50 resultados para DNA Polymerase II

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Several groups of parasitic protozoa, as represented by Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba and Microsporida, were once widely considered to be the most primitive extant eukaryotic group - Archezoa. The main evidence for this is their 'lacking mitochondria' and possessing some other primitive features between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and being basal to all eukaryotes with mitochondria in phylogenies inferred from many molecules. Some authors even proposed that these organisms diverged before the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria within eukaryotes. This view was once considered to be very significant to the study of origin and evolution of eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes). However, in recent years this has been challenged by accumulating evidence from new studies. Here the sequences of DNA topoisomerase 11 in G lamblia, T vaginalis and E histolytica were identified first by PCR and sequencing, then combining with the sequence data of the microsporidia Encephalitozoon cunicul and other eukaryotic groups of different evolutionary positions from GenBank, phylogenetic trees were constructed by various methods to investigate the evolutionary positions of these amitochondriate protozoa. Our results showed that since the characteristics of DNA topoisomerase 11 make it avoid the defect of 'long-branch attraction' appearing in the previous phylogenetic analyses, our trees can not only reflect effectively the relationship of different major eukaryotic groups, which is widely accepted, but also reveal phylogenetic positions for these amitochondriate protozoa, which is different from the previous phylogenetic trees. They are not the earliest-branching eukaryotes, but diverged after some mitochondriate organisms such as kinetoplastids and mycetozoan; they are not a united group but occupy different phylogenetic positions. Combining with the recent cytological findings of mitochondria-like organelles in them, we think that though some of them (e.g. diplomonads, as represented by Giardia) may occupy a very low evolutionary position, generally these organisms are not as extremely primitive as was thought before; they should be polyphyletic groups diverging after the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondrion to adapt themselves to anaerobic parasitic life.

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以贾第虫、毛滴虫、内变形虫和微抱子虫等为代表的几类原生生物,不仅因为他们的寄生致病性而在医学上长期备受关注,它们的进化地位也是一个十分令人注目的问题。因为曾认为它们不具线粒体等细胞器,再加上一些分子系统学研究表明它们处在真核生物的最基部,因此不少人认为它们是在线粒体产生之前即已分化的极原始真核生物,其进化地位是处在原核生物向真核生物的过渡阶段,并有人称之为achezoa。这一发现一度被认为对探讨真核细胞(生物)的起源进化极为重要,是进化生物学上的重要突破。然而,近年来不断有新的证据对此提出质疑,其进化地位也就存在较大争议。本文首先利用PCR扩增、测序和基因组数据库搜索等技术方法鉴定了蓝氏贾第虫(Giardialamblia)、阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonasvaginalis)和痢疾内变形虫(entamoebahistolytica)的IIDNA拓扑异构酶基因序列。RT-PCR和序列分析表明它们均不具内含子。蛋白质序列搜索的结果表明它们与其它真核生物的DNA拓扑异构酶H是高度同源的。用生物信息学的方法,我们还对这些酶的性质进行了初步分析。分析还表明蓝氏贾第虫的DNA拓扑异构酶H具有一些不同于其.宿主的特征,如在ATPase区和中间区有六个插入,中间区要长大约100个氨基酸,而C端区又短大约200个氨基酸且富含带电荷的氨基酸残基。这些结果对研制以该酶为靶分子的专一性抗贾第虫药物具有指导意义。其次,将上述获得的序列数据结合GenBank数据库中已有的脑炎微抱子虫(Encephalitozooncuniculi)和其它一系列处在不同进化地位的真核生物的相应序列数据,用多种方法构建出分子系统树,对这些"无线粒体"原生生物的进化地位进行了探讨,并对"长枝吸引"对系统树的影响进行了分析。结果表明,由于DNA拓扑异构酶H的特点和可以克服"长枝吸引"等以往分子系统分析中的不足,所构建的系统树不仅能有效地反映出已普遍接受的真核生物各主要类群的系统关系,而且显示出这些"无线粒体"原生动物不同于以前系统树所反映的进化地位:它们并非是最早分支出来的真核生物,而是在具有线粒体的生物如动基体类或菌虫类等之后才分化的、分别属于不同进化地位的类群。结合近来它们中发现了类似线粒体细胞器等证据,我们认为这些所谓"无线粒体"的原生生物虽然其中有些种类(如以贾第虫为代表的双滴虫类)进化地位很低等,对探讨真核细胞的早期进化具有一定意义,但总体上它们并非过去所认为的那么极端原始,它们应该是线粒体产生之后才分别分化出来的不同生物类群

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Parallel strand models for base sequences d(A)(10). d(T)(10), d(AT)(5) . d(TA)(5), d(G(5)C(5)). d(C(5)G(5)), d(GC)(5) . d(CG)(5) and d(CTATAGGGAT). d(GATATCCCTA), where reverse Watson-Crick A-T pairing with two H-bonds and reverse Watson-Crick G-C pairing with one H-bond or with two H-bonds were adopted, and three models of d(T)(14). d(A)(14). d(T)(14) triple helix with different strand orientations were built up by molecular architecture and energy minimization. Comparisons of parallel duplex models with their corresponding B-DNA models and comparisons among the three triple helices showed: (i) conformational energies of parallel AT duplex models were a little lower, while for GC duplex models they were about 8% higher than that of their corresponding B-DNA models; (ii) the energy differences between parallel and B-type duplex models and among the three triple helices arose mainly from base stacking energies, especially for GC base pairing; (iii) the parallel duplexes with one H-bond G-C pairs were less stable than those with two H-bonds G-C pairs. The present paper includes a brief discussion about the effect of base stacking and base sequences on DNA conformations. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited.

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摘要 II 5. 在不同注量离子束辐照后筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株中扩增获得位 于第 12 染色体上的 SOF1 基因,而在同样的扩增体系中没有得到野生型 菌株的该基因。 6. 选取离子束辐照后筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株再次进行辐照,发现 其在低剂量范围(<0.93Gy)辐照下非常敏感,而在高剂量范围(> 0.93Gy)又表现出一定程度的辐射抗性。 结论: 1. 离子束辐照酵母细胞,直接或间接作用于酵母线粒体DNA,导致线粒体 DNA损伤,形成呼吸缺陷的酵母菌株。 2. I 类内含子和 II 类内含子对于离子束辐照的敏感性不同: II 类内含子比较 稳定,II 类内含子可能利用自身编码的反转录酶通过目的DNA引导的反 转录机制对受到辐照损伤的II 类内含子进行修复。 3. 离子束辐照后 SOF1 基因可能发生了突变,影响酵母细胞的生长。 4. 呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株因其线粒体 DNA发生变化及线粒体功能的改变, 使 呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株在不同剂量区的离子束辐照下表现不同辐射敏感 性。目的: 研究啤酒酵母的线粒体 DNA 在重离子辐照作用下的突变效应及其突变机 理。 材料与方法: 利用兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL)加速的氖、碳离子辐照酵母细胞,用 TTC 显色培养基筛选呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株,并用 mtDNA 限制性酶切手段分析其突变 规律。采用 PCR扩增并对目的产物测序的方法对辐照后线粒体DNA上的 I 类内 含子和 II类内含子进行研究。 结果: 1. TTC 显色实验表明:离子束辐照导致酵母线粒体上的电子传递链发生改 变,产生的还原氢减少,造成呼吸缺陷。 2. 利用限制性酶切实验对线粒体 DNA进行研究,结果表明:离子束辐照诱 变筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株其线粒体DNA变化明显: 主要表现为 酶切条带缺失严重。即使在同一注量下筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株, 其酶切图谱也不相同。 3. 通过 PCR 手段对辐照后酵母线粒体 DNA 碱基序列进一步进行分析,发 现经不同注量离子束辐照后筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株,其I 类内含 子(ai4 and ai5)经设计不同引物进行扩增,没有获得目的条带,说明此 序列发生了突变,可能对离子束辐照比较敏感。 4. 经不同注量离子束辐照后筛选出来的呼吸缺陷型酵母菌株,其 II 类内含 子(ai2)的碱基序列与野生型相比没有变化,表现出在离子束辐照作用 下比较稳定的特性。

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1.黑麂和费氏麂卫星DNA的克隆、序列分析和染色体定位 麂属动物在很短的时间内经历了快速的物种辐射,并且种间染色体数目存在巨大差异,是研究动物核型进化和物种起源的理想模型。近二十年来的分子细胞遗传学研究已基本上证实染色体串联融合(端粒-着丝粒融合)是麂属动物核型演化的主要染色体重排方式。尽管染色体串联融合的分子机制仍不清楚,但研究提示着丝粒区域的卫星DNA可能介导染色体的非同源重组。因此,着丝粒卫星DNA的克隆、分析序列以及染色体定位研究不仅有助于阐明麂属染色体核型演化规律,还可能揭示染色体串联融合的分子机制。迄今为止,上述研究工作已经在赤麂、小麂和小麂台湾亚种开展过。但是,尚无有关黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂卫星 DNA 克隆、序列分析以及染色体定位研究的报道。 在本研究中,我成功地克隆了黑麂的卫星DNA I、II和IV,分别命名为BMC5、BM700和BM1.1k,并且从费氏麂中克隆了卫星DNA II,命名为FM700。对这些卫星DNA克隆进行序列分析,并将这些克隆探针分别与黑麂、费氏麂、贡山麂和小麂的染色体杂交。研究结果表明: 1)黑麂的卫星DNA I(BMC5)与小麂卫星DNA I(C5)序列高度相似,并且在小麂、黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂染色体上的大部分串联融合位点处均有分布,因此卫星DNA I可能代表着染色体发生串联融合后保存下来,来源于麂属动物祖先染色体着丝粒的一种卫星DNA。卫星DNA I在这四种麂属动物染色体上的分布也表明黑麂、费氏麂和贡山麂与赤麂的核型演化过程相似,很可能从一个2n = 70的共同祖先通过一系列的串联易位进化而来。 2) 将卫星DNA II(BM700和FM700)克隆探针分别杂交到黑麂和费氏麂的染色体上,只检测到几对间隔分布的信号。这提示在核型进化过程中不同卫星DNA间可能发生了广泛的重组,从而导致卫星DNA II大量丢失。大部分重组断裂位点可能位于卫星DNA I 与卫星DNA II之间,或者在卫星DNA II 区域内。 2.六带犰狳重复序列家族的克隆、序列分析和染色体定位 六带犰狳属于犰狳科、贫齿目,是六带犰狳属中唯一的一个代表物种。系统发育研究认为贫齿目与非洲兽总目是有胎盘哺乳动物中最原始的两个类群。C显带结果揭示六带犰狳30%的基因组是由组成性异染色质构成的,并且C带分布的位置也较复杂,提示在六带犰狳基因组中存在多种重复序列元件。 为了研究六带犰狳异染色质的组成,我从六带犰狳的基因组中克隆了七种位点特异性的重复序列。根据测序结果以及它们在染色体上的分布,将这些重复序列分为五个重复序列家族。其中AMD-EcoRI 837与AMD-BglII 811的序列相似,都是由大小约116 bp的单位组成,分布在大多数染色体的着丝粒区域,同时在一些染色体臂也有分布。AMD-EcoRI 832,AMD-EcoRI 836和AMD-EcoRI 934是特定染色体的重复序列,并且都分布于着丝粒区域。另外,AMD-BglII 634,AMD-EcoRI 731两个克隆都属于长散在分布重复序列(L1),倾向于分布在G带阳性、富含AT碱基的区域,并且这两种重复序列在染色体上的定位与C带阳性的非着丝粒的异染色质区域很相似。本研究提供了六带犰狳异染色质区域的部分基因组信息,并且这些重复序列家族也可以用于研究六带犰狳及其近缘物种的系统发育关系。

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根癌农杆菌通过将一段含有“癌”基因的T-DNA导入植物基因组中,引起植物的肿瘤:冠瘿。根癌农杆菌的这种能力来源于Ti质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid)。遗传工程中,根癌农杆菌的这一特性被用来将连接入Ti质粒T-DNA区两个边界之间的外源基因转入植物基因组。随着植物分子生物学的发展,T-DNA转化的原理被进一步阐明,农杆菌介导的转基因技术也得到进一步优化,更适合遗传工程操作。特别是Ti质粒毒性区和T-DNA区的反式作用(即位于不同质粒的T-DNA和毒性区也能侵染植物)被发现以来,双元表达载体的构建使遗传工程操作大为简便。 常用的双元表达载体大小都在11kb以上,尽管远远小于几百kb的野生型Ti质粒,但在实际的体外操作中还是不够简便。常用的植物双元表达载体pBI121的基因序列被测定(Frisch et al.,1995),数据显示非T-DNA区一半以上的序列被发现和功能无关,这使双元载体的进一步缩小成为可能。本文即通过PCR方法克隆到pBI121非T-DNA区中载体复制、三亲杂交必需的片段,结合载体pART27中的T-DNA区(含有真核、原核表达活性的嵌合npt II基因)创造了小的合成型植物表达双元载体pSY1(小于7kb)。然后将pBI121上带有35S启动子和nos终止子的GUS基因克隆到pSY1的T-DNA区中,得到pSY2(约10kb)。进一步用pROK2上的35S启动子和nos终止子区替换pSY2上的GUS表达区,得到pSY3(约8kb)。通过三亲法将pSY2转入根癌农杆菌中,根癌农杆菌再通过叶盘法侵染烟草叶片,获得愈伤组织,愈伤组织进一步分化出小苗。GUS组织化学染色表明GUS基因在转基因的愈伤组织和小苗中均有表达,PCR检测也证明GUS基因被导入了植物基因组。pSY系列载体能成功的用于植物遗传转化。

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根癌农杆菌通过将一段含有“癌”基因的T-DNA导入植物基因组中,引起植物的肿瘤:冠瘿。根癌农杆菌的这种能力来源于Ti质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid)。遗传工程中,根癌农杆菌的这一特性被用来将连接入Ti质粒T-DNA区两个边界之间的外源基因转入植物基因组。随着植物分子生物学的发展,T-DNA转化的原理被进一步阐明,农杆菌介导的转基因技术也得到进一步优化,更适合遗传工程操作。特别是Ti质粒毒性区和T-DNA区的反式作用(即位于不同质粒的T-DNA和毒性区也能侵染植物)被发现以来,双元表达载体的构建使遗传工程操作大为简便。 常用的双元表达载体大小都在11kb以上,尽管远远小于几百kb的野生型Ti质粒,但在实际的体外操作中还是不够简便。常用的植物双元表达载体pBI121的基因序列被测定(Frisch et al.,1995),数据显示非T-DNA区一半以上的序列被发现和功能无关,这使双元载体的进一步缩小成为可能。本文即通过PCR方法克隆到pBI121非T-DNA区中载体复制、三亲杂交必需的片段,结合载体pART27中的T-DNA区(含有真核、原核表达活性的嵌合npt II基因)创造了小的合成型植物表达双元载体pSY1(小于7kb)。然后将pBI121上带有35S启动子和nos终止子的GUS基因克隆到pSY1的T-DNA区中,得到pSY2(约10kb)。进一步用pROK2上的35S启动子和nos终止子区替换pSY2上的GUS表达区,得到pSY3(约8kb)。通过三亲法将pSY2转入根癌农杆菌中,根癌农杆菌再通过叶盘法侵染烟草叶片,获得愈伤组织,愈伤组织进一步分化出小苗。GUS组织化学染色表明GUS基因在转基因的愈伤组织和小苗中均有表达,PCR检测也证明GUS基因被导入了植物基因组。pSY系列载体能成功的用于植物遗传转化。

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In addition to its medical importance as parasitic pathogen, Entamoeba has aroused people's interest in its evolutionary status for a long time. Lacking mitochondrion and other intracellular organelles common to typical eukaryotes, Entamoeba and several other amitochondrial protozoans have been recognized as ancient pre-mitochondriate eukaryotes and named "archezoa", the most primitive extant eukaryotes. It was suggested that they might be living fossils that remained in a primitive stage of evolution before acquisition of organelles, lying close to the transition between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, recent studies revealed that Entamoeba contained an organelle, "crypton" or "mitosome", which was regarded as specialized or reductive mitochondrion. Relative molecular phylogenetic analyses also indicated the existence or the probable existence of mitochondrion in Entamoeba. Our phylogenetic analysis based on DNA topoisomerase II strongly suggested its divergence after some mitchondriate eukaryotes. Here, all these recent researches are reviewed and the evolutionary status of Entamoeba is discussed.

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Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-fingerprinting method that is commonly used for comparative microbial community analysis. The method can be used to analyze communities of bacteria, archaea, fungi, other phylogenetic groups or subgroups, as well as functional genes. The method is rapid, highly reproducible, and often yields a higher number of operational taxonomic units than other, commonly used PCR-fingerprinting methods. Sizing of terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) can now be done using capillary sequencing technology allowing samples contained in 96- or 384-well plates to be sized in an overnight run. Many multivariate statistical approaches have been used to interpret and compare T-RFLP fingerprints derived from different communities. Detrended correspondence analysis and the additive main effects with multiplicative interaction model are particularly useful for revealing trends in T-RFLP data. Due to biases inherent in the method, linking the size of T-RFs derived from complex communities to existing sequence databases to infer their taxonomic position is not very robust. This approach has been used successfully, however, to identify and follow the dynamics of members within very simple or model communities. The T-RFLP approach has been used successfully to analyze the composition of microbial communities in soil, water, marine, and lacustrine sediments, biofilms, feces, in and on plant tissues, and in the digestive tracts of insects and mammals. The T-RFLP method is a user-friendly molecular approach to microbial community analysis that is adding significant information to studies of microbial populations in many environments.

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拓扑异构酶(topoisomerase)是一类控制和修改双螺旋DNA复制和转录过程中的拓扑结构的酶,是生命活动中最重要的酶。以IA类和II类拓扑异构酶中共存的toprim以及CAP-like结构域为研究对象,对拓扑异构酶中的三大类酶的分子进化情况进行了分析。结果显示在IA类和II类酶之间序列保守性很低,但是具有两个保守的结构域,在IIB类拓扑异构酶中toprim结构域中存在着和其他toprim结构域相同的四个保守位点,而在CAP-like结构域中IA类和II类中存在较大差异,没有明显的序列保守性,IIB类和IIA类的CAP-like结构域在二级结构上非常相似。从toprim结构域系统进化研究中我们发现IIA类和皿类中toprim结构域的进化关系很近,两类酶的toprim结构域在亲缘关系上和primase较远,而以上三者和IA类的进化关系最远。CAP-like结构域的系统进化研究发现IIA类以及IA类的domain4的CAP-like结构域进化关系比较近,IIB类和他们之间关系稍微远一些,IA类的domain3和以上几个结构域的关系较远,这也与他们的二级结构上的一致性是相同的。通过分析,IIA、IIB类起源于类似IA类的古老的拓扑异构酶,'在IA类进化中经过基因复制产生了两个不同的CAP-like结构域。然后祖先拓扑异构酶发生了变化,N'端加入了ATPase结构域和DNAgyrase/Mutlsecond结构域,形成了严格依赖ATP供能的真核生物IIA类,在细菌中断开成为两个亚基的细菌中IIA类。IIB类是祖先细胞的IIA类的一个或者是两个亚单位在古细菌以及真核生物中通过复制、重组和缺失造成的,IIB类中的toprim结构域很接近IIA类,可以认为,llB类中的toPrim结构域直接由IIA类转移而来,而IIB类中的cAP一1汰e结构域较IIA类中产生更早一些,应该是由拓扑异构酶祖先中产生的二级结构为aβaaββ的CAP-like结构域直接进化而来。然而,两个结构域的基因在连接到一起时候发生了不同于一般顺序的拼接,于是nB类中两个结构域形成了不同于现在的IA类和IIA类的顺序。

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A novel diimine Cu(I)complex [Cu(ABPQ)(DPEphos)]BF4 [ABPQ and DPEphos are acenaphtho[1,2-b]bipyrido[2,3-h:3,2-f]quinoxaline and bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl) ether, respectively] is synthesized, and its photophysical properties are experimentally and theoretically characterized. The emission bands centered at ca. 400/470 and 550 nm of [Cu(ABPQ)(DPEphos)]BF4 are attributed to the ligand-centered pi -> pi* transition and the metal-to-ligand charge transfer d pi(Cu) -> pi*(N-N) transition, respectively. The luminescence quantum yield of [Cu(ABPQ)(DPEphos)]BF4 in CHCl3 is found to be about five times higher than that of [Cu(Phen)(DPEphos)]BF4.

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海洋生态环境的特殊性决定了海洋中往往含有结构奇特、新颖的化学物质, 海洋药物具有药理特异性、高活性和多样性,已成为药物研发热点领域,海洋抗肿瘤药物也是其中之一。卡拉霉素(kalamycin)来源于海洋放线菌M097的聚酮类化合物,我们实验室用体外增殖抑制试验发现了卡拉霉素(kalamycin)的抗肿瘤作用。有报道其类似物lactoquinomycin和frenolicin B是肿瘤靶点AKT抑制剂,并由此推断吡喃萘醌骨架在AKT抑制过程中发挥主要作用,我们发现虽然卡拉霉素(kalamycin)含有吡喃萘醌骨架,但是并不抑制AKT及其下游信号系统;继而对卡拉霉素(kalamycin)的体外抗肿瘤作用及其机理进行了系统的分析。 采用磺酰罗丹明B(SRB)法检测卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对10株肿瘤细胞株的体外增殖抑制作用,结果表明,卡拉霉素(kalamycin)能明显抑制各种组织来源的肿瘤细胞生长,具有广泛的细胞增殖抑制作用,除对一株肺癌细胞A549抑制作用不明显外,对9株肿瘤细胞株的IC50平均值为2.5μM,并且对各个细胞株生长抑制曲线形态基本一致。采用流式细胞术证实,卡拉霉素(kalamycin)能剂量依赖地诱导结肠癌细胞HCT-116和肝癌细胞SMMC-7721发生G2/M期周期阻滞,可以诱导黑色素瘤A375细胞发生凋亡。 基于前人的报道,我们用Western blot方法检测卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对AKT信号系统的影响,用量从1μM增加到16μM,AKT、mTOR和磷酸化AKT、mTOR、GSK3β的总量都没有变化;因此我们判断卡拉霉素(kalamycin)不是通过AKT系统发挥作用,而是有另外的机制。细胞凋亡和周期阻滞的很多过程是和P53相关的,我们用卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对P53野生和缺失的HCT-116细胞的增殖抑制和凋亡诱导来分析该抑制作用是否和P53相关,结果显示卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对两种细胞的生长抑制和诱导凋亡作用无明显差异,其作用和P53途径是不相关的。 卡拉霉素(kalamycin)细胞增殖抑制作用的非选择性,表明该化合物是一个广谱的细胞增殖抑制剂。我们用体外酶反应实验分析了卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对拓扑酶的抑制作用,结果显示卡拉霉素(kalamycin)对Topo I没有抑制作用,在20μM时几乎完全抑制Topo II,呈现出显著的浓度依赖效应,抑制作用大约比VP16强十倍。用DNA伸展实验和Topo II 介导的负超螺旋 pBR322 切割实验,证实卡拉霉素(kalamycin)不是DNA嵌入剂和Topo II毒剂,而是一个催化抑制剂。在体外模拟Topo II的催化反应步骤,把整个过程分解,发现卡拉霉素(kalamycin)可以抑制Topo II介导的DNA的切割,但是对再连接没有作用;卡拉霉素(kalamycin)能抑制ATP水解的作用,但是在较高剂量时抑制作用要比阳性对照弱得多。因此,卡拉霉素(kalamycin)可能主要通过抑制Topo II介导的DNA的切割发挥作用。 肿瘤新血管生成是原发性肿瘤赖以发生、生长和转移的物质基础。我们用了多个新生血管生成模型对卡拉霉素(kalamycin)的抗新生血管生成作用进行了检测,发现卡拉霉素(kalamycin) 对内皮细胞管腔形有抑制作用,其作用效果呈现明显的剂量依赖性。卡拉霉素(kalamycin)在对内皮细胞HMEC-1在12小时内的IC50是4.39μM ,在没有显著增殖抑制作用的剂量下,对HMEC-1管腔形成依然具有抑制作用,提示卡拉霉素(kalamycin)的抗新生血管生成作用并非完全来源于其增殖抑制作用。通过体外酶反应、western blot和双荧光素酶报告基因系统分析卡拉霉素(kalamycin)抑制肿瘤新血管生成的信号途径,结果发现这种抑制作用不是依赖于酪氨酸激酶和HIF-lα途径的。 综上所述,卡拉霉素(kalamycin)不是一个AKT抑制剂,它通过专一性的抑制Topo II使肿瘤细胞发生周期阻滞和细胞凋亡,主要抑制Topo II介导的DNA的切割和ATP水解作用。同时卡拉霉素(kalamycin)可以抑制肿瘤血管管腔形成,抑制作用不依赖酪氨酸激酶和HIF-lα途径。

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The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (Co II) from four different apterygotens Cryptopygus nanjiensis (Collembola), Neanura latior (Collembola), Gracilentulus maijiawensis (Protura) and Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura) were sequenced. Their A+T content, number of nucleotide substitutions, TV/TV ratio; and Tamura-Nei's distance were calculated. A series of phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony and distance methods using a crustacean Artemia franciscana as outgroup, Finally the evolutionary trend A+T content of CO II genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of apterygotan groups were discussed.

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The genes encoding type II DNA topoisomerases were investigated in Giardia lamblia genome, and a type IIA gene, GlTop 2 was identified. It is a single copy gene with a 4476 by long ORF without intron. The deduced amino acid sequence shows strong homology to eukaryotic DNA Top 2. However, some distortions were found, such as six insertions in the ATPase domain and the central domain, a similar to 100 as longer central domain; a similar to 200 as shorter C-terminal domain containing rich charged residues. These features revealed by comparing with Top 2 of the host, human, might be helpful in exploiting drug selectivity for antigiardial therapy. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic enzymes showed that kinetoplastids, plants, fungi, and animals were monophyletic groups, and the animal and fungi lineages shared a more recent common ancestor than either did with the plant lineage; microsporidia grouped with fungi. However, unlike many previous phylogenetic analyses, the "amitochondriate" G. lamblia was not the earliest branch but diverged after mitochondriate kinetoplastids in our trees. Both the finding of typical eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerase and the phylogenetic analysis suggest G. lamblia is not possibly as primitive as was regarded before and might diverge after the acquisition of mitochondria. This is consistent with the recent discovery of mitochondrial remnant organelles in G. lamblia.

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Label free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) DNA detection based on catalytic guanine and adenine bases oxidation using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode was demonstrated in this work. The modified GC electrode was prepared by casting carbon nanotubes (CNT)/Nafion/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) composite film on the electrode surface. ECL signals of doublestranded DNA and their thermally denatured counterparts can be distinctly discriminated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a low concentration (3.04 x 10(-8) mol/L for Salmon Testes-DNA). Most importantly, sensitive single-base mismatch detection of p53 gene sequence segment was realized with 3.93 x 10(-10) mol/L employing CV stimulation (ECL signal of C/A mismatched DNA oligonucleotides was 1.5-fold higher than that of fully base-paired DNA oligonucleotides). Label free, high sensitivity and simplicity for single-base mismatch discrimination were the main advantages of the present ECL technique for DNA detection over the traditional DNA sensors.