胞遗传学现象,如染色体在属间杂种的缺失、重复以及染色体配对的遗传控制也作了初步的分析。通过上述研究,本研究对于小麦族多年生的一些属、特别是披碱草属Elymus厶、拟鹅观草属Pseudorocgneria Love和大麦披碱草属Hordelymus (Jessen) Harz,的染色体组构成以及与各物种的形态学关系,物种之间的进化关系均有了更为深刻的认识。

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羊草(Leymus chinensis(Trin.)Tzvel.或Aneurolepidium chinense Trin.),隶属禾本科(Gramineae),大麦族(Hordeae),小麦亚族(Triticieae),赖草属(Leymus),兼具重要的生态价值和经济价值。面向国家重大需求,本论文选择羊草作为主要研究对象,开展了两方面的研究工作,即我国羊草种质资源的遗传多样性评价和赖草属物种的系统发育分析。 羊草是一种多年生根茎型禾草,根据叶色可以划分为黄绿型和灰绿型两种生态型。其分布范围横穿亚欧草原的东部,包括朝鲜和蒙古的西部,以及西伯利亚的西北部,集中分布于我国的东北部。羊草是我国典型草原植物群落中的优势种。它可以在多种土壤和气候条件下正常生长,如松嫩平原、内蒙古草原和黄土高原。从另一个角度讲,不同类型的生境也造就了羊草丰富的遗传多样性。 自上世纪90年代中期开始,我们陆续从我国东北部6个省市收集了293份羊草种质,包括205份灰绿型羊草和88份黄绿型羊草。经过连续3年的观测记录,通过37个重要农艺性状,对293份羊草的遗传多样性进行了评估。依据10个质量性状和27个数量性状,统计了羊草不同性状和不同地域羊草的Shannon遗传多样性指数,同时还使用了主成分分析和通径分析做了相关统计。结果显示:(1)与黄绿型羊草相比,灰绿型羊草具有更高的遗传变异(P<0.05)。结合这两个趋异型羊草的分布范围,可以得出两种类型羊草之间存在稳定的遗传差异;(2)通径分析显示,羊草营养生长性状和遗传多样性两者的组合效应可以解释羊草生殖特性中20.6%的遗传变异;(3)在124-128ºE这一区域,羊草的遗传多样性指数最高(H=2.252),表明这一地区具有最丰富的羊草种质资源。 赖草属(Leymus Hochst.)是一个异源多倍体属,约有34个物种,该属未知基因组的起源一直争论不休。其倍性范围从四倍体(2n=4x=28)、八倍体(2n=8x=56)一直到十二倍体(2n=12x=84)。新麦草属(Psathyrostachys Nevski)只含有Ns一个基因组,约有9个物种。这两个属都是多年生牧草,具有抗旱、抗病和耐盐碱等生物学特性。 应用核糖体ITS(Internal Transcribed Spacer)序列和叶绿体trnL-F序列,我们对13个赖草属物种、小麦族18个属(40份二倍体材料)、以及Elymus californicus和Bromus catharticus,共计57份材料进行了系统发生分析。ITS序列分析表明,赖草属分别与新麦草属和小麦族中一个未知属在进化上具有紧密的关系。ITS谱系树表明赖草属内部存在大量的分化,以及赖草属物种具有多次起源的特征。trnL-F序列分析表明,赖草属物种的母本,部分来自Ns基因组,部分来自Xm基因组,这可能与赖草属物种的地理分布有关,分布于亚欧大陆的物种其母本是新麦草属,而分布于北美的大部分物种其母本是Xm基因组。trnL-F序列分析还表明,E. californicus和赖草属未知的基因组具有紧密的关系。以上研究结果表明:(1)从分子层面证明,赖草属的未知基因组并非来自薄冰草属,或是一个修正的新麦草基因组,其基因组组成应是NsNsXmXm;(2)赖草属物种的母本,部分来自Ns基因组,部分来自Xm基因组,这可能与赖草属物种的地理分布有关;(3)E. californicus的母本是Xm基因组,父本是Ns基因组,该物种应从披碱草属转移至赖草属。

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由于人类活动所引起的地球大气层中温室气体的富集已导致全球地表平均温度在20世纪升高了0.6 ℃,并预测在本世纪将上升1.4-5.8 ℃。气候变暖对陆地植物和生态系统影响深远,并已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。高海拔、高纬度地带的生态系统对气候变化最敏感。而在高原和高山极端环境影响下所形成的高寒草甸生态系统极其脆弱,对由于温室效应引起的全球气候变化极其敏感,对这些变化的响应更具有超前性。 本研究以川西北高寒草甸植物群落及几种主要物种为研究对象,采用国际山地综合研究中心(ITEX)普遍所采用的增温方法-----开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟气候变暖来研究增温对高寒草甸植物群落结构、物质分配及其主要物种生长和生理的影响,以探讨高寒草甸植物响应与适应气候变暖的生物学和生态学机制。主要研究结论如下: 1、OTC的增温效果 由于地温、地表温度和气温的平均值在OTC内分别高出对照样地0.28℃、0.46℃和1.4℃,这说明本研究所采用的开顶式生长室(OTC)起到了增温的作用;同时,由于温室内与温室外接受的降水量相同,温室内由于热量条件的改善,土壤蒸发和植被的蒸腾作用增强,直接导致了OTC内土壤表层相对湿度的减少。 2、群落结构对增温的响应 由于增温时间较短,增温内外样地的物种组成并未发生改变;但增温后一定程度上改变了植物群落的小气候环境,从而导致物种间的竞争关系被破坏,种间竞争关系的破坏引起群落优势种组成发生相应的改变,在对照样地,鹅绒委陵菜、甘青老鹳草、遏蓝菜和蚤缀是占绝对优势的物种,而在OTC内,小米草、尼泊尔酸模、垂穗披碱草、发草和羊茅的重要性显著增加。 禾草和杂草由于对增温的生物学特性及其资源利用响应的不同,加之增温造成土壤含水量下降等环境因子的改变。与对照样地相比较,OTC内禾草的盖度及生物量都显著增加,而杂草的盖度和生物量则显著下降。 3、植物生长期对增温的响应 OTC内立枯和调落物的生物量在生长季末(10月份)都要小于对照样地的立枯和调落物生物量,而OTC内的地上鲜体生物量在10月份却略高于对照样地。这说明OTC内植物的衰老或死亡得以延缓,而植物的生长期得以延长。 4、群落生物量及分配对增温的响应 OTC内的地上鲜体生物量(10月份除外)和地下0-30cm的根系生物量与对照样地相比较,都出现了不同程度的减少;土壤根系的分配格局也发生了明显的改变,其中,OTC内0-10cm土层的生物量分配比例增加,而20-30cm土层生物量分配比例的减少。 5、群落碳、氮对增温的响应 增温后,OTC内植物群落地上活体和地下活根的碳浓度不同程度的高于对照样地,植物群落的碳库在OTC内也略高于对照样地;而OTC内植物群落地上活体和地下活根的氮浓度不同程度的低于对照样地,其植物群落的氮库与对照样地相比也略有下降。 6、几种主要植物的生长及物质分配对增温的响应 垂穗披碱草在增温后株高、比叶面积和地上生物量均显著地增加;尼泊尔酸模在增温后比叶面积和单株平均生物量积累显著地增加,而各组分中,增温处理使叶的生物量显著增加,而根的生物量却显著下降;鹅绒委陵菜在增温后株高、比叶面积和单株平均生物量积累显著地减少,而各组分中,增温处理使叶和茎的生物量显著减少,根的生物量却显著地增加。 尼泊尔酸模的LMR、RMR、R/S、根部碳含量、碳和氮在叶片与根部的分配比例在增温后显著地增加,而SMR、根部氮含量、碳和氮在茎部的分配比例在增温后却显著地降低;鹅绒委陵菜的RMR、R/S、碳和氮在根部的分配比例在增温后显著地增加,而SMR、LMR、碳在叶片的分配比例在增温后却显著地降低 7、几种主要植物的光合生理过程对增温的响应 增温使垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量显著增加;而鹅绒委陵菜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量在增温后显著减少,类胡萝卜素含量在增温后却显著增加。 增温对3种植物的气体交换产生了显著影响。其中,垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片的光响应曲线在增温后明显高于对照处理,A、E、gs、Pmax、、Rday、AQY和LSP显著增加,而LCP则显著降低;鹅绒委陵菜的光响应曲线在增温后则明显的低于对照处理,A、E、gs、Pmax、、Rday、AQY和LSP显著减少,而LCP则显著增加。 增温后垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片的Fv/Fm、Yield和qP显著增加;而鹅绒委陵菜叶片的Fv/Fm、Yield和qP则显著减少,qN却显著地增加。 8、几种主要植物的抗氧化酶系统对增温的响应 增温使垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模体内抗氧化酶活性和非酶促作用有所提高,植物膜脂过氧化作用降低;鹅绒委陵菜叶片中酶促反应和非酶促反应在增温后也显著提高,但可能由于增温后的土壤干旱超过了鹅绒委陵菜叶的抗氧化保护能力,抗氧化酶活性及非酶促反应(脯氨酸、类胡萝卜素)的提高不足以完全清除干旱诱导形成的过量活性氧,因此叶片的膜脂过氧化程度仍然显著提高。 Enrichment of atmospheric greenhouse gases resulted from human activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation has increased global mean temperature by 0.6 ℃ in the 20th century and is predicted to increase in this century by 1.4-5.8 ℃. The global warming will have profound, long-term impacts on terrestrial plants and ecosystems. The ecoologcial consequences arising from global warming have also become the very important issuses of global change research. The terrestrial habitats of high-elevation and high-latitude ecosystems are regarded as the most sensitive to changing climate. The alpine meadow ecosystme, which resulted from the composite effects of mountain extreme climatic factors in Tibetan Plateau, is thus thought to be especially vulnerable and sensitive to global warming. In this paper, the response of plant community and several main species in the alpine meadow of Northewst Sichuan to experimemtal warming was studied by using open-top chambers (OTC). The aim of the this study was to research the warming effects on plant community structure, substance allocation, growth and physiological processes of several mian species, and to explore the biological and ecological mechanism of how the alpine meadow plants acclimate and adapt to future global warming. The results were as follows: 1. Warming effects of OTC The mean soil temperature, soil surface temperature and air temperature in OTC manipulation increased by 0.28℃、0.46℃ and 1.4℃ compared to the control during the growing season. This suggested that the OTC used in our study had increased temperature there. Meanwhile, the OTC manipulation slightly altered thermal conditions, but the same amount of precipitation was supplied to both the OTC manipulation and the control, so higher soil evaporation and plant transpiration in OTC manipulation directly lead to the decrease of soil surface water content. 2. The reponse of community structure to experimental warming The species richness was not changed by the short-term effect of OTC manipulation. However, experimental warming changed the microenvironment of plant community, therefore competitive balances among species were shift, leading to changes in species dominance. In the present study, the dominant plant species in the control plots were some forbs including Potentilla anserine, Geranium pylzowianum, Thlaspi arvense and Arenaria serpyllifolia, however, the importance value of some gramineous grasses including Elymus nutans, Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca ovina, and some forbs including Euphrasia tatarica and Rumex acetosa significantly increased in OTC. The different biology characteristics and resource utilizations between gramineous grasses and forbs, and enhanced temperature caused change in some environment factors such as soil water content. As a result, the coverage and biomass of gramineous grasses significantly increased in OTC compared to the control, however, the coverage and biomass of forbs singnifciantly decreased in OTC compared to the control. 3. The reponse of plant growing season to experimental warming Both the standing dead and fallen litter biomass in OTC were lower than those in the control in October, and the biomass of aboveground live-vegetation in OTC was higher than that of the control. The results indicated that the senescence of plants was postponed, and the growing season was prolonged in our research. 4. The reponse of community biomass accumulation and its allocation to experimental warming Experimental warming caused the decrease of aboveground live biomass and belowground root biomass except for the aboveground live biomass in October. Experimental warming also had pronounced effects on the pattern of root biomass allocation. In the present study, the root biomass in 0-10cm soil layer increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control, however, the root biomass in the 20-30cm soil layer decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. 5. The reponse of community C and N content to experimental warming The C concentration and stock in aboveground live and belowground root both increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. However, the N concentration and stock in aboveground live and belowground root both decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. 6. The reponse of gowth and biomass, C and N alloction of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming significantly increased the height, SLA (specific leaf area) and aboveground biomass of Elymus nutans in OTC manipulation compared to the control. The SLA and total biomass of Rumex acetosa also significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to control, among the different components of Rumex acetosa, leaf biomass significantly increased, but root biomass significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. However, the height, SLA and total biomass of Potentilla anserina significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control, among the different component of Potentilla anserina, leaf and stem biomass significantly decreased, but root biomass significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. The LMR (leaf mass ratio), RMR (root mass ratio), R/S (shoot/root biomass ration) and root C concentration of Rumex acetosa significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Rumex acetosa allocated relatively more C and N content to leaf and root in response to experimental warming, however, the SMR (stem mass ration) and root N concentration of Rumex acetosa significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Rumex acetosa allocated relatively less C and N content to stem in response to experimental warming. The RMR and R/S of Potentilla anserina significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Potentilla anserina allocated relatively more C and N content to root in response to experimental warming, however, the SMR and LMR of Potentilla anserina significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Potentilla anserina allocated relatively less C and N content to leaf in response to experimental warming. 7. The reponse of physiological processes of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming significantly increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation compared to outside control. However, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation significantly decreased compared to outside control. Experimental warming had pronounced effects on gas exchange of Elymus nutans, Rumex acetosa and Potentilla anserine. In the present study, warming markedly increased the light response curves of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, and also singnificantly increased A (net photosynthesis rate), E (transpiration rate), gs (stomatal conductance), Pmax (maximum net photosynthetic rate), Rday (dark respiration rate), AQY (apparent quantum yield) and LSP (light saturation point), but LCP (photosynthetic light compensation) of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation singnificantly decreased compared to outside control. However, warming markedly decreased the light response curves of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, and also singnificantly decreased A, E, gs, Pmax, Rday, AQY and LSP, but LCP of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation singnificantly increased compared to outside control. Experimental warming singnificantly increased the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters such as Fv/Fm, Yield and qP of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa and qN of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation, but Fv/Fm, Yield and qP of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation singnificantly decreased. 8. The reponse of antioxidative systems of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming tended to increase the activities of antioxidative enzymes and stimulate the role of non-enzymes of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa. As a result, MDA content of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa decreased. The activities of antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymes of Potentilla anserina also significantly increased in OTC manipulation, but more O2- was produced because of lower soil water content, and the O2- accumulation exceeded the defense ability of antioxidative systems and non-enzymes fuctions. As a result, MDA content of Potentilla anserine still increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control.

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本研究针对川西北高山草甸缺乏科学管理,过度放牧导致草场退化,并由此引发的一系列生态环境问题,选取红原县瓦切乡1996 年草地承包后形成的四个放牧强度草场,即不放牧、轻度(1.2 头牦牛hm-1)、中度(2.0 头牦牛hm-1)和重度放牧(2.9 头牦牛hm-1),作为研究对象,研究了不同放牧强度对草地植物-土壤系统中碳、氮这两个最基本物质的分布格局和循环过程的影响,并探讨了放牧干扰下高山草甸生态系统的管理。 1.放牧对草地植物群落物种组成,尤其是优势种,产生了明显的影响。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地群落物种数分别为22,23,26,20 种,群落盖度分别是不放牧96.2%>中度93.6%>轻度89.7%>重度73.6%。随放牧强度的增加, 原植物群落中的优势种垂穗鹅冠草( Roegneria nutans )、发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)等禾草逐渐被莎草科的川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)和高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)所取代成为优势种。同时,随放牧强度的增加,高原毛茛(Ranunculus brotherusii)、狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)和车前(Plantagodepressa)等杂类草的数量也随之增加。 2.生长季6~9 月份,草地植物地上和地下生物量(0~30cm)都是从6 月份开始增长,8 月份达到最高值,9 月份开始下降。每个月份,通常地上生物量以不放牧为最高,重度放牧总是显著小于不放牧;地下生物量随放牧强度的增加表现为增加的趋势,通常重度和中度放牧显著高于不放牧和轻度放牧草地。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总生物量平均值分别是1543、1622、2295 和2449 g m-2,但随放牧强度的增加越来越来多的生物量被分配到了地下部分,地下生物量占总生物量比例的大小顺序分别是重度88%>中度82%>轻度76%>不放牧69%。生物量这种变化主要是由于放牧使得群落优势种发生改变而引起的,其分配比例的变化体现了草地植物对放牧干扰的适应策略。 3.植物碳氮贮量的季节变化类似与生物量的变化。每个月份,不同放牧强度间植物地上碳氮的贮量有所不同,一般重度放牧会显著减少植物地上碳氮贮量。植物根系(0~30cm)碳氮贮量随放牧强度的增加表现为增加的趋势,通常重度和中度放牧显著高于不放牧和轻度放牧草地。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总碳平均值分别是547、586、847 和909 g m-2,根系碳贮量占植物总碳的比例大小顺序分别是重度88%>中度82%>轻度76%>不放牧69%;放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总氮平均值分别是17、17、23 和26 g m-2,根系氮贮量占植物总氮的比例大小顺序分别是重度79%>轻度71%>中度70%>不放牧65%。 4. 土壤有机碳贮量(0~30cm)的季节变化表现为7 月份略有下降,8 月开始增加,9 月份达到的最大值。土壤氮贮量的季节变化表现为随季节的推移逐渐增加的趋势。增加的放牧强度不同程度的增加土壤有机碳氮的贮量。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧6~9 月份4 个月的土壤有机碳贮量的平均值分别是9.72、10.36、10.62 和11.74 kg m-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.45、1.56、1.66 和1.83 kg m-2。土壤中有机碳(氮)的贮量都占到了植物-土壤系统有机碳(氮)的90%以上,但不同放牧强度之间的差异不明显。 5. 土壤氮的总硝化和反硝化,温室气体N2O 和CO2 的释放率的季节变化表现为从6 月份开始增加,7 月份达到最大值,8 月份开始下降,9 月份降为最小值。增加的放牧强度趋向于增加土壤氮的总硝化和反硝化作用,温室气体N2O和CO2 的释放率,通常情况下,中度放牧和重度放牧显著地加强了这些过程。 6.垂穗鹅冠草(Roegneria nutans)和川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)凋落物在不同放牧强度下经过1 年的分解,两种凋落物的失重率及其碳氮的损失率3都随放牧增加表现为增加的趋势。在同一放牧强度下,川嵩草凋落物的失重率和碳氮的损失率都高于垂穗鹅冠草凋落物。 7. 尽管重度放牧显著增加了土壤碳氮的贮量,但同时也显著降低了植被群落盖度,降低了植物地上生物量,因此,久而久之会减少植物向土壤中的碳氮归还率;与不放牧和轻度放牧相比,重度放牧又显著增加了土壤CO2 和NO2 的排放量,这是草地生态系统碳氮损失的重要途径。由此可见,对于这些地处青藏高原的非常脆弱的高山草甸生态系统,长期重度放牧不仅导致植物生产力降低,而且将导致草地生态系统退化,甚至造成土壤中碳氮含量减少。 Long-term overgrazing has resulted in considerable deterioration in alpine meadowof the northwest Sichan Province. In order to explore management strategies for thesustainability of these alpine meadows, we selected four grasslands with differentgrazing intensity (no grazing-NG: 0, light grazing-LG: 1.2, moderate grazing-MG: 2.0,and heavy grazing-HG: 2.9 yaks ha-1) to evaluate carbon, nitrogen pools and cyclingprocesses within the plant-soil system in Waqie Village, Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province. 1. Grazing obviously changed the plant species composition, especially ondominant plant species. Total number of species is 22, 23, 26, and 20 for NG, LG, MGand HG, respectively. Vegetation coverage under different grazing intensity ranked inthe order of 96.2% for HG>93.6% for MG>89.7% for LG>73.6% for NG. Thedominator of HG community shifted from grasses-Roegneria nutans andDeschampsia caespitosa dominated in the NG and LG sites into sedges-Kobresiapygmaea and K. setchwanensis. At the same time, with the increase of grazingintensity, the numbers of forbs, such as Ranunculus brotherusii, Stellera chamaejasme,Potentilla anserine and Plantago depressa, increased with grazing intensity. 2. Over the growing season, aboveground and belowground biomass showed a 5single peak pattern with the highest biomass in August. For each month, abovegroundbiomass usually was the highest in the NG site and lowest in the HG site.Belowground biomass showed a trend of increase as grazing intensity increased and itwas significantly higher in the HG and MG site than in the NG and LG sites. Totalplant biomass averaged over the growing season is 1543, 1622, 2295 and 2449 g m-2for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively. The proportion of biomass to total plantbiomass for NG, LG, MG and HG is 88%, 82%, 76% and 69%, respectively. Higherallocation ratio for is an adaptive response of plant to grazing. 3. Carbon and nitrogen storage in plant components followed the similar seasonalpatterns as their biomass under different grazing intensities. Generally, heavy grazingsignificantly decreases aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen compared to nograzing. Carbon and nitrogen storage in root tended to increase as grazing increasedand they are significantly higher in the HG and MG sites compared to the LG and NGsite. Total Carbon storage in plant system averaged over the growing season is 547,586, 847 and 909 g m-2 for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively, while 17, 17, 23 and 26g m-2 for nitrogen. The proportion of carbon storage in root to total plant carbon forNG, LG, MG and HG is 88%, 82%, 76%, 69%, respectively, while 65%, 71%, 70%and 79% for nitrogen. 4. Carbon storage in soil (0-30cm) decreased slightly in July, then increased inAugust and peaked in September. Nitrogen storage in soil tended to increase withseason and grazing intensity. Total Carbon storage in soil averaged over the growingseason is 9.72, 10.36, 10.62 and11.74 kg m-2 for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively,while 1.45, 1.56, 1.66 and 1.83 for nitrogen. The proportion of carbon (nitrogen)storage in soil to plant-soil system carbon (nitrogen) storage for NG, LG, MG and HGis more than 90%, which is not markedly different among different grazing intensities. 5. Gross nitrification, denitrification, CO2 and N2O flux rates in soil increasedfrom June to July and then declined until September, all of which tended to increasewith the increase of grazing intensity. Generally, heavy and moderate grazing intensitysignificantly enhanced these process compared to no and light grazing intensity. 6. After decomposing in situ for a year, relative weight, carbon and nitrogen loss in the litter of Roegneria nutans and Kobresia setchwanensis tended to increase asgrazing intensity increased. Under the same grazing intensity, relative weight, carbonand nitrogen loss in the litter of Kobresia setchwanensis were higher than these in thelitter of Roegneria nutans. 7. Although heavy grazing intensity resulted in higher levels of carbon andnitrogen in plant and soil, it decreased vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass,which are undesirable for livestock production and sustainable grassland development.What is more, heavy grazing could also introduce potential carbon and nitrogen lossvia increasing CO2 and N2O emission into the atmosphere. Grazing at moderateintensity resulted in a plant community dominated by forage grasses with highaboveground biomass productivity and N content. The alpine meadow ecosystems inTibetan Plateau are very fragile and evolve under increasing grazing intensity by largeherbivores; therefore, deterioration of the plant-soil system, and possible declines insoil C and N, are potential without proper management in the future.

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该区干旱与水土流失并存 ,降雨量时空分配不均 ,且水热并不同步 (在春夏 ,植物常因缺水而枯死 ) ,致使生态环境建设中恢复植被的难度大。为此 ,采用工程整地措施与灌草立体配置模式 ,发展集流灌草植被 ,调蓄土壤水分 ,促进灌草植被的快速恢复。结果表明 ,在水平阶营造柠条和披碱草 ,在生长初期 0~ 50 0 cm土层含水量可分为 3个明显的层次 ;在生长的第 4年随着灌草根系深扎 ,土壤水分过耗 ,出现明显的干土层 ,分布深度在 1 2 0~ 2 0 0 cm,厚度为 1 0 0 cm。在第 8年干土层扩大到 1 0 0~ 30 0 cm,厚度为 2 0 0 cm。第 1 4年土壤含水量有所回升 ,但幅度不大 ,同第 8年相比 ,仅提高 1 .5~ 2 .0个百分点。水平阶的柠条灌木林随着生长时间的延续 ,其水分贮量变化是否增加 ,仍有待继续研究。该区 0~ 50 0 cm多年土壤贮水量 ,在生长初期 ( 4月份 ) ,1 5年生柠条480 .1 5mm,1 2年生沙棘、山桃分别为 41 4.6mm和 385.4mm,在生长末期 ( 1 0月 ) ,柠条 498.31mm,沙棘 42 3.31 mm,山桃 ...

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对青海禾本科一新种——昂赛披碱草(Elymus angsaiensis S.L.LuetY.H.Wu)进行了形态描述和图解。该种与黑紫披碱草(E.atralus(Nevski)Hand.-Mazz)相近,但本种的叶鞘顶端两侧具披针形叶耳;穗状花序较疏松;小穗具小穗柄长约1mm,且具微毛;颖片窄披针形,长4~5mm;花药黄色或黄绿色,长约1.5mm,可以区别。

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通过盆栽试验,观测分析了祁连山东段南麓坡地3200m-3800m垂直带3种牧草的生长情况。结果表明:中华羊茅(Festuca sinen-sisKeng)仅在3400m处发芽、生长,其他高度上未发芽;垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutansG riseb)和冷地早熟禾(Poa crym ophilaKeng)在不同海拔高度均可发芽、生长。垂穗披碱草和冷地早熟禾地上、地下生物量沿海拔高度的升高而降低,且前者生物量大于后者;两者的植株高度和根系长度随海拔不同而不同,都在3400m处最大,前者大于后者。因此,垂穗披碱草和冷地早熟禾可以作为高寒草原地区推广种植的首选牧草,而中华羊茅生长所需环境相对苛刻,不易在同类环境下生长。

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垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans-星星草Puccinellia tenuiflora混播草地3个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:相同放牧区每公顷草地牦牛总增重之间的差异不显著(P〉0.05).同一放牧季各放牧区牦牛总增重之间的差异极显著(P〈0.01),且各放牧季牦牛的个体增重与放牧强度均呈显著的线性回归关系;2003年单位面积草地牦牛增重随放牧强度的增加而增加.2004和2005年单位面积草地牦牛增重与放牧强度呈二次回归关系;通过二次回归方程计算得到:牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm~2。

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通过研究自然条件下模拟平流层臭氧破坏5%时近地表面增加的太阳UV-B辐射对高寒草甸4种典型植物(矮嵩草Kobresia humilis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、麻花艽Gentiana straminea和鹅绒委陵菜Po-tentilla anserina)的抗氧化系统的影响表明,尽管各植物的抗氧化系统组分变化不同,但4种植物的膜脂过氧化程度没有加剧,长期增强UV-B辐射没有对膜系统造成损伤。在自然长期增强UV-B条件下,4种植物的膜脂过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照相比无显著差异。垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加,麻花艽的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与鹅绒委陵菜的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,同时麻花艽的类胡萝卜素(Car)含量亦显著增加。可见这些植物已能很好地适应UV-B强辐射,其抗氧化能力除了与抗氧化系统各组分的协同作用有关外,也可能与种的适应性有关。

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了解三江源人工草地净生态系统CO_2交换(Net ecosystem CO_2 exchange, NEE)的季节变化规律和主要生物因子及环境因子对这些过程的影响将有助于认识青藏高原人工草地生态系统碳循环、生态价值、功能,以及对三江源区的生态安全的重要意义.该研究利用涡度相关技术,于2005年9月1日至2006年8月31日对位于青海腹地的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)人工草地的NEE及生物和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的动态变化特征和影响因子.三江源区人工草地生态系统的日最大吸收量为2.38gC•m~(-2)•d~(-1),出现在7月30日.日间最大吸收率和最大排放率都出现在8月,分别为-6.82和2.95/μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1).在生长季,白天的NEE主要受光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)变化控制, 同时又与叶面积指数和群落多样性交互作用,共同调节光合速率和光合效率的强度.最大光合同化速率为2.46~10.39μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1),表观初始光能利用率为0.013~0.070μmol CO_2•μmol~(-1)PAR.在碳交换日过程中,NEE并不完全随着PAR的增加而增大,当PAR超过某一值(>1200μmol•m~(-2)•s~(-1))时,NEE随PAR的增加而降低.受温度的影响,生长季的生态系统的呼吸商Q10(1.8)小于非生长季节的(2.6).生态系统呼吸主要受温度的控制,同时也受到叶面积指数的显著影响.生长季昼夜温差大并不利于生态系统的碳获取.三江源区人工草地生态系统是一个较强的碳汇,为-49.35gC•m~(-2)•a~(-1).

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研究了青藏高原高寒地区3种多年生植物在生长过程中植物叶组织的可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化及其生理特性。结果表明;矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和黑褐苔草(Carex atro-fusca)叶中的可溶性糖含量随着生长期的进程而增加;脯氨酸含量的变化因植物种类的不同而表现各异,其中在各生长期.垂穗披碱草的脯氨酸含量均高于矮嵩草和黑褐苔草,并在草盛中期表现出明显的差异;3种高寒植物叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量随着生长季和气温的变化而呈现不断增加的趋势;3种植物中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现出随生长期和气温变化而改变的趋势,但黑褐苔草的2种膜保护酶活性最高,垂穗披碱草的次之.矮嵩草最低。可见,在不同生长季,这3种高寒植物的抗寒生理反应或低温适应方式可能是多途径的.其中在抗寒物质代谢、膜脂过氧化能力和抗氧化酶系统等方面,有生理反应的共同规律和各自特有的生理抗寒特性.其适应性与抗逆性有所不同,这种差异和生理特性可能与高寒植物的遗传特性和极端高寒低温环境胁迫有关。

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研究了在野外自然条件下,长期增强UV-B辐射对高寒草甸3种典型植物矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)光合放氧速率、光合色素和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:长期增强UV-B辐射对3种植物的净光合速率没有明显影响。增强UV-B辐射下,3种植物的叶绿素含量变化不同,Chla/b值,类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,Car/Chl值与对照相比都有升高,说明植物叶片的光合能力、吸收紫外线的能力增强以及忍受逆境能力均有增强,从而产生光保护,有利于光合作用正常进行。由于3种植物膜脂过氧化程度的不同及SOD活性的普遍抑制,植物经受了氧化胁迫。垂穗披碱草叶片GSH含量显著七升,矮嵩草的形态矮小及钉柱委陵菜GSH含量与POD活性显著上升,都能减轻它们所经受的氧化胁迫,使光合器官免受损伤。所以,这些保护性色素的积累和抗氧化系统内部的协同作用可能是高寒草甸植物光合作用正常进行的重要原因。

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在江河源区披碱草Elymus natans+星星草Puccinellia tenuflora混播人工草地上研究了牦牛放牧强度对土壤物理性状的影响,2年的试验结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,不同土壤层含水量均呈降低趋势,土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈增大趋势.相关分析表明, 放牧强度与不同土壤层含水量呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01), 与土壤容重和坚实度呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),而且土壤容重和坚实度均具有累积效应.