21 resultados para Disposal
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
Resumo:
Goal, Scope and Background. In some cases, soil, water and food are heavily polluted by heavy metals in China. To use plants to remediate heavy metal pollution would be an effective technique in pollution control. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in removing pollutants should be understood in order to implement phytoremediation, which makes use of plants to extract, transfer and stabilize heavy metals from soil and water. Methods. The information has been compiled from Chinese publications stemming mostly from the last decade, to show the research results on heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in controlling heavy metal pollution, and to provide a general outlook of phytoremediation in China. Related references from scientific journals and university journals are searched and summarized in sections concerning the accumulation of heavy metals in plants, plants for heavy metal purification and phytoremediation techniques. Results and Discussion. Plants can take up heavy metals by their roots, or even via their stems and leaves, and accumulate them in their organs. Plants take up elements selectively. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the plant depends on the plant species, element species, chemical and bioavailiability, redox, pH, cation exchange capacity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and secretion of roots. Plants are employed in the decontamination of heavy metals from polluted water and have demonstrated high performances in treating mineral tailing water and industrial effluents. The purification capacity of heavy metals by plants are affected by several factors, such as the concentration of the heavy metals, species of elements, plant species, exposure duration, temperature and pH. Conclusions. Phytoremediation, which makes use of vegetation to remove, detoxify, or stabilize persistent pollutants, is a green and environmentally-friendly tool for cleaning polluted soil and water. The advantage of high biomass productive and easy disposal makes plants most useful to remediate heavy metals on site. Recommendations and Outlook. Based on knowledge of the heavy metal accumulation in plants, it is possible to select those species of crops and pasturage herbs, which accumulate fewer heavy metals, for food cultivation and fodder for animals; and to select those hyperaccumulation species for extracting heavy metals from soil and water. Studies on the mechanisms and application of hyperaccumulation are necessary in China for developing phytoremediation.
Resumo:
化石燃料的燃烧是百余年来大气中二氧化碳(CO2)浓度增加的主要原因。CO2的收集和处置则是抑制这一趋势的有效途径。本文通过对现有收集利用和处置技术的分析,认为火电厂是收集CO2的重点考虑对象;CO2用于三次采油及天然气回收在技术上和经济上比较可行;蓄水层储气前景广阔值得研究;深海处置有待进一步探索;CO2用于置换开采天然气水合物也是很有前景的方案。
The burning of fossil fuel is the primary cause to have the concentration of carbon dioxide(CO2) in atmosphere increased during the past more than a hundred of years,and the capture and disposal of CO2 is an effective method to control its rising tendency.By analysis of the current capture and disposal technologies of CO2,it is concluded that firepower plants are the key targets to capture CO2.The paper also puts forth that tertiary oil recovery and natural gas recovery with CO2 are feasible both technologically and economically;storage of CO2 in saline aquifer is a method of nice foreground and deserves to be researched; disposal of CO2 in deep seafloor will be further investigated;and displacement of gas hydrate with CO2 is a tempting programme also.
Resumo:
本论文在综合分析国内外医疗废物处置技术及其应用管理模式的基础上,结合中国医疗废物管理和处置现状,提出了中国医疗废物处置技术选择及应用模式,并对如何优化现行医疗废物处置技术和管理模式问题进行了系统的研究。主要研究成果包括: 1.中国医疗废物处置技术选择和应用模式研究。该项研究是在系统研究国际组织和国际公约、国内外医疗废物处置技术应用状况和管理模式基础上,结合中国医疗废物的产生、处置技术应用以及环境管理模式的特点和存在的问题,针对焚烧和非焚烧两大技术流派开展的。 2.中国医疗废物处置技术和管理模式优化研究。该研究是结合中国医疗废物处置技术应用和管理现状以及推进采用BAT/BEP的总体要求出发,结合具体案例提出了典型医疗废物处置技术优化所涉及工艺配置、工况参数以及污染控制要求,提出了以生命周期和全过程管理为核心的医疗废物管理理念,并就技术和管理模式优化的评价方法问题,提出了焚烧处置设施的性能评价方法以及非焚烧处理设施处理效果评价方法。 相关研究成果的意义在于可以为我国医疗废物领域相关技术选择、工程建设、设施运行、监督管理以及环境监测/检测方法的研究和应用提供借鉴,为推进医疗废物领域探索和采用BAT/BEP提供了技术支持。
Resumo:
为解决炸药包殉爆销毁存在的诸多问题,适应新形势下部队训练保障要求,依据前人关于聚能装置设计经验和聚能效应原理,着重阐述了炸药、药型罩、炸高、外壳等重要参数设计原则及其选取依据,设计了一种用于危险弹药销毁的新型装置.为检验聚能引爆器侵彻引爆销毁危险弹药的能力,选取了5种典型弹药进行实弹销毁试验.试验结果表明:该装置能够引爆不同弹丸装药、不同弹体材料、不同弹丸壁厚的危险弹药,用于销毁危险弹药是可行的
Resumo:
活性污泥法是目前世界上普遍应用的污水生物处理工艺,其在运行过程中产生大量的剩余污泥。由于剩余污泥处理费用巨大及污泥最终处置对环境具有潜在危害问题,污泥的处理和处置已经成为水处理领域关注的焦点。本文利用实验室筛选的溶胞菌群,在好氧消化的同时对污泥进行前处理,促进剩余污泥的破解与溶胞,再通过两相厌氧处理对污泥进行进一步消化,以研究投加溶胞菌对剩余污泥消化的影响。 本研究中溶胞菌污泥减量化技术分为两个部分,第一,污泥在溶胞菌作用下的好氧消化与污泥传统好氧消化的对比研究,利用取自成都三瓦窑污水处理厂剩余污泥,向好氧污泥消化反应器中投加溶胞菌,检测各项污泥指标,并通过同传统好氧污泥消化对比,以研究溶胞菌对污泥好氧消化的影响。第二, 经过溶胞菌处理后好氧消化的剩余污泥进行两相厌氧处理研究。通过建立好氧溶胞联合两相厌氧消化系统的来处理剩余污泥,并与相同条件运行的两相厌氧消化系统做对比,检测运行过程中系统中物质成分变化,研究了其处理能力和运行稳定性,探索了两相厌氧消化系统中的发酵类型差别,验证了好氧溶胞对剩余污泥的破解效果。 研究结果表明:污泥在溶胞菌作用下的好氧消化效果和消化效率均优于传统好氧消化。在溶胞菌群存在的情况下,剩余污泥的TSS和VSS去除率达到40%和53%,远高于传统好氧消化的12%和20%。污泥经过溶胞及好氧消化后,TCOD去除率达到54.4%。经过溶胞菌处理后的剩余污泥再进入两相厌氧处理系统,进入厌氧处理系统的剩余污泥的VSS/TSS比值约为0.62。在两相厌氧处理水力停留时间(HRT)为8d时,溶胞处理污泥厌氧消化后VSS去除率达到55.17%,对照组两相厌氧系统的VSS去除率平均值为18.53%。经过溶胞处理的两相厌氧系统的污泥减量了能力远高于对照组。两相厌氧系统的pH值和碱度说明系统运行较为稳定。产酸相的有机酸中乙酸含量高于丙酸和丁酸,说明发酵末端产物以乙酸为主。在20天的试验周期内,污泥溶胞处理后、两相厌氧系统产甲烷相产气量累积产气量为1.2L,对照组只有375ml。气体中甲烷含量都在55%左右。该研究结果表明,好氧溶胞对污泥有破解能力,溶胞处理对两相厌氧中产酸相水解污泥细胞有明显的促进作用,提高了产酸相的水解酸化能力和效率。该研究对于利用生物溶胞途径提高污泥消化效率具有重要意义。 The actived sludge process has been used more and more extensively, but the procedure will lead to a large quantity of excess sludge. The treatment of Excess activated sludge has becomes a focuses not only for it is a seriously negative effect on environment but also for the costly disposal comes subsequently. The cell lysing bacterium was keeped in our lab to joined in the digestion of the excess activated sludge which was carrying at the same time with pre-processing of sludge to investigated the influence of cell lysing bacterium on excess sludge. There are two part in the method of cell lysing bacterium digesting sludge technology, the first, comparison of excess sludge digestion between anaerobic Cell-lysing Pretreatment and Conventional Aerobic Process. The sludge which was collected from San Wanyao disposal plant in Chengdu was thrown into the aerobic process system with cell-lysing bacterium, then, the indexes were detected to compare the difference between the cell-lysing bacterium in aerobic process and the traditional method to determine the influence of cell-lysing bacterium on aerobic process ; The second, the research on the sludge which was pro-treated with cell-lysing and aerobic digestion in the diphase of anaerobic digestion system. The system of cell-lysing combined with diphase of anaerobic digesting was created to compare to the diphase of anaerobic digested system, the changes of mass constituent was detected to study the ability and steady of disposal. Moreover, the research explored the difference among the types of fermentation. The efficacious of aerobic process was been proved. The result shows that the digesting rate of aerobic process with cell-lysing bacterium was higher than the traditional process. The ratio of sludge is reach to 40%~53%, which was far more effectively than the traditional process rate of 12%~20%. The TCOD of sludge which was treated with cell lysing bacterium and Aerobic Process is reach to 54.4%. Then, the sludge was thrown into the diphase of anaerobic digesting system. VSS/TSS of sludge is 0.62, HRT is 6d, the reduction of VSS is reach to 40.8%. The pH and alkalinity indicate the steady running of the diphase anaerobic digest system. In the acerbity phasing, the content of acetic acid was more than butanoic acid and propanoic acid in organic acid, it is demonstrated that the main composition of final production of fermentation was Acetic Acid. During the 20d of experiment, methylhydride phasing of diphase anaerobic digest system produced 1.2L methylhydride, however, there is only 375ml in CK, the content of methylhydride in all gas phase was around the rate of 55%. The average ratio of VSS was 18.53% in CK diphase anaerobic digest system which was far more unavailable than the mass sludge rate of 55.17%. Results demonstrated that aerobic cell-lysing digested the sludge, the treat of cell-lysing could obviously promoted the hydrolyzeing of sludge cell in the acerbity phasing, which improved the ability and rate of hydrolization and acidification. This study is significant in inhenceing the rate of sludge digestion in the method of cell-lysing bacterium.
Resumo:
无论是在核物理和粒子物理实验中,我们常常需要对探测到的弱小信号进行线性处理,以满足测量与分析的要求。为此,我们以弱小信号处理为题,开展了一些研究工作,我们先后开展的研究工作包括以下几个方面:1.弱电流测试仪的研制2.电荷前放的研制3.主放的研制这三种仪器我们将在沦文的第二、第三、第四章分别进行阐述。弱电流测试仪是一种便携式仪器(直接由22OV供电),它可以测量0.1 nA至100tlA范围的弱小电流(测量范围分六档可调)。它可以接受正或负极性直流输入电流。输出采用两种方式:表头直读和电压输出。电压输出最大为+5V。电荷前置放大器具有电路结构简单、体积小(38m×45mm×80mfll)、输出信号上升时间快、噪声低、稳定性好等特点。主放成形时间常数分为四档:0.5 us、1 us、2 us、3 us:放大倍数分为两档:×10、×100;峰保持时间为6us左右(确保后续ADC所需的时间);具有价格低、性能好、体积小的特点。在论文的第五部分论述的是根据在调试过程中出现的实际问题提出的解决办法,其中最主要的是对各种噪燕的解决办法。上述仪器研制完成后,在实际使用中,获得了满意的结果,受到好评。
Resumo:
Three problems of disposal and utilization of sludge are necessary to be solved by applying it in agriculture and forestry:①The possoblity of heavy metals in sludge causing second pollution to soil and crops.②The potential effect of pathogens on the environment.③Groundwater pollution caused by high N and P concentration.The aiteratures on the above three problems home and abroad were summarized in this paper.
Resumo:
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at a 2-cm interval in a core sample from the middle of the southern Yellow Sea for elucidating their historical variations in inflow and sources. The chronology was obtained using the Pb-210 method. PAHs concentrations decreased generally with depth and two climax values occurred in 14-16 cm and 20-22 cm layers, demonstrating that the production and usage of PAHs might reach peaks in the periods of 1956-1962 and 1938-1944. The booming economy and the navy battles of the Second World War might explain why the higher levels were detected in the two layers. The result of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PAHs were primarily owing to the combustion product. Down-cored variation of PCB concentrations was complex. Higher concentrations besides the two peaks being the same as PAHs were detected from 4 to 8 cm, depositing from 1980 to 1992, which probably resulted from the disposal of the out-dated PCB-containing equipment. The average Cl percentage of PCBs detected was similar to that of the mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1242, suggesting they might origin from the dielectrical and heat-transfer fluid. The total organic carbon (TOC) content played a prevalent role in the adsorption of high molecular weight PAHs (>= 4-ring), while no obvious relationship among total PCBs, the concentration of congeners, and TOC was found.
Resumo:
Systematic studies of the changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and their effects on phytoplankton over the last 30 years in the Bohai Sea are presented. The amount of sewage disposal, use of fertilizer and the Huanghe River runoff were found to have a significant influence on the DIN or DIP concentrations in the Bohai Sea over the last 30 years. Moreover, the changes in DIN and DIP resulted in changes in the limiting nutrients of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea from nitrogen in the early 1980s to nitrogen-phosphorus in the late 1980s, and then to phosphorus after the 1990s. In addition, changes in nitrogen and phosphorus had a significant effect on the phytoplankton community structure. The half saturation constant (K (s)) was used to evaluate the effect of nutrients on the phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea over the last 30 years. Cell abundance percentages of dominant phytoplankton species with high K (s) values for phosphorus and low K (s) values for nitrogen have decreased since the 1980s, while those of dominant phytoplankton species with low K (s) values for phosphorus and high K (s) values for nitrogen increased during this period.
Resumo:
本文针对排爆机器人手臂多关节联动控制的需要,开发了一种具有高集成度的基于C8051单片机和CAN总线的运动控制卡。介绍了运动控制卡的原理及实施方案,同时给出了运动控制卡在机器人平台的应用实例。在排爆机器人平台上的应用表明该运动控制卡具有较高的精度及很好的可靠性和实时性。
Resumo:
为提高反恐防暴机器人对非结构环境的适应能力,设计出了一种具有良好的机动性能和转向性能的新型轮—腿—履带复合移动机构.通过机器人机构分析与本体的稳定性分析,论证了其结构设计的可行性及好的稳定性.
Resumo:
研制了一种有重力约束的三索控制的柔索吊床机构来模拟船体海面上的运动。为了解三柔索吊床机构的运动特性 ,对其进行了运动学建模与仿真。仿真结果表明 ,台面倾角在 0°~ 30 0°变化时 ,台面不碰撞立柱 ,且柔索伸缩长度与台面倾斜角度接近于线性变化。本文所做的工作对吊床平台避免撞击立柱、缩小吊床立柱布置空间、提高空间利用率 ,以及为吊床的运动控制提供了理论依据
Resumo:
西方国家早在20世纪60年代就开始采用防暴机器人处理爆炸物。自从9.11事件后,国际社会恐怖活动更是愈演愈烈,许多国家相继对此给予了高度重视。反恐防暴机器人可应用于核工业、军事、燃化、铁路、公安、武警等部门,代替人在危险、恶劣、有害环境中执行探查、排除或销毁爆炸物、消防、抢救人质以及与恐怖分子对抗等任务。本项目依托课题由最初的“危险作业机器人”到现在的“反恐防暴机器人的产业化研究”,由国家“863”计划资金滚动支持。就现有的反恐防暴机器人,存在速度较慢或机动灵活性不强或可靠性不高等不足,现研究出一种新型反恐防暴机器人,目的是在保证适应一定的非结构环境的前提下(适用所有的非结构环境的移动机构设计是不可取的,也是不现实的),提高机器人本体转向性能和移动速度,降低功耗,机构简单化,同时在硬件与软件设计时采取一些相应的措施,提高其在实际应用环境中的可靠性和抗干扰能力。首先,通过对以往反恐防暴机器人在非结构环境中采用的复合移动机构对比分析研究,提出了一种新型的轮-履带-腿复合移动机构,应用在”灵豹”机器人上。它的特色是移动机构继承了“灵蜥”系列反恐防暴机器人轮与履带移动方式自动切换功能,并且针对“灵蜥”系列机器人轮式移动时,四轮滑动转向灵活性不高、功耗大的问题,提出了三轮式移动机构,在狭小移动空间有着广泛的应用。并对该机器人本体做了运动学分析和稳定性分析,论证了该机构的可行性。其次,根据课题项目研究的需要,在控制方面,主要完成了“灵狐”小型反恐防暴机器人的系统构建与功能实现。通过从事“灵蜥”系列机器人项目开发,积累了一些移动机构设计与分析以及控制系统一些问题解决的实际经验,在“灵狐”控制系统设计过程中,由于采用单片机作为微控制单元,因此着重考虑了提高系统可靠性与抗干扰能力。在“灵狐”机器人样机试验中取得了好的效果,均达到预期目标。