35 resultados para EPA SWMM

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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现场总线在通信传输过程中,会受到各种通信故障的影响,而现场总线与功能安全的结合可降低这种影响。该文描述EPA功能安全通信模型,针对通信传输过程中可能出现的通信错误,采用时间戳、序列号、CRC校验等功能安全通信技术。给出EPA功能安全协议层的报文结构,阐述功能安全协议层的具体实现过程。

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采取超临界CO2萃取-精馏技术,对经尿素包合预处理的鱼油脂肪酸乙酯在超临界CO2流体中的溶解情况进行了考察,探索了EPA、DHA的分离提纯工艺,并讨论了实验的影响因素。实验结果表明:采用温度梯度结合逐步升压法,能使鱼油脂肪酸乙酯按碳链长度依次分离,EPA+DHA提纯至90%,两次分离后,EPA提纯至67%,DHA提纯至90%以上。

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基于长期观测资料,众多大气环流模型预测在二十一世纪末大气中二氧化碳浓度将达到700μmolmol'I,地球表面年平均温度也将升高1.5-4.OoC。水稻是亚洲的主要粮食作物,为世界近三分之一的人口提供食物能源。这项工作的目的,是利用人工模拟环境,预测在未来全球气候变化,二氧化碳及温度升高的条件下,水稻的光合生理反应及随之而来的对其产量的影响。本研究是美国环境署( EPA)与国际水稻研究所(IRRI)合作研究项目“Effects of UV-B and Global Climate Change on Rice”的一部分. 在这项研究中,采用了特殊设计并直接建立在水稻田间的开顶式气室(open-top chambers)。在此之前还没有这样大规模的在水稻主产区的此类模拟研究,水稻在气室中渡过了从萌发到收获的整个生长过程。模拟环境条件有三个浓度的二氧化碳(包括现有大气浓度,在此基础上升高200及300 μmolmol-l)和两个温度(即:现有大气温度及升高4度)共六个处理。供试水稻品种四个:IR72,IR65598-112-2,IR65600-42-5-2-BSI-313和N22。在实验中我们发现,水稻品种(如:1R72)单叶光合速率(以二氧化碳气体交换速率计)受二氧化碳浓度促进,在水稻营养生长期,二氧化碳及温度对其光合有协同促进作用.然而,随着花期的到来,在高温条件下,叶片光合能力(photosynthetic capacity)下降,出现光合适应现象(Photosynthetic acclirnation).水稻群体光合作用同样受到二氧化碳浓度促进,但在后期(Grain fill stage)这种促进作用消失;在高浓度二氧化碳下生长的大多数水稻品种的叶片中有较多的碳水化和物(可溶性糖和淀粉)积累.耐高温品种N22叶片中淀粉积累较少:叶片中氮素含量降低,同时发现Rubisco总活性相应降低,这与NCi曲线所示光合效率降低相吻合;通过叶片叶绿素荧光动力学测定,没有发现光系统光能转化效率的变化;水稻籽粒产量随二氧化碳浓度升高而增加,但温度升高使产量降低12.8-36.8%;不同品种对二氧化碳浓度的反应没有显著差别;在高温条件下,耐高温品生长在高二氧化碳浓度下表现良好。 本文系统地研究了水稻光合作用在二氧化碳及温度条件影响下,对二氧化碳浓度及光强变化的反应曲线,初次对水稻单叶与群体光合对二氧化碳浓度变化的反应做了实验性对比;讨论了温度升高对水稻在高浓度二氧化碳下发生光合适应的影响,对光合适应现象的可能机制做了探讨,并提出对未来大气二氧化碳浓度及温度升高条件下水稻适应品种筛选的可能方向。

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海洋微藻是海洋生态系统中最主要的初级生产者,也是海洋生物资源的重要来源。许多海洋微藻富含对人体具有重要的生理作用与保健功能的长链多不饱和脂肪酸,因此,筛选富含EPA、DHA等长链多不饱和脂肪酸的微藻和利用人工培养方法提高这些脂肪酸的产量是当前海洋生物学研究领域的热点之一。在本研究中,我们对被中科院海洋所定名为“Chlorella sp”(编号为1061)的一种海洋微藻的化学分类、甘油脂及其脂肪酸组成和外源葡萄糖和抗氧化剂(硫代硫酸钠)对这种微藻的脂肪酸含量的影响进行了研究,取得了以下主要结果。 海洋微藻是我固海水养殖中广泛使用的优良饵料藻。脂类物质是微藻最重要的营养指标之一,在本研究中,我们首先分析了被中科院海洋所定名为“Chlorellasp”的海洋微藻中的甘油脂及其脂肪酸种类和组成特点。结果表明,Chlorella sp.中的非极性脂主要为三脂酰甘油,极性甘油脂有10种。其中,一般培养条件下(温度23℃:光照,周期L/D14:10,强度60umolm-2-S-l)三脂酰甘油约占总脂的31 mol%,极性甘油脂约占总脂的69 rriol%。10种极性甘油脂是单半乳糖甘油二脂( monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. MGDG)、 双半乳糖甘油二脂( diagalactosyldiacylglycerol , DGDG)、 硫代异鼠李糖甘油二脂( sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol,SQDG)、磷脂酰甘油(phosphatatidylglycerol,PG)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine,PE)、磷脂酰胆碱( phosphatidylcholine,PC)、磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol,PI)、磷脂酰丝氨醴(phosphatidylserine,Ps)、l,2-二酰基甘油-0-4,.(ⅣMⅣ-三甲基)高丝氨酸(diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine,DGTS)以及一种未能完全肯定,但可能是一中氯硫脂( chlorosulfolipid,CSL)。其中MGDG、DGDG、SQDG和PG是构成光合膜的主要成分,也是Chlorella sp中的主要极性脂。甜菜碱脂DGTS和磷脂PC是构成非光合膜的主要组分。Chlorella sp.中的主要脂肪酸为C16:0、C16:1耜C20:5(EPA),后者主要存在于MGDG、DGDG和DGTS中,而三脂酰甘油也含有接近7%的EPA。 海洋微藻Chlorella sp.1061虽然被归属到绿藻纲绿藻目小球藻属,但是我们的研究表明,其色素、极性脂皮其脂肪酸组成与其它小球藻属藻类存在这很大差异Chl b是绿藻纲藻类中最主要的光合色素之一,1 6:4(n-3)和l 8:3(n-3)是绿藻微藻的主要脂肪酸,然而所有这些绿藻的特征化合物均未在Chlorella sp. 1061中检测到。DGTS和20:5(n-3)存在于很多的海洋微藻中,我们从Chlorella sp. 1061 中分离到占总极性甘油脂8 mo1%的DGTS,并从MGDG、DGDG和DGTS等极性甘油脂中检测到大量的20:5(n-3)。但是一般认为,小球藻属藻类中不舍这两种化合物。根据Chlorella sp. 1061的以上特点,这种藻不应该被归到小球藻属中。另外,由于Chlorella sp. 1061在色素、膜脂和脂肪酸组成特征方面大眼藻纲( Eustigmatophyceae)中的微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis)非常相似,因此,我们认为ChloreHa sp. 1061可能是Nannochloropsis中的一个种。但是未得到更进一步的证明和权威的认可之前,本文中我们仍然沿用ChloreHa sp,这一名称。 许多藻类中DGTS和PC -般不会同时存在,或者说一个存在时另外的一个的含量非常低。由此有人认为DGTS和PC之间存在着相互替代的关系。然而本研究中发现正常培养条件下Chlorella sp.中的DGTS和PC含量均较高(约10%)。磷处理实验结果表明,磷缺乏时Chlore Ha sp,中DGTS舍量大幅升高,而同时PC含量相应下降许多:但高浓度的磷并不能提高PC含量和降低DGTS含量,说明Chlorella sp,中DGTS仍可起替代PC的作用,然而PC可能并不能替代DGTS。Chlorella sp.中MGDG和DGTS脂肪酸组成及其位置分布结果显示,它们的组成和分布相似;在老化培养过程中MGDG和DGTS表现出周期性的相反的含量升高、降低的趋势,这进一步说明MGDG和DGTS之间存在着特殊的关系,MGDG可能合成自DGTS。 海洋微藻富含有利于人体健康的长链不饱和脂肪酸,如何提高微藻脂肪酸特别是多不饱和脂肪酸产量是目前研究的热点之一。本文首次报道了同时加入葡萄糖和硫代硫酸钠对Chlorelta sp,的生长、脂类组成和脂肪酸总产量的影响,结果显示葡萄糖和硫代硫酸钠存在明显而且强烈的互作,二者在培养液中的同时存在显著刺激了脂肪酸总产量的积累,在培养液中分别加入2.5 mM的葡萄糖和5mM的硫代硫酸钠,脂肪酸的产量可以比对照提高78%。而低浓度的葡萄糖和硫代硫酸钠对Chlorella sp.脂肪酸组成影响变化不明显,甚至在硫代硫酸钠存在下令人感兴趣的EPA含量还略有升高。显然,在Chlorella sp.培养中同时加入低浓度的葡萄糖和硫代硫酸钠是极具潜力的提高脂产量的方法,也可作为提高培养微藻其它活性物质产量借鉴的方法。在不久的将来,这种培养方法很可能发展成为生产实践中提高Chlore sp.乃至其它微藻脂肪酸、EPA和其它活性物质产量的经济有效的新途径。

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采用气-质联用技术分析了武汉汉阳月湖和莲花湖的4个表层沉积物样品中的有机污染物,探讨了两湖沉积物受持久性有机物污染的程度。月湖中共检测出124种有机物,其中属环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物19种;莲花湖中共检测出186种有机物,环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物34种。主要污染物包括:酞酸酯、酯类、酚类、杂环和苯及其衍生物等。污染物浓度顺序为L1>L2>Y2>Y1,莲花湖中有机物浓度明显高于月湖。两湖邻苯二甲酸酯的含量最高,占了污染物总量的96%~98%,邻苯二甲酸乙基己基

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为了研究氮源的类型和浓度对微藻脂肪酸组成的影响 ,用含有不同浓度NO3 -、NH4+ 、NH2 CONH2 的培养基 ,对三角褐指藻 (Phaeodactylumtricornutum)进行了培养 ,并测定了其生长和脂肪酸组成。结果表明 ,培养基中不添加氮源时 ,三角褐指藻生长缓慢 ,但多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs)和C18脂肪酸 (C18∶0 ,C18∶2 (n -6) ,C18∶3 (n -6) )占总脂肪酸的比例较高 ;氮浓度较低 (<1 8mmol/L)时 ,三角褐指藻以NH4+ 为氮源 ,生长较

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用气相色谱仪分析了鲢受精卵和仔鱼的脂肪酸组成及其变化。受精卵中共检测到 1 9种脂肪酸 ;SFA含量最高 ,其次为 PUFA,MUFA最少。 SFA中以 1 6 C∶ 0为主 ,MUFA中以1 8C∶ 1为主 ,PUFA中以 DHA、AA和 EPA为主 ;n- 3 /n- 6为 2 .45。初孵仔鱼中 HUFA因卵膜的脱落而减少 ,以后逐渐积累 ;鲢仔鱼具有将 1 8C PUFA转化为长链 HUFA的能力 ;在早期发育阶段 ,鲢仔鱼主要消耗 1 6 C∶ 0作为能量代谢的基质。

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稀有鲫汉源种群和彭州种群全鱼中共检测到 3种饱和脂肪酸 (SFA) ,它们是C1 4∶0、C1 6∶0、C1 8∶0。 4种单不饱和脂肪酸 (MUFA) ,它们是C1 4∶1、C1 6∶1、C1 8∶1、C2 0∶1。 4种多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA) ,它们是C1 8∶2、C2 0∶4、C2 0∶5 (EPA)、C2 2∶6 (DHA)。SFA占总脂肪酸的2 3 6 3— 2 8 97% ,MUFA占 40 73— 5 4 3 2 % ,PUFA占 9 96— 2 3 1 7% ,EPA占 0 41—

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2 0 0 0年 12月在武汉东湖采集了 5个表层沉积物样品 ,采用气 -质联用分析了其中的有机污染物 ,以探讨东湖沉积物受有机物污染的程度 .共检出有机物 180种 ,其中环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物 35种 .有机污染严重程度为 :水果湖区 >郭郑湖南湖区 >郭郑湖北湖区 .

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对一种海生超微型藻类,品系PP983,的分类学地位、生长和生化组成进行了研究.形态学观察和色素分析表明,PP983 是一种黄藻.在25 ℃和100 μmol m - 2 s-1 的条件下,PP983 的生长速率为1.15 divd,其对数生长期的蛋白质、脂肪和糖类质量分数分别为干重的40 .2% 、25 .0 % 和11 .1% ;共检出了17 种氨基酸,其总量为干重的27.8 % .PP983 的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)占总可提取脂肪酸的26.4% ,其中主要是EPA,占干重的4.6% ,而DHA

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To characterize the contamination of anthropogenic organic contaminants in the aquatic environment of Chaohu Lake, China, 7 samples for both water and surface sediment were collected in the lake. Organic contaminants were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and Soxhlet extraction from the water and surface sediment samples, respectively, and then analyzed by GC-MS. One hundred and twenty kinds of organic chemicals were detected in these samples including phenol, benzene series, benzaldehydes, ethanol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sulfur compounds, alcoholic halides, amines, ketones, esters, alkenes and alkanes. Among them, 13 kinds of chemicals were identified as priority pollutants listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), such as phthalate esters (PAEs) and PAHs. Besides, the concentrations of 19 of PAEs and PAHs including, priority pollutants identified were also determined. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the predominant component of the analyzed pollutants, was in the range from 72.34 ng g(-1) DW to 613.71 ng g(-1) DW, 14.80 ng L-1 to 47.05 ng L-1 in sediment and water, respectively. The results indicated that the northwest part of the lake was heavily polluted by domestic and industrial wastewater.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary linolenic acid (LNA)linoleic acid (LA) ratio on growth performance, hepatic fatty acid profile and intermediary metabolism of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain incremental levels of LNA from 0 to 5% at the expense of corn oil (rich in LA), resulting in six dietary treatments with LNA to LA ratios ranging from 0.35 to 14.64. The experiment continued for 7 weeks. Best growth and feed intake were obtained in the fish fed the diets containing the LNA/LA ratios of 1.17 and 2.12 (P<0.05). In contrast, feed conversion ratio was the lowest for fish fed the diets containing the LNA/LA ratios of 1.17 and 2.12 (P<0.05). Dietary LNA to LA ratios significantly influenced viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index (P<0.05), but not condition factor (P>0.05). Body composition was also significantly influenced by dietary LNA to LA ratios (P<0.05). Generally, liver FA compositions reflected dietary FA profiles. Declining LA and increasing LNA contents in liver were observed with the increasing dietary LNA/LA ratios (P<0.05). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased with the increasing LNA to LA ratios, suggesting that yellow catfish could elongate and desaturate C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids into highly unsaturated fatty acids. As a consequence, the n-6 fatty acids (FA) declined, and total n-3 FA and n-3/n-6 ratios increased with the dietary ratios of LNA/LA (P<0.05). Dietary LNA to LA ratios significantly influenced several enzymatic activities involved in liver intermediary metabolism (P<0.05), such as lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, suggesting that dietary LNA/LA ratios had significant effects on nutrient metabolism in the liver. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of the effects of dietary LNA to LA ratios on the enzymatic activities of liver in fish, which provides information on diet quality and utilization, and can also be used as an indicator of the nutritional status of this fish. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Nannochloropsis sp. was grown with different levels of nitrate, phosphate, salinity and temperature with CO2 at 2,800 mu l l(-1). Increased levels of NaNO3 and KH2PO4 raised protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contents but decreased carbohydrate, total lipid and total fatty acids (TFA) contents. Nannochloropsis sp. grew well at salinities from 22 to 49 g l(-1), and lowering salinity enhanced TFA and PUFAs contents. TFA contents increased with the increasing temperature but PUFAs contents decreased. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 omega 3) content based on the dry mass was above 3% under low N (150 mu M NaNO3) or high N (3000 mu M NaNO3) condition. Excessive nitrate, low salinity and temperature are thus favorable factors for improving EPA yields in Nannochloropsis sp.

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A vertical/reverse-vertical flow constructed wetland system was set up in Wuhan, China, to study its treatment efficiency of polluted lake water. The numbers of substrate microorganisms and urease activities in the substrate of the constructed wetland were determined by plate counts and colorimetric analysis, respectively. The removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demands (BOD5). chemical oxygen demands (COD), total phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total suspended solids (TSS) were measured by EPA approved methodology. The results showed there were significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) between numbers of microorganism in the substrate and removal rates of TKN and CODCr. Meanwhile, there was significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between urease activities and removal efficiencies of TKN and negative correlation between urease activities and removal efficiencies of BOD5. Substrate microorganisms and urease activities played key factors during purification processes and they could be utilized as indicator of wastewater treatment performances in the constructed wetland system. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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A unicellular marine picoplankton, Nannochloropsis sp., was grown under CO2-enriched photoautotrophic or/and acetate-added mixotrophic conditions. Photoautotrophic conditions with enriched CO2 of 2800 mul CO2 l(-1) and aeration gave the highest biomass yield (634 mg dry wt l(-1)), the highest total lipid content (9% of dry wt), total fatty acids (64 mg g(-1) dry wt), polyunsaturated fatty acids (35% total fatty acids) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5omega3) (16 mg g(-1) dry wt or 25% of total fatty acids). Mixotrophic cultures gave a greater protein content but less carbohydrates. Adding sodium acetate (2 mM) decreased the amounts of the total fatty acids and EPA. Elevation of CO2 in photoautotrophic culture thus enhances growth and raises the production of EPA in Nannochloropsis sp.