Temporal Coherence of Chlorophyll a during a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir, China

Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as "the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton", yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from -0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal.

How polluted is the Yangtze River? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam

The concentrations of major anions and cations, nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved and particulate trace elements, and organic pollutants were determined for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) from below the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) to the mouth at Shanghai in November 2006. The concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) was constant at a low level of 6-8 mu gP/L, but the concentration of nitrate (NO3-) approximately doubled downstream and was closely correlated with K+. This translated to a daily load of well over 1000 It of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) at Datong. The average concentrations of dissolved Pb (0.078 +/- 0.023 mu g/L), Cd (0.024 +/- 0.009 mu g/L), Cr(0.57 +/- 0.09 mu g/L), Cu (1.9 +/- 0.7 mu g/L), and Ni (0.50 +/- 0.49 mu g/L) were comparable with those in other major world rivers, while As (3.3 +/- 1.3 mu g/L) and Zn (1.5 +/- 0.6 mu g/L) were higher by factors of 5.5 and 2.5, respectively. The trace element contents of suspended particles of As (31 +/- 28 mu g/g), Pb (83 +/- 34 mu g/g), and Ni (52 +/- 16 mu g/g) were close to maximum concentrations recommended for rivers by the European Community (EC). The average concentrations of Cd (2.6 +/- 1.6 mu g/g), Cr (185 +/- 102 mu g/g), Cu (115 +/- 106 mu g/g), and Zn (500 +/- 300 mu g/g) exceeded the EC standards by a factor of two, and Hg (4.4 +/- 4.7 mu g/g) by a factor of 4 to 5. Locally occurring peak concentrations exceed these values up to fourfold, among them the notorious elements As, Hg, and Tl. All dissolved and particulate trace element concentrations were higher than estimates made twenty years ago [Zhang, J., Geochemistry of trace metals from Chinese river/estuary systems: an overview. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 1995; 41: 631-658.]. The enormous loads of anthropogenic pollutants disposed to the river were diluted by the large water discharge of the Yangtze even during the lowest flow resulting in the relatively low concentration levels of trace elements and organic pollutants observed. We estimated loads of e.g. As, Pb and Ni to the East China Sea to be about 4600 kg As d(-1), 3000 kg Pb d(-1), and 2000 kg Ni d(-1). About 6000 t d(-1) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was delivered into the sea at the time of our cruise. We tested for 236 organic pollutants, and only the most infamous were found to be barely above detection limits. We estimated that the load of chlorinated compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and PAHs were between 500 and 3500 kg d(-1). We also detected eight herbicides entering the estuary with loads of 5-350 kg d(-1). The pollutant load, even when at low concentrations, are considerable and pose an increasing threat to the health of the East China Sea ecosystem. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatial analysis for spring bloom and nutrient limitation in Xiangxi bay of three Gorges Reservoir

The spatial and temporal dynamics of physical variables, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll a were investigated in Xiangxi Bay from 23 Feb. to 28 Apr. every six days, including one daily sampling site and one bidaily sampling site. The concentrations of nutrient variables showed ranges of 0.02-3.20 mg/L for dissolved silicate (Si); 0.06-2.40 mg/L for DIN (NH4N + NO2N + NO3N); 0.03-0.56 mg/L for PO4P and 0.22-193.37 mu g/L for chlorophyll a, respectively. The concentration of chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were interpolated using GIS techniques. The results indicated that the spring bloom was occurred twice in space during the whole monitoring period (The first one: 26 Feb.-23 Mar.; the second one: 23 Mar.-28 Apr.). The concentration of DIN was always high in the mouth of Xiangxi Bay, and PO4P was high in the upstream of Xiangxi Bay during the whole bloom period. Si seems no obvious difference in space in the beginning of the spring bloom, but showed high heterogeneity in space and time with the development of spring bloom. By comparing the interpolated maps of chlorophyll a and inorganic variables, obvious consumptions of Si and DIN were found when the bloom status was serious. However, no obvious depletion of PO4P was found. Spatial regression analysis could explained most variation of Chl-a except at the begin of the first and second bloom. The result indicated that Si was the factor limiting Chl-a in space before achieved the max area of hypertrophic in the first and second bloom period. When Si was obviously exhausted, DIN became the factor limiting the Chl-a in space. Daily and bidaily monitoring of Site A and B, representing for high DIN: PO4P ratio and low DIN:PO4P ratio, indicated that the concentration of Si was decreased with times at both site A and B, and the dramatically drop of DIN was found in the end monitoring at site B. Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that Si was the most important factor affect the development of spring bloom both at site A and B in time series.

Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is the residue from the kitchen, restaurants, food factories and even human and animal waste which not only harm people's health but also causes environmental pollution. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil to partially substitute petroleum diesel is one of the measures for solving the twin problems of environment pollution and energy shortage. In this project, synthesis of biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in a three-step fixed bed reactor. The reaction solution was a mixture of WCO, water, methanol and solvent (hexane). The main product was biodiesel consisted of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), of which methyl oleate was the main component. Effects of lipase, solvent, water, and temperature and flow of the reaction mixture on the synthesis of biodiesel were analyzed. The results indicate that a 91.08% of FAME can be achieved in the end product under optimal conditions. Most of the chemical and physical characters of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#)diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D-6751).

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from acid oil in fixed bed reactor

Acid oil, which is a by-product in vegetable oil refining, mainly contains free fatty acids (FFAs) and acylglycerols and is a feedstock for production of biodiesel fuel now. The transesterification of acid oil and methanol to biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in fixed bed reactors. The reactant solution was a mixture of acid oil, water, methanol and solvent (hexane) and the main product was biodiesel composed of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of which the main component was methyl oleate. The effects of lipase content, solvent content, water content temperature and flow velocity of the reactant on the reaction were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that a maximum FAME content of 90.18% can be obtained in the end product under optimum conditions. Most of the chemical and physical properties of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#) diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D6751).

Synthesis and crystal structure of (eta(8)-C8H8)Gd(eta(5)-C6H5CH2C5H4)center dot DME

LnCl(3) reacted with C6H5CH2C5H4Na in THF (tetrahydrofuran) in the ratio 1.1 at room temperature for 1 h giving C(6)H(5)CH(2)C(6)H(4)LnCl(2) . nTHF, which reacted with C8H8K2/THF and the crystals obtained were recrystallized in DME to yield the title complex. The crystal structure of (C8H8) Ln (C6H5CH2C5H4). DME was determined revealing that the Gd complex has one conformation. One benzylcyclopentadienyl (eta(5)), one cyclooctatetraenyl (eta(8)) and the two oxygen atoms of DME (dimethoxyethane) are coordinated to Gd with the effective coordination number of 10.

Response of coastal marine eco-environment to river fluxes into the sea: A case study of the Huanghe (Yellow) River mouth and adjacent waters

The impact of the Huanghe (Yellow) River outflows on its estuary was investigated with river gauging and shipboard hydrographic observations. The river flux has been decreasing dramatically; the discharges of water and sediment in the 1990s dropped to 27.4% and 31.9% of those in the 1950s, respectively, resulting in frequent and lengthy events of downstream channel dry-up since the 1970s. There were accumulatively 897 zero-flow days during the 1990s in the river course below the Lijin Hydrological Station, 100 km upstream from the river mouth, which is 82.4% of that in 1972. As freshwater input decreases, river-borne nutrients to the estuarine increased significantly. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the 1990s was four times of that in 1950s. Changes in amount and content of the riverine inputs have greatly affected the estuarine ecosystem. Over the past several decades, sea surface temperature and salinity in the estuary and its adjacent waters increased and their distribution pattern altered in response to the reduction of freshwater inflow. The distribution of and seasonal succession in nutrient concentrations in the surface layer have also changed with a shift of river outlet and the decrease in riverine nutrient loads. Furthermore, deterioration of estuarine ecosystem by less river input has decreased primary productivity in the deltaic region waters, and in turn depressed the fishery. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

大型藻类在工程治理海水富营养化和抑制病原微生物中的作用

沿海工农业生产的快速发展和人类活动对近海生态系统产生了很大影响，大量化肥的使用和工业污水、生活污水的排放导致近海环境污染，海水富营养化，赤潮频发。另外，由于近海养殖活动的迅猛发展以及养殖的不规范和不科学性导致近海生态系统结构和功能改变，一方面加重了海水富营养化，另一方面养殖动植物病害经常发生，严重影响了海产品的质量和效益。 大型海藻是海区重要的初级生产者，生命周期长、生长快，能通过光合作用吸收固定水体的C、N、P等营养物质来合成自身，同时增加水体溶解氧。因此，大型海藻被称为海洋环境中的生物过滤器。另外，由于大型藻类自身营养成分的复杂性和与藻共生的微生物多样性，大型海藻还可对生态系统中的浮游生物和微生物产生直接和间接影响。 在海洋环境，尤其是海水养殖水体环境存在着两个主要问题：海水富营养化和病源微生物控制，本文针对海洋环境中存在的这两个问题进行了探索研究。 以大型经济藻种长心卡帕藻（Kappaphycus alvarezzi）作为实验材料，分别在实验室内、室外藻类处理系统和海湾养殖现场三种条件下，进行藻类去除海水氮磷的一次性实验、半连续实验和连续实验，研究了其对海水中无机氮、无机磷的吸收速率和去除能力，初步评估了其生态价值。 构建了一种半封闭海域富营养化治理模式，以长心卡帕藻为实验材料，研究了其去除海水富营养化的能力，主要结果如下： （1）室内实验研究发现，长心卡帕藻对氮、磷的吸收速率随底物浓度升高而升高。在氮磷比为10:1，温度28℃条件下，氮浓度为50μmol • L-1时，藻对氮、磷的吸收速率达到最大，分别为0.93µmol • g-1（FW）• h-1和0.072µmol • g-1（FW）• h-1。 （2）人工修建的藻类养殖系统中进行的长心卡帕藻去除氮、磷的半连续实验，结果表明该藻具有连续去除海水DIN、DIP的能力。只要保持足够的底物浓度，长心卡帕藻对无机氮、无机磷的吸收速率达到最大，分别为0.3µmol • g-1（FW） • h-1和0.03µmol • g-1（FW）• h-1。但是对氮磷的吸收速率较室内实验有所降低。 （3）自然条件下，通过调查黎安海湾水质情况发现，长心卡帕藻具有较大的生态效益。在整个海湾大面积养殖卡帕藻，通过收获藻体，每年大约可以从海水中带走33吨氮素，7.5吨磷素。由于在海湾长心卡帕藻的作用，全年海湾水质保持在1-2级国家海水质量标准，产生了明显的生态效益。 另外，我们对大型藻类浒苔（Ulva clathrata）吸收氮磷和抑制鳗弧菌（Vibrio anguillarum）的效果进行了初步探索，结果表明：浒苔不仅对培养系统内无机氮和磷具有明显的去除作用，而且在异养细菌总量没有降低的情况下，对鳗弧菌有显著抑制作用，该抑制作用还受到水体中氮磷营养盐浓度的影响。在10g • L-1海藻的条件下，鳗弧菌以105－107 cfu • mL-1接入2天后，无论是否添加外源氮磷，鳗弧菌密度降到10 cfu • mL-1以下，鳗弧菌去除率几乎达到100%。实验数据还显示，添加氮磷营养盐可以增强浒苔对鳗弧菌的抑制作用，但没有降低其中的异养菌群数量，系统内异养细菌总量均维持在较高水平。进一步研究表明，培养浒苔24h后的海水，也对鳗弧菌65#产生抑制作用，这说明浒苔代谢释放到水体中某种化学成分或与藻共栖的微生物对鳗弧菌生长产生了抑制。

滤食性贝类养殖活动对海域生态系统的影响及生态容量评估

滤食性贝类以水体中的浮游植物和有机碎屑为主要食物，养殖海域的初级生产力水平、水动力学特性等生态环境因子的差异，不仅直接影响养殖贝类的产量，而且也与贝类养殖活动对生态环境的压力密切相关。由于养殖的种类、密度、方式及养殖海域的特性不同，关于贝类对生态环境的影响往往有不同的结果。本文以我国北方大连獐子岛扇贝底播海区和荣成桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖区为研究对象，采用现场调查、室内受控实验及生态数值模型模拟方法，分析研究了滤食性贝类对海域生态系统的影响，对这两个海域贝类养殖的生态容量进行了初步的评价。 主要结果： 1. 獐子岛海域底播贝类养殖活动对该海域生态系统的影响较小。非参数统计—符号检验的结果显示，养殖区与非养殖区之间的溶解性无机氮、磷酸盐浓度、氮磷摩尔比及浮游植物群落结构没有统计学上的差异（p>0.05）。但是从变化的趋势上来看，贝类养殖活动对水域环境的某些参数有一定程度的影响。例如，獐子岛底播贝类养殖海域的溶解性无机氮以氨氮为主，可能与贝类的代泄活动有关；不论是叶绿素浓度，还是网采浮游植物的生物量都是贝类高密度养殖区<贝类低密度养殖区<非养殖区（7月份除外），这种趋势可能与贝类的摄食压力有关。 桑沟湾各环境指标表现出明显的区域性。除春季外，非养殖区的DIN浓度高于各养殖区。在春季和冬季，贝类区的磷酸盐浓度显著降低；而硅酸盐浓度在夏季和秋季显著增大。综合分析DIN、PO4-P及SiO3-Si三个参数的四季变化，海带区、贝藻区及贝类区发生显著性变异的概率分别为25%，42%和50%，贝类区的变异较大。浮游植物、小型浮游动物的生物多样性指数都是以非养殖区为最高，贝类区的多样性指数最低。尤其是浮游动物的丰度，贝类区显著低于非养殖区。 2. 利用挪威的MOM (Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring)评价系统，评价了桑沟湾长期大规模的贝藻筏式养殖活动对底质环境的压力。在桑沟湾设10个取样站位，共获得66个底泥样品。比较了MOM－B评价系统的3组参数的季节变化特性。结果显示，底质条件属于1级，说明桑沟湾贝藻长期大规模的养殖活动对底质环境的压力较低。结合桑沟湾的环境及养殖特点，分析了压力较低的原因。 3. 经计算，2006年中国海水养殖的贝类和藻类使用浅海生态系统的碳可达396万吨，并通过收获从海中移出至少136.9万吨的碳。从1995年至2006年，养殖大型藻类和贝类累计移出的碳分别约为365万吨和893万吨，总计达1258万吨。证明了浅海的贝类和藻类养殖活动直接或间接地使用了大量的海洋碳，提高了浅海生态系统吸收大气CO2的能力。 4. 采用模拟现场生物沉积法测定了虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食率等生理指标及其与贝类个体大小、水温的关系。虾夷扇贝单位个体的滤水率与组织干重的关系符合幂函数方程CR=a×DWb，b值在0.45～0.65范围内；水温对虾夷扇贝滤水率的影响极其显著(p<0.01)，温度（T）与滤水率（CR）呈抛物线的关系：CR=-0.0009T2+0.0188T-0.0306，水温为10℃时，虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食较大。 5. 采用模拟现场流水法测定了3种滤食性贝类的食物选择性。紫贻贝、长牡蛎及栉孔扇贝分别对直径4m, 6m 和 8m颗粒的保留效率达到最大值；对小颗粒（直径2m）的保留效率分别为17%, 19% 和 8％。栉孔扇贝对食物数量和质量浓度的变化相对敏感，随着数量浓度的增加，栉孔扇贝倾向于摄食较大的颗粒；随着颗粒食物质量浓度的增加，倾向于摄食较小的颗粒。 6. 獐子岛海域四个航次的调查结果显示，叶绿素浓度在1.23～2.85mg.m-3范围内，均值为1.78±0.57 mg.m-3；初级生产力的变化范围为30.4～117.0 mg C. m-2.d-1，平均值为76.6±41.9 mg C. m-2.d-1。通过虾夷扇贝生物量断面调查，获得了虾夷扇贝的壳高频率分布情况，7月份的众数值出现在100 mm，10月份壳高的众数值为80 mm。利用以上测定的虾夷扇贝的滤水率等基本生物学特性，结合虾夷扇贝的年产量、海域面积和有关的水文状况等数据，计算了滤水效率、摄食压力、调节比率3个食物限制性指标参数，全年的均值分别为0.048, 0.31和 0.16，都小于1，说明目前该海域虾夷扇贝的养殖量未达到养殖容量。 7. 利用STELLA软件，建立的桑沟湾贝藻养殖的数值模型，模拟了叶绿素a浓度及氮磷营养盐的周年变化情况，及其对贝类养殖生物量变化的响应。以叶绿素a浓度为指标，初步探讨了桑沟湾贝类的生态容量。

长江口水域富营养化的形成、演变与特点研究

本文以我国长江口水域富营养化为研究对象，对长江水体溶解态无机氮、磷分布特点和通量变化进行了分析，基于长江流域氮“输入-输出”关系模型探索了水体氮的来源；分析了长江口水域富营养化长期演变及特点；探索了长江口海域低氧区的发生机制。结果如下： 长江水体中NO3--N、NH4+-N、DIN和DIP浓度从上游往下游呈增加趋势，但存在季节差异。长江流域从上游往下游的DIN输送通量的变化主要受水流量的影响，但从上游往下游单位面积年产N量逐渐升高；DIP输送通量从上游往下游呈增加趋势，同时也主要受水流量控制，但从季节变化来讲，DIP的月输送通量受其浓度的控制更加明显。自20世纪60年代来，长江水体中NO3--N、NO2--N、DIN和DIP浓度都处于缓慢上升趋势，但到80年代上升速度明显加快；不同历史时期DIN和DIP的季节变化特点也不尽相同，反映出其来源的差异。同时，本研究采用长江流域氮“输入-输出”关系模型（污染负荷统计模型）对长江水体氮来源进行了分析，估算了各种氮源对水体氮的贡献率。结果表明，2006年向长江流域输入氮的总量为17.6 Tg，其中20%的输入氮转移到了水体（3.5 Tg）。本年度长江大通水文站实测氮输送通量为1.8 Tg，表明约50%的氮在水体输送过程中发生了生物、化学、物理损耗。对于长江水体氮的来源来讲，饲养牲畜粪便氮流失和大气干/湿沉降氮的贡献率较大，分别为26%和25%；农业氮肥流失和城市生活污水排放的贡献率相同，都为17%；农村人口粪便氮流失和工业废水排放的贡献率分别为6%和9%。 自20世纪60年代以来，长江口口门内和外海（盐度>30psu）水体中营养盐浓度增加显著。在表层水体盐度大于22psu海域DIN: PO43--P值表现出了明显升高的历史变化趋势。SiO3: PO43--P值从1959年到1985-86年显著下降，然后到2003-06年有所上升。根据SiO3: PO43--P值和DIN: PO43--P值的长期变化趋势，可以推出，SiO3: DIN值从20世纪50-60年代以后呈现下降趋势。在长江口海域，随着营养盐浓度的增加，浮游生物量的大幅度升高在本研究中得到证实。同时，长江口水域浮游植物种群结构对营养盐结构的长期变化产生响应，研究结果表明，硅藻种类比重从1985-86年84.6% 下降到2004-05年69.8%；年均硅藻丰度占浮游植物总丰度比重在1985-86年达到99.5%，但到2004-05年降低为75.5%，而甲藻丰度比重则由0.7%增大到25.4%。 底层水体DO浓度与Delta S（底层水体与表层水体的盐度之差）和Delta T（表层水体与底层水体的温度之差）成显著负相关，这表明了水体层化或者垂直水体交换是控制长江口水域底层水体溶解氧变化的主要因素，但水体温度层化要比盐度层化在控制低氧区形成上起到更大的作用。上升流在该海域低氧的形成和分布上起到很重要的作用，显著影响低氧水团的垂直分布，也显著影响到溶解氧的水平分布。现场生产的浮游植物可能是低氧区的形成的生物基础，日益增加的叶绿素a浓度和大规模的有害藻华可能是长江口低氧区逐渐增大的原因。本研究认为，此海域低氧区的形成主要受长江冲淡水、台湾暖流的入侵、地形、尤其是温跃层的形成和现场生产的有机物质控制。

黄、东海海洋异养细菌的生态学研究

该文利用表面荧光显微镜观测计数法和[甲基-<'-3>H]胸腺嘧啶示踪法对春秋两季节中国黄、东海异养细菌生态分布及其生产力状况,以及异养细菌及其生产力与浮游植物叶绿素、无机氮盐之间的关系进行了研究.主要内容如下：春秋两季节黄东海海洋异养细菌丰度大致相当,异养细菌平均值在5～7×10<'8>Cell/l范围之间.春季异养细菌丰度总体表现为随离岸越远先逐渐降低后略微增高的趋势,秋季异养细菌丰度有离岸越远逐渐增高的趋势.秋季黄、东海海洋异养细菌生产力明显高于春季,并且秋季异养细菌的生长率也高于春季.秋季异养细菌生产力与初级生产的比值明显高于春季,且东海高于黄海.春季异养细菌生物量与浮游植物叶绿素及无机氮盐之间无明显相关性.秋季异养细菌生物量与浮游植物叶绿素相关性在东海有较显著相关性,在黄海该相关性比东海低;异养细菌生物量与NO<,3>ˉ和DIN表现出明显相关性,该相关性在黄海明显高于东海.异养细菌在一年的变化有明显规律,冬季最低,秋季和春季相当.在一天当中,异养细菌数量变化有一定规律性,且其变化与浮游植物细胞数量变化有一定关系.

中国若干典型海域作用于浮游植物上、下行效应的研究

在胶州湾内、东海与南海通过现场实验(营养盐添加实验与稀释实验)的方法，对N(N0_3~--N、NH_4~+-N)、P、Fe、Si营养盐以及小型浮游动物对浮游植物生长的调控机制进行了初步研究。同时还在胶州湾内开展了上、下行效应的比较研究，主要结果如下：1 在胶州湾内共进行了25次富营养现场实验与12次稀释实验，网采浮游植物(20-200μm)与微型浮游植物(2-20μm)是叶绿素a生物量的主要组成部分，比较而言，在周年的水平上，微型浮游植物比网采浮游植物更多的支配着浮游植物群落的叶绿素a生物量。在营养盐添加实验中，培养后期浮游植物群落也都是网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物占叶绿素a生物量的优势地位。胶州湾是营养盐含量较高，且营养盐变化不规律的海区，但胶州湾各季节的DIN／P基本都大于16:1的Redfield比值。营养盐添加实验的结果显示，在湾内，似乎在秋季无营养盐限制浮游植物生长的情况发生；而在冬、春季发生Si限制的可能性很大；除Fe外，在夏季似乎N(NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N)、P、Si营养盐限制都有可能发生，但无明显的规律性。在周年的水平上，Si似乎是最主要的限制性营养盐，而P与N都可能产生次级营养盐限制。营养盐添加实验中分级叶绿素的结果显示，网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物在冬、春季一般会经历较显著的Si限制作用，在夏季N似乎对网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物的生长有更重要的调控作用。超微型浮游植物的生长似乎主要受到P的调控。在胶州湾内，网采浮游植物的生长似主要受到上行效应的调控，而下行效应似是控制超微型浮游植物生长的主要机制。从整个浮游植物群落(<200μm)的周年变化情况来看，在控制浮游植物的生物量上，似乎下行效应比上行效应更有效。 2在东海，除402站(122°33'E、30°45'N)位于长江口，受到显著的陆源输入影响外(特别是该站有相当高的SiO_3~(2-)-Si含量)，418站(127°30'E、27°55'N)、Y136站(128°、30°27')与E064(125°14'E、25°48'N)站都位于开放海区，营养盐含量都很低。1999年的航次，表层的硝酸盐与铵盐含量都比1998年的航次高，但另外三种常量营养盐含量都低。402站有较高比例的网采浮游植物与微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量，相应的超微型浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的比例则显著低于其它三站。位于陆架区的Y136站，其微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量则显著低于沿岸海区，但超微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量则显著增加，占总叶绿素a的50％以上。处于开放海区的418站与E064站，网采浮游植物叶绿素a生物量所占的比例已经很低，而无一例外的是超微型浮游植物叶绿素a生物量贡献了总叶绿素a生物量的大部分。但在培养后期，各组处理中网采浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的比例都高于初始值。营养盐添加实验的结果显示，沿岸海水中，从比例上看，浮游植物的生长似乎更需要N而不是P，但是太高的N／P添加对浮游植物生长的促进作用反不如适中的N／P的添加；在418站，各种营养盐的添加对浮游植物的生长都有促进作用(Fe除外)，但P的作用更显著一些，在添加的两种N源中，NH_4~+-N的作用比NO_3~--N的作用更显著；在E064站，培养中各实验组的总叶绿素a生物量都有不同程度的增加，但NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N的作用更显著；Y136站的实验结果与E064站相似，也是NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N的作用更显著，而且该站Si的作用还比较显著(强于P)。在开放海区，1998年夏季，似乎是P限制着浮游植物群落的生长，但在1999年春季则可能是N限制着浮游植物的生物量。稀释实验的结果显示，在长江口附近的402站与开放海区的E064站浮游植物的生长率都显著高于大陆架的Y136站。小型浮游动物的摄食率则无明显的空间变化趋势，除开放海区的E064站显著高外，其它三站摄食率接近。这一结果与浮游物的群落组成，浮游植物的群落组成以及光照、温度等条件有关。营养盐添加实验与稀释实验的结果都证实，更可能是营养盐通过上行效应，而不是小型浮游动物实施下行效应控制着网采浮游植物的的生长；在东海的实验区域似乎是上行效应控制着微型浮游植物的种群数量变动，从营养盐添加实验的结果看，由于时间的不同，似乎有春季N限制与夏季P限制的季节交替；超微型浮游植物的生长也主要受到营养盐的控制，似乎也有春季N限制与夏季P限制的季节交替；摄食对微型浮游植物的生长有一定的调控作用，但这一调控机制并不是十分有效。3　在南海的航次中，表层硝酸盐的平均浓度较低，经常检测不出，但表层磷酸盐、铵盐与硅酸盐的浓度要比东热带太平洋等贫营养海区高。4 断面沿经度横跨大洋，其表层各种营养盐的平均浓度均低于2断面与5断面，（硝酸盐一般都在检测限之下，铵盐与磷酸盐的平均值分别为0.20与0.12 μM)，属于营养盐较低的海区；2断面表层各种营养盐的平均浓度最高(硝酸盐、铵盐与磷酸盐分别为0.29、1.17与O.19μM)；5断面表层平均的营养盐含量介于2断面与4断面之间，但硝酸盐含量经常在检测限之下。K206与K508站在培养实验的初始时刻都是超微型浮游植物占总叶绿素a生物量的大部分，但K409站网采浮游植物、微型浮游植物与超微型浮游植物的叶绿素a生物量分别占总叶绿素a生物量的30％左右。培养中，各组处理中网采浮游植物叶绿素a生物量占总叶绿素a生物量的比例都增加。K409站位于南海中央，该站浮游植物对各种营养盐的添加都有显著的响应效果；K206站位于2断面中部巴士海峡处，本站除P的添加效果较明显外，另外几种营养盐的富营养效果都不显著；K508站磷酸盐与硝酸盐的添加效果较明显。总的来说，各种营养盐的添加对浮游植物的生长都有促进作用，但磷酸盐的作用似乎更显著一些。实验结果可能更反应了N、P、Fe这几种营养盐的共同限制作用。Si限制不如其它几种营养盐显著。南海Fe的限制情况也不严重。各站浮游植物摄食率(g)与生长率(u)的空间变化都不显著。各站的g／u都在0.4左右，说明在南海小型浮游动物的摄食压力比较一致。K409站与K508站浮游植物的生长率显著高于K206站。小型浮游动物的摄食率与浮游植物生长率的变化趋势一致，都是中部的K409站与南边的K508站高于北边的K206站。这可能是各采样站点浮游动物种类组成不同的结果。网采浮游植物似乎主要受到各种营养盐的限制，其中P的作用最显著，N也较显著，随地域不同，间或有Fe的限制作用发生。在南海的中部，可能存在N、P、Fe营养盐对微型浮游植物的共同限制作用，但在北部，可能有微弱的P限制作用，而在大洋的南部，几乎无营养盐限制微型浮游植物的生长，摄食在控制微型浮游植物的生物量上并不是十分有效。超微型浮游植物的生长似乎同时受到营养盐与小型浮游动物摄食的控制，营养盐添加实验的结果显示可能P对超微型浮游植物的生长促进作用最大，同时进行的稀释实验证实，小型浮游动物的摄食活动在调节超微型浮游植物的生长上也相当有效。

浅海区海带养殖的沉积环境效应及动力机制

本文整合大量表层沉积物、悬浮体（大面和垂直站位）、短柱状样品、水文站水文观测资料、生态环境调查资料、遥感影像、水深图及前人文献资料等，通过多种技术手段较为系统地研究黑泥湾海带养殖海区的表层沉积物分布规律、悬浮泥沙输移扩散、水下沉积过程信息的历史记录、海带养殖活动对黑泥湾海区水动力条件与环境条件演变的影响。结果表明，大规模海带养殖使黑泥湾湾内底床趋于稳定，海带养殖架群区外边界紊流作用加强导致该处底床变化较大。大规模海带植被体的充填使海区的悬浮泥沙运移路径和空间分布形态发生改变，养殖边界处悬浮体浓度梯度较大，外围高浓度的悬浮体对海带养殖筏架区影响较小。自1980’s大规模海带养殖活动以来沉积物粒度呈细化趋势，LOI揭示的有机质含量则呈增长趋势，海带养殖繁盛期（春季）黑泥湾营养盐DIN损耗明显。SWAN模式结果表明，海带架群的消浪作用显著，其消浪作用强弱与海带筏架数量、入射波强度等密切相关，黑泥湾养殖区的消浪系数（Cd）约在0.2～0.4之间。

长江口富营养化评价方法及生物指示指标研究

富营养化已经成为世界性的环境问题。作为我国最大河口的长江口，富营养化问题也日渐突出。如何准确地评价富营养化程度，对预防和解决水体的富营养化问题有重要的意义。 本论文以长江口海域2004年和2005年共8个季度的现场调查为基础，分析了该海域的营养状况；进行了室内模拟培养实验，尝试寻找能反映环境营养条件的微藻的生理生化指标。 对长江口海域2004年和2005年的海水的营养状况进行了分析，并主要运用模糊综合评价方法对富营养水平进行了评价。结果表明： ⑴长江口海域DIN的含量较高，为主要的污染物质，其它的指标较好； ⑵约有一半的调查站点呈现富营养化，长江口门及冲淡水区富营养化程度较高，外海富营养化程度较低，富营养程度从外海向近岸增加； ⑶富营养化区域全年除少数站点外，大部分都分布于盐度小于20的一侧，明显的季节分布和区域分布，表明长江口海域的富营养化水平主要受到长江冲淡水的控制。 对中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）进行了室内模拟培养，对微藻生理生化指标变化与环境营养条件的关系进行了初步探索。结果显示： ⑴环境营养条件影响藻的大多数生理生化指标，不同的氮磷起始浓度和氮磷比下的藻细胞的指标也有差异 ⑵藻细胞的叶绿素a含量、碱性磷酸酶活性、RNA/DNA比值对环境营养条件的反映较为明显，有作为指示富营养化水平指标的可能性，应进一步研究。

Nutrient characteristics in the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

From November 2002 to 2006, five cruises were undertaken in the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea to compare the nutrient concentrations, ratios and potential nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth before and after impoundment (June 2003) of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total nitrogen (TN) exhibited an increasing trend from 2002 to 2006. In contrast, total phosphorus (TP) concentration exhibited a decreasing trend. The mean concentrations of DIN, SRP, and TN in the total study area increased from 21.4 mu M, 0.9 mu M, and 41.8 mu M in 2002 to 37.5 mu M, 1.3 mu M. and 82.2 mu M in 2006, respectively. while TP decreased from 2.1 mu M to 1.7 mu M. The concentration of dissolved reactive silica (DRSi) had no major fluctuations and the differences were not significant. The mean concentration of DRSi in the total study area ranged from 52.5 to 92.3 mu M. The Si:N ratio decreased significantly from 2.7 in 2002 to 1.3 in 2006, while TN: TP ratio increased from 22.1 to 80.3. The area of potential P limitation of phytoplankton growth expanded after 2003 and potential Si limitation appeared in 2005 and 2006. Potential P limitation mainly occurred in an area of salinity less than 30 after 2003, while potential Si limitation occurred where the salinity was greater than 30. By comparison with historical data, the concentrations of nitrate and SRP in this upper estuary during November 1980-2006 increased obviously after impoundment of TGD but DRSi decreased. Meanwhile, the ratios of N:P, Si:N and Si:P decreased obviously. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.