大麻受体CB1及CB2在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠中枢神经系统与免疫系统的分布和表达

吗啡是临床常用的镇痛药物之一，通过模拟内源性抗痛物质脑啡肽的作用，激活中枢神经阿片受体而产生强大的镇痛作用。吗啡属于阿片类生物碱，为阿片受体激动剂，是目前我国主要的毒品成瘾类型之一，对人民生命健康危害极大。目前我国登记在册的吗啡成瘾者约有100万，每年导致的直接经济损失超过1000亿元。因此吗啡成瘾机制的研究以及治疗，是目前神经疾病的研究重点之一。 吗啡成瘾与其结合的受体有关。吗啡除结合阿片受体外，也可能结合大麻素受体，现发现体内有两种大麻素受体的存在：CB1受体和CB2受体。大麻CB1、CB2受体都是G蛋白耦联受体。其中CB1受体主要位于脑、脊髓与外周神经系统中，脑内CB1受体主要分布于基底神经节（黑质、苍白球、外侧纹状体）、海马CA锥体细胞层，小脑和大脑皮层。因此推测大麻CB1受体的功能可能与成瘾、记忆、认知、运动控制的调节有关。而大麻CB2受体主要分布于外周组织，如脾脏边缘区、扁桃体等，它的这种分布可能与免疫抑制作用有关。近来的研究发现大麻CB2受体在中枢神经系统也有分布，目前对其在此分布的功能不明确，推测可能与成瘾、抑郁症等神经类疾病有密切关系。 在药物成瘾导致的精神依赖作用中，奖赏效应是各种药物成瘾的药理学基础。中脑—边缘系统（(mesolimbic dopamine system,MLDS)是药物奖赏效应的神经解剖学基础。目前认为内源性大麻素所起的药理作用与多巴胺能和阿片能的神经传递有密切的关系。因此推断大麻素CB1受体与慢性吗啡成瘾有密切关系，至少是部分参与到慢性吗啡成瘾过程中。 相较于较多的关于大麻CB1受体的研究，有关大麻CB2受体的研究很少。尽管近来证实大麻CB2受体也分布于中枢神经系统，但在慢性吗啡成瘾时，大麻CB2受体表达的改变仍不清楚。在本项目中，我们将对慢性吗啡成瘾动物通过分子生物学、蛋白质化学、免疫组织化学的方法，探讨大麻CB2受体在中枢神经系统的分布和表达，以及大麻CB2受体在吗啡成瘾中可能的作用。 吗啡对免疫系统有抑制作用, 包括抑制淋巴细胞增殖, 减少细胞因子的分泌，减弱自然杀伤细胞（NKC）的细胞毒作用。现已证实激活周围神经系统的CB2受体可诱导IL-4的生成，从而影响阿片μ型受体的转录。此发现提供了内源性大麻系统-阿片系统-免疫系统之间存在相互作用的关系。然而，吗啡吸食是否通过CB2受体从而导致免疫功能的抑制，现在还没有直接证据，在本实验中我们将探讨CB2受体与吗啡成瘾导致免疫功能的改变有关。 实验结果显示（1）应用RT-PCR法，检测到大麻素受体CB1在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质和海马处mRNA表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同。（2）应用western免疫印迹法，检测到大麻素受体CB1在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质，海马和脑干处蛋白表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同。在脑干处，虽然mRNA表达水平无变化，但蛋白质的表达水平上升。（3）应用免疫组化检测到大麻素受体CB1在大鼠的皮质，海马，脑干，小脑处都广泛分布。（4）应用RT-PCR法，检测到大麻素受体CB2在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质，海马，脑干处mRNA表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同。（5）应用western免疫印迹法，检测到大麻素受体CB2在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质，海马，脑干蛋白表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同。且蛋白质的表达改变趋势与mRNA表达水平的改变相似。（6）应用免疫组化法检测到大麻素受体CB2在大鼠的皮质，海马，脑干，小脑处都广泛分布。但数量明显少于大麻CB1受体。（7）应用直接ELISA法，检测到慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的血清与对照组大鼠的血清比较，IgM表达下降；IgG表达上升。 实验结果提示大麻受体CB1和CB2 很可能在慢性吗啡成瘾过程起着重要的作用，至少是部分参与到慢性吗啡成瘾的过程中。因为大麻素受体CB1和CB2都属于G 蛋白耦连受体，长期持续使用吗啡，其表达的变化可能会导致cAMP信号通路的上调；提高了腺苷酸环化酶(AC)和蛋白激酶A(PKA)的活性从而激活下游相关基因的表达最终导致成瘾。此外大麻素受体CB1和CB2表达的变化可能与慢性吗啡成瘾后免疫功能的改变有相关性。 通过以上的的实验结果，可以得到以下的结论：（1）我们验证了大麻素受体CB1在慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质，海马和脑干处mRNA和蛋白质表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同，且大麻CB1受体在大鼠中枢神经系统中广泛大量分布，表明大麻素受体CB1很可能在慢性吗啡成瘾过程中起着重要的作用，至少部分参与到慢性吗啡成瘾的过程中。（2）我们第一次证实了大麻素受体CB2在吗啡成瘾大鼠的皮质，海马和脑干处mRNA和蛋白质表达水平与对照组大鼠有明显不同，且大麻CB2受体在大鼠中枢神经系统中少量广泛分布。表明大麻素受体CB2很可能在慢性吗啡成瘾过程中起着重要的作用，至少部分参与到慢性吗啡成瘾的过程中。（3）同时我们发现大麻素受体CB1和CB2在大鼠脑组织中广泛表达，表明内源性大麻系统有可能广泛的参与各种神经疾病，很可能成为治疗的新靶点。（4）最后我们发现慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠血液中IgM表达下降；IgG表达上升，表明慢性吗啡成瘾对机体的免疫功能有广泛的调节作用。慢性吗啡成瘾大鼠血清CB2受体mRNA表达上升。我们证实了大麻受体CB2可能正是把神经系统和免疫系统相联系的一个靶点。

阿片药物依赖的神经机制---内侧前额叶与药物的心理依赖

Mental dependence, characterized by craving and impulsive seeking behavior, is the matter of intensive study in the field of drug addiction. The mesolimbic dopamine system has been suggested to play an important role in rewarding of drugs and relapse. Although chronic drug use can induce neuroadaptations of the mesolimbic system and changes of drug reinforcement, these mechanisms cannot fully account for the craving and the compulsive drug-using behavior of addicts. Acknowledging the reinforcement effects of drugs, most previous studies have studied the impact of environmental cues and conditioned learning on addiction behavior, often using established classical or operant conditioning model. These studies, however, paid little attention to the role of cognitive control and emotion in addiction. These mental factors that are believed to have an important influence on conditioned learning. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has close anatomic and functional connections with the mesolimbic dopamine system. A number of the cognitive neurological studies demonstrate that mPFC is involved in motivation, emotional regulation, monitoring of responses and other executive functions. Thus we speculated that the function of abnormality in mPFC following chronic drug use would cause related to the abnormal behavior in addicts including impulse and emotional changes. In the present study of a series of experiments, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the hemodynamic response of the mPFC and related circuits to various cognitive and emotional stimuli in heroin addicts and to explore the underlying dopamine neuromechnism by microinjection of tool drugs into the mPFC in laboratory animals. In the first experiment, we found that heroin patients, relative to the normal controls, took a much shorter time and committed more errors in completing the more demanding of cognitive regulation in the reverse condition of the task, while the neural activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was attenuated. In the second experiment, the scores of the heroin patients in self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) were significantly higher than the normal controls and they rated the negative pictures more aversive than the normal controls. Being congruent with the behavioral results, hemodynamic response to negative pictures showed significant difference between the two groups in bilateral ventral mPFC (VMPFC), amygdala, and right thalamus. The VMPFC of patients showed increased activation than normal controls, whereas activation in the amygdala of patients was weaker than that in normal subjects. Our third experiment showed that microinjection of D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 into the mPFC of rats decreased hyperactivity, which was induced by morphine injection, in contrast, D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 increased the hyperactivity, These findings suggest: (1) The behavior and neural activity in ACC of addicts changed in chronic drug users. Their impulsive behavior might result from the abnormal neural activity in the mPFC especially the ACC. (2) Heroine patients were more depress and anxiety than normal controls. The dysfunction of the mPFC---amygdala circuit of heroine addicts might be related to the abnormal emotion response. (3) Dopamine in the mPFC has an inhibitory effect on morphine induced behavior. The hyperactivity induced by chronic morphine was reduced by dopamine increase with D1 receptor agonist, confirm the first experiment that the neuroadaption of mPFC system induced by chronic morphine administration appears to be the substrate the impulse behavior of drug users.

VTA-NAc内orexin A在吗啡和性奖赏相关行为中作用的研究

There are a lot of differences in the neural mechanisms underlying between drug reward and natural reward despite the common neual basis. Undoubtedly, revealing the common and the different mechanisms underlying drug reward and natural reward will promote the development of research on drug addiction. Among diversified natural rewards, sex is often compared to drug because sexual reward has more similarities to drug. The mesolimbic dopamine system (VTA-NAc pathway) is a common pathway activated by natural reinforcers and addictive drugs, mediating reward, emotion and motivation under physiological conditions. The neuroadaptations taking place in the central nervous system including the mesolimbic dopamine system after repeatedly drug taking leads to persistent drug craving, Orexin, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus, plays an important role in reward-associated, motivated behaviors. Orexin neurons have extensive projections to the mesolimbic dopamine system. In order to further investigate the roles of orexin A in drug reward, this study examined the regulatory roles of orexin A in the VTA and NAcSh on drug reinforcement (acqusition of morphine CPP) and drug-seeking behavior (expression of morphine CPP). Moreover, the roles of orexin A on drug reward were compared with sexual reward. The main results are as follows: 1. The expression of morphine CPP was inhibited by intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered OX1R antagonist SB334867; 2. The male unconditioned sexual motivation was not affected by i.c.v. administered SB334867. However, i.c.v. given orexin A inhibited unconditioned sexual motivation in sexually high-motivated rats but did not affect sexual motivation in low-motivated rats; 3. The acquisition and expression of morphine CPP was inhibited by SB334867 microinjected into the VTA. SB334867 or orexin A injected into the NAcSh did not influence the acquisition of morphine CPP, but orexin A increased the locomotor activity in rats treated with morphine (3mg/kg); 4. SB334867 microinjected into the VTA did not affect male copulatory behavior, neither affect the acqusition of copulatory CPP; 5. The expression of copulatory CPP was associated with increased Fos protein expression in hypothalamic orexin A neurons, and SB334867 microinjected into the VTA inhibited expression of copulatory CPP. These results suggest that, (1) endogenous orexin A is not involved in male unconditioned sexual motivation, but involved in drug craving; (2) orexin A in the VTA instead of in the NAc is involved in drug reinforcement; (3) orexin A in the VTA is critical for drug-seeking behavior, but it is still unclear for the role of orexin A in the NAcSh; (4) in contrast to drug reinforcement, orexin A in the VTA is not involved in reinforcing effect of sexual reward. Orexin A plays a role both in drug-seeking behavior and in sexual reward-seeking behavior, but the different orexin A neuron populations may be responsible for the roles of orexin A in two types of reward. In a word, the differential roles of orexin A in drug and sexual reward are found in the present study, which provides some evidence for further research on the mechanisms of drug addiction.

DOPAMINE D-1 RECEPTOR MECHANISMS IN THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG-ADULT AND AGED MONKEYS

Dopamine (DA) D-1 receptor compounds were examined in monkeys for effects on the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex and on the fine motor abilities of the primary motor cortex. The D-1 antagonist, SCH23390, the partial D-1 agonist, SKF38393, and the full D-1 agonist, dihydrexidine, were characterized in young control monkeys, and in aged monkeys with naturally occurring catecholamine depletion. In addition, SKF38393 was tested in young monkeys experimentally depleted of catecholamines with chronic reserpine treatment. Injections of SCH23390 significantly impaired the memory performance of young control monkeys, but did not impair aged monkeys with presumed catecholamine depletion. Conversely, the partial agonist, SKF38393, improved the depleted monkeys (aged or reserpine-treated) but did not improve young control animals. The full agonist, dihydrexidine, did improve memory performance in young control monkeys, as well as in a subset of aged monkeys. Consistent with D, receptor mechanisms, agonist-induced improvements were blocked by SCH23390. Drug effects on memory performance occurred independently of effects on fine motor performance. These results underscore the importance of DA D-1 mechanisms in cognitive function, and provide functional evidence of DA system degeneration in aged monkeys. Finally, high doses of D-1 agonists impaired memory performance in aged monkeys, suggesting that excessive D-1 stimulation may be deleterious to cognitive function.