缺磷胁迫导致高等植物叶片中磷脂酰甘油（PG）含量降低的机理研究

磷脂酰甘油（PG）是植物类囊体膜中唯一的磷脂，在它的sn-2位上总是连着一个棕榈酸（16：0）或反式十六碳烯酸（16：1 trans）。由于PG的分子结构独特，对它的功能已有了很多研究，目前认为PG在维持类囊体膜的结构与功能方面具有非常重要的作用。缺磷胁迫下，蓝藻、衣藻及拟南芥、大麦等物种中均检测到了PG含量的下降。对这一现象的常见解释是缺磷导致了PG生物合成受阻，从而引起了其含量的降低。但迄今为止尚没有试验证据支持。本研究比较了缺磷对不同叶龄的小麦与烟草叶片中PG含量与PG水解酶的活性的影响，同时对缺磷叶片酶粗提液水解外源PG后的主要产物、几种磷脂酶抑制剂对上述酶反应的影响等进行了研究，以阐明缺磷条件下叶片中PG含量下降的主要原 因。 缺磷小麦第一叶完全展开时，PG含量与PG水解酶活性均与对照相似;而第三叶完全展开时，尽管缺磷第三叶中PG水解酶活性也与对照相似，但其PG含量低于对照。这一结果表明，在小麦叶片完全展开之前，缺磷条件未影响叶片中的PG水解酶活性，第三叶中较低的PG含量应由PG的生物合成受阻引起。并且，由于缺磷植株第一叶完全展开时PG含量未受影响而第三叶中却表现出了轻微降低，可以推测叶片萌发越晚，PG生物合成受到的抑制就会越严重。 为了研究叶片衰老过程中PG含量下降的原因，我们比较了6，10，14与18日龄时缺磷与对照小麦植株第一叶中PG的相对含量与PG水解酶活性。研究发现：6日龄时，刚刚完全展开的缺磷和对照小麦第一叶中无论是PG含量还是PG水解酶活性都较为相似;而随着叶片的逐渐衰老，缺磷植株第一叶中PG含量大幅度下降，同时伴随着PG水解酶活性的急剧上升。18日龄时，缺磷小麦第一叶中的PG含量较对照降低了69.1%，其PG水解酶活性也远高于对照，37ºC下温育30min后，缺磷叶片的酶粗提液使外源PG含量降低了74.16%，而对照中只降低了13.7%。上述结果表明，缺磷条件下，小麦叶片中PG含量降低的程度与PG水解酶活性的强弱密切相关，PG水解加剧是导致老叶中PG含量降低的一个重要原因。 磷脂酶是水解磷脂的主要酶类。目前在植物体中发现的磷脂酶种类主要有磷脂酶D（PLD）、磷脂酶C（PLC）与磷脂酶A（PLA）。通过薄层层析（TLC），我们发现缺磷小麦叶片的酶粗提液水解外源PG后的主要产物是磷脂酸（PA）、二脂酰甘油（DAG）与游离脂肪酸（FFA）。将n-丁醇加入到缺磷小麦叶片的体外酶反应体系中后，观察到PA、DAG与FFA的生成量均表现出一定程度的降低。由于n-丁醇是PA经PLD途径生成的抑制剂，因此，上述结果表明PLD参与了缺磷条件下小麦叶片中PG的水解。硫酸新霉素是PLC的非特异性抑制剂，低浓度的硫酸新霉素（100μM 和 200μM ）加入到缺磷小麦叶片的体外酶反应体系后，三种产物的生成受到了严重抑制，表明PLC也与缺磷叶片中PG的降解密切相关。 为了进一步分析缺磷导致PG含量降低的原因，我们以烟草为试验材料，检测了缺磷胁迫对烟草嫩叶和老叶中的PG含量、PG水解酶活性、与PG降解相关的酶的种类及PLC、PLDα、PLDβ与PAT-1基因在mRNA上表达水平的的影响。结果表明，缺磷烟草叶片中PG含量的降低由PG生物合成受阻与PG降解加剧共同导致，PLC和PLD活性与烟草叶片中PG的降解有关。缺磷植株老叶中PG水解酶活性及PLC、PLDα、PLDβ基因在mRNA水平上的表达量均高于对照，表明在磷胁迫条件下，老叶中PG水解酶活性可能受到转录水平上的调节， PLC、PLDα、PLDβ转录活性的增强导致了PLC、PLD活性加强，从而引起PG降解的加剧，最终导致了PG含量的降低。与PLC、PLDα和PLDβ不同，缺磷胁迫对patatin蛋白（表现PLA2活性）的编码基因PAT-1在转录水平上的表达无影响，TLC分析PG的水解产物也未检测到溶血磷脂酰甘油（LPG）的生成。由此可见，PLA活性可能与缺磷条件下PG的降解无关。

蓝藻磷脂磷酸酶基因的缺失对光合作用的影响

磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG)是类囊体膜(也叫光合膜)中唯一的一种磷脂。在蓝藻中，PG的合成途径为：磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)胞嘧啶双磷酸-二酰基甘油 (cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, CDP-DAG) 磷酸磷脂酰甘油 (phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, PGP)PG。其中最后一步反应是由PGP去磷酸化而生成PG，催化该反应的是PGP磷酸酶。然而迄今为止，PGP磷酸酶还没有在蓝藻和高等植物中得到克隆和鉴定。本工作在鱼腥藻Anabaena sp. PCC7120中通过将一个可能编码PGP磷酸酶的基因(alr1715)进行突变，获得缺失PG的突变体。与野生型相比，该突变体PG的含量降低了30%左右。突变后的蓝藻藻丝发黄、生长缓慢，叶绿素含量降低。整体细胞的光合作用活性、光系统II(photosystem II，PSII)的放氧活性以及PSII反应中心的光能转化效率显著下降，传递给PSII的激发能减少。

昆明山海棠对中国仓鼠V_(79)细胞二酰基甘油含量的影响

研究以昆明山海棠根部水抽提物(Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Level) Hutch,THH)处理中国仓鼠V_(79)细胞,通过检测V_(79)细胞C-M细胞频率以及二酰基甘油(1,2-diacylgcerol,DAG)的含量测定,分析了THH诱发非整倍体与细胞醇磷酯信号通路的关系。结果指出:THH能在1mg/ml、2mg/ml两个剂量上使V_(79)细胞的DAG含量显著升高(P<0.001),并明显的提高C-M细胞频率(P<0.05),提示肌醇酯信号通路是介导THH诱发非整倍体的途径之一。

Extracellular carbohydrate polymers from five desert soil algae with different cohesion in the stabilization of fine sand grain

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from four filamentous cyanobacteria Microcoleus vaginatus, Scytonema javanicum, Phormidium tenue and Nostoc sp. and a coccoid single-cell green alga Desmococcus olivaceus that had been separated from desert algal crusts of Tegger desert of China, were investigated for their chemical composition, structure,and physical properties. The EPS contained 7.5-50.3% protein (in polymers ranging from 14 to more than 200 kD, SDS-PAGE) and 16.2-46.5% carbohydrate (110-460 kD, GFC). 6-12 kinds of monosaccharides, including 2-O-methyl rhamnose, 2-O-methyl glucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine were found. The main carbohydrate chains from M. vaginatus and S. javanicum consisted mainly of equal proportion of Man, Gal and Glc, that from P. tenue consisted mainly of arabinose, glucose and rhamnose. Arabinose was present in pyranose form, mainly alpha-L 1 --> 3 linked, with branches on C4 of almost half of the units. Glucose was responsible for the terminal units, in addition of having some units as beta1 --> 3 and some as beta1 --> 4 linked. Rhamnose was mainly 1 --> 3 linked with branches on C2 on half of the units. The carbohydrate polymer from D. olivaceus was composed mainly of beta1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. The galactose part was present both in beta-pyranose and -furanose forms. Arabinose in alpha-L-furanose form was mainly present as 1 --> 2 and 1 --> 2, 5 linked units, rhamnose only as alpha 1 --> 3 and xylose as beta 1 --> 4. The backbone of the polysaccharide from Nostoc sp. was composed of beta-1 --> 4 linked xylose, galactose and glucose. Most of the glucose was branched on position C6, terminal glucose and 2-O-methyl glucose units are also present. The relationship between structure, physical properties and potential biological function is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Studies on polysaccharides from three edible species of Nostoc (Cyanobacteria) with different colony morphologies: Comparison of monosaccharide compositions and viscosities of polysaccharides from field colonies and suspension cultures

Hot water-soluble polysaccharides woe extracted from field colonies and suspension cultures of Nostoc commune Vaucher, Nostoc flagelliforme Berkeley et Curtis, and Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing. Excreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were isolated from the media in which the suspension cultures were grown. The main monosaccharides of the field colony polysaccharides from the three species were glucose, xylose, and galactose, with an approximate ratio of 2:1:1. Mannose was also present, but the levels varied among the species, and arabinose appeared only in N. flagelliforme. The compositions of the cellular polysaccharides and EPS from suspension cultures were more complicated than those of the field samples and varied among the different species. The polysaccharides from the cultures of N. flagelliforme had a relatively simple composition consisting of mannose, galactose, glucose, and glucuronic acid, but no xylose, as was found in the field colony polysaccharides. The polysaccharides from cultures of N. sphaeroides contained glucose (the major component), rhamnose, fucose, xylose, mannose, and galactose. These same sugars were present in the polysaccharides from cultures of N. commune, with xylose as the major component. Combined nitrogen in the media had no qualitative influence on the compositions of the cellular polysaccharides but affected those of the EPS of N. commune and N. flagelliforme. The EPS of N. sphaeroides had a very low fetal carbohydrate content and thus was not considered to be polysaccharide in nature. The field colony polysaccharides could be separated by anion exchange chromatography into neutral and acidic fractions having similar sugar compositions. Preliminary linkage analysis showed that 1) xylose, glucose, and galactose were 1-->4 linked, 2) mannose, galactose, and xylose occurred as terminal residues, and 3) branch points occurred in glucose as 1-->3,4 and 1-->3,6 linkages and in xylose as a 1-->3,4 linkage. The polymer preparations from field colonies had higher kinematic viscosities than those from corresponding suspension cultures. The high viscosities of the polymers suggested that they might DE suitable for industrial uses.

Novel biodiesel production technology from soybean soapstock

This paper describes an attractive method to make biodiesel from soybean soapstock (SS). A novel recovery technology of acid oil (AO) from SS has been developed with only sulfuric acid solution under the ambient temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees C). After drying, AO contained 50.0% FFA, 15.5% TAG 6.9% DAG 3.1% MAG 0.8% water and other inert materials. The recovery yield of AO was about 97% (w/w) based on the total fatty acids of the SS. The acid oil could be directly converted into biodiesel at 95 degrees C in a pressurized reactor within 5 hours. Optimal esterification conditions were determined to be a weight ratio of 1 : 1.5 : 0.1 of AO/methanol/sulfuric acid. Higher reaction temperature helps to shorten the reaction time and requires less catalyst and methanol. Ester content of the biodiesel derived from AO through one-step acid catalyzed reaction is around 92%. After distillation, the purity of the biodiesel produced from AO is 97.6% which meets the Biodiesel Specification of Korea. The yield of purified biodiesel was 94% (w/w) based on the total fatty acids of the soapstock.

MOCVD生长的II-VI族化合物固溶体组分的热力学分析.2.Hg（1-x）CdxTe体系

对MOCVD生长Hg_(1-x)Cd_xTe进行了热力学分析.所用的起始原材料为Hg、DM-Cd和R_2Te.计算结果一方面表明CdTe优先并入倾向使得在通常的DAG工艺中x值非常不易控制.另一方表明即使在Hg存在的情况下,也可以沉积几平纯的CdTe,这对实现IMP工艺非常有利,计算结果还表明II/VI比对HgCdTe的组分控制起着关键性的作用.在DAG工艺中,较低的II/VI比可以改善对x值的控制能力,LMP-DAG工艺是降低II/VI比的较好途径.还计算了生长温度和反应室压力对固相组分的影响以及LMP-DAG工艺中生长温度与HgCdTe组分对最低汞分压的影响.

硬壳蛤性腺发育和卵母细胞成熟机理初步研究

采用体外药物诱导的方法，研究了5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT）诱导的硬壳蛤卵母细胞成熟过程中cAMP信号通路的作用。结果表明，5-HT （0.01—100µM）均能够显著地诱导硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟。磷酸二酯酶抑制剂—咖啡因、茶碱和IBMX（3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤）可以单独抑制卵母细胞的自发成熟，但效果不显著。10mM的咖啡因和茶碱以及5mM的IBMX能够显著地抑制5-HT的诱导效果。dbcAMP（双丁酰基环腺苷一磷酸）不但能够抑制卵母细胞的自发成熟，而且还可以抑制5-HT诱导的成熟。因此，cAMP信号通路参与了5-HT诱导的硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟过程，并且该信号通路起着负调控的作用。 研究了PLC（磷脂酶C）和PKC（蛋白激酶C）的激活剂/抑制剂对5-羟色胺诱导的卵母细胞成熟的影响。高浓度的新霉素（PLC抑制剂）可以抑制5-HT诱导的卵母细胞的成熟，而DMBA（9,10-Dimethy-1,2-benzanthracene，9,10–二甲基胆蒽，PLC激活剂）则能够促进成熟。PMA（phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate，佛波十四烷酸乙酸酯，PKC激活剂）能够抑制5-HT诱导的成熟，而Spingosine（PKC抑制剂）则可以促进卵母细胞的成熟。从而推测，5-HT诱导的卵母细胞成熟需要磷脂酰肌醇信号通路的激活。PLC浓度的降低能够抑制5-HT诱导的卵母细胞成熟；PKC浓度的降低则会促进卵母细胞的成熟。因此，在硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟过程中，PLC起促进的作用，DAG（二酰肌甘油）–PKC通路则起抑制的作用。 细胞外高浓度Ca2+能够促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟，Ca2+离子载体A23187也可以促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟。1-100µM异搏定（Verapamil，钙离子通道阻断剂）能够抑制卵母细胞的成熟，而100µM的Verapamil能够完全抑制其成熟。上述结果表明细胞外Ca2+对硬壳蛤卵母细胞的成熟是必需的，而且起到促进卵母细胞成熟的作用。三氟拉嗪（TFP，Ca2+与CaM结合的拮抗剂）能够抑制卵母细胞的成熟，高浓度的三氟拉嗪（1mM）能够完全抑制卵母细胞的成熟。说明CaM起到促进卵母细胞成熟的作用。可见，Ca2+通过与CaM的相互作用，共同起到促进硬壳蛤卵母细胞成熟的作用。 5-HT诱导成熟的卵母细胞可以完成受精过程，其受精过程以及幼虫发育情况与正常受精发育过程类似，没有显著差异。高浓度的新霉素可以抑制受精过程，而茶碱和咖啡因对受精没有影响。从而推测，磷脂酰肌醇信号通路参与了硬壳蛤卵母细胞的受精过程，而cAMP信号通路可能没有参与受精过程。 发现硬壳蛤的性腺发育与我国常见的双壳类如泥蚶相似。硬壳蛤卵母细胞中卵黄粒主要由线粒体、高尔基液泡、内质网和微吞饮泡形成。