生态补偿机制研究：以山东省为例

生态补偿机制因为能有效解决环境保护领域的外部性问题而日益引起关注。它是一套对造成自然环境破坏的行为进行处罚、对生态环境保护的行为实行奖励的制度。生态补偿机制不但能为生态保护筹措资金，而且能统筹协调各区域和各行业的关系，从而达到经济发展与保护生态平衡协调、区域协调发展和可持续发展的最终目标。 首先进行了生态补偿的理论研究。分析了生态补偿的概念、经济学原理、生态补偿网络的构成、以及目前在确定生态补偿的补偿依据和补偿额度方面所面临的问题和争议。引进生态系统服务功能评价的原理与方法，探讨将生态系统服务功能评价应用于生态补偿的可行性，并提出了生态补偿的组成部分和一般机制。 区域补偿是一类重要的生态补类型。山东省是一个面积较大、经济较发达、但各地发展还不够平衡的省份，在山东开展生态补偿具有重要意义。以山东省为研究案例，研究了在山东省开展区域生态补偿的可行性和实施办法，并根据山东省各地的生态系统服务功能提出优先补偿地区。提出了综合考虑各区域的单位面积非市场生态系统服务功能价值和单位面积GDP的生态补偿决策因子，并对山东不同生态功能区和17市的生态补偿决策因子分别进行了计算。从研究的结果来看，山东西部地区由于经济较落后和生态系统服务功能中的非市场价值较大而拥有相对较大的生态补偿决策因子，应该优先给与区域生态补偿，以促进山东整个区域的协调发展。 生态系统类型转换的补偿是生态补偿的重要组成部分。在山东省南四湖地区开展退耕还湿生态工程对保障南水北调东线工程水质安全具有重要意义，但要在当地开展大规模退耕还湿，合理的生态补偿机制至关重要。以南四湖地区退耕还湿地生态工程的生态效益和生态补偿机制为研究案例，探讨了生态系统类型转换的生态补偿方法。研究发现南四湖退耕还湿后生态系统服务功能大为增强，但当地农民的收入会受到显著负面影响，因此应该给与一定的资金补偿以提高农民参与退耕还湿的积极性和促进整个区域的可持续发展。另外，生态补偿的方式应该多样化和结合当地实际，除资金补偿以外，南四湖地区还应该重点采取技术补偿的方式，由政府组织专家给当地居民提供湿地恢复和湿地植物资源开发的技术。资金补偿和技术补偿对以提高农民退耕还湿的积极性和湿地系统的长期稳定运行具有重要意义。 最后对生态补偿的实施和保障机制进行了理论探讨。结合山东的研究案例和参考国内外经验，讨论和提出了生态补偿的主管部门、补偿费用征收机制、补偿费用使用的机制、生态补偿费用使用的监督机制等，并对生态补偿机制存在的问题进行了分析。根据研究结果对山东实施生态补偿的优先领域进行了讨论并提出了建议。 总之，通过生态补偿机制的理论研究和在山东开展生态补偿的案例研究，提出了生态补偿的一般机制和保障措施，以及对山东省开展生态补偿的建议，研究结果对促进生态补偿和可持续发展具有重要意义。

水土保持发展的战略目标及建议

工程措施和耕作措施是有效实施造林种草的必要条件 ;2 5°以上的陡坡地退耕后主要应作为营造水土保持林灌草的生态保护用地 ;应把天然植被保护、改良放在与退耕还林还草同等重要位置 ;建议将科学技术与专业科技力量直接切入生态环境建设 ,以充分发挥支撑作用

Ecological environment changes in Daya Bay, China, from 1982 to 2004

Data collected from 12 marine monitoring stations in Daya Bay from 1982 to 2004 reveal a substantial change in the ecological environment of this region. The average N/P ratio increased from 1.377 in 1985 to 49.09 in 2004. Algal species changed from 159 species of 46 genera in 1982 to 126 species of 44 genera in 2004. Major zooplankton species went from 46 species in 1983 to 36 species in 2004. The annual mean biomass of benthic animals was recorded at 123.10 gm(2) in 1982 and 126.68 g m(2) in 2004. Mean biomass and species of benthic animals near nuclear power plants ranged froth 317.9 g m(2) in 1991 to 45.24 g m(2) in 2004 and from 250 species in 1991 to 177 species in 2004. A total of 12-19 species of hermatypic corals and 13 species of mangrove plants were observed in Daya Bay from 1984 to 2002. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Research Progress On Thermal Protection Materials And Structures Of Hypersonic Vehicles

Hypersonic vehicles represent future trends of military equipments and play an important role in future war. Thermal protection materials and structures, which relate to the safety of hypersonic vehicles, are one of the most key techniques in design and manufacture of hypersonic vehicles. Among these materials and structures, such as metallic temperature protection structure, the temperature ceramics and carbon/carbon composites are usually adopted in design. The recent progresses of research and application of ultra-high temperature materials in preparation, oxidation resistance, mechanical and physical characterization are summarized.

Experimental Demonstration Of A New Concept Of Drag Reduction And Thermal Protection For Hypersonic Vehicles

A new idea of drag reduction and thermal protection for hypersonic vehicles is proposed based on the combination of a physical spike and lateral jets for shock-reconstruction. The spike recasts the bow shock in front of a blunt body into a conical shock, and the lateral jets work to protect the spike tip from overheating and to push the conical shock away from the blunt body when a pitching angle exists during flight. Experiments are conducted in a hypersonic wind tunnel at a nominal Mach number of 6. It is demonstrated that the shock/shock interaction on the blunt body is avoided due to injection and the peak pressure at the reattachment point is reduced by 70% under a 4A degrees attack angle.

A small arc-heated plasma testing facility for thermal protection materials

Experimental research on a 150 kW arc-heated plasma testing facility was conducted. Stable plasma jets with different gas compositions, temperatures and velocities were obtained at chamber pressure between 400 Pa – 100 kPa. Stagnation ablation experiments were conducted on samples of typical super alloys used for thermal protection systems. The microstructure and hardness of alloys before and after ablation were compared.