87 resultados para D-GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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根质膜具有重要的生物学功能,它参与了根响应脱落酸(ABA)的一系列活动。尽管已经有很多有关ABA影响根的生长和发育的报道,但是在蛋白质组水平上研究参与ABA信号转导及相关活动的质膜蛋白质的报道还未见到。我们期望利用蛋白质组学技术平台研究外源ABA胁迫下水稻根质膜与ABA功能相关的蛋白质组的变化。 本论文通过双向电泳(2DE)结合质谱(MALDI-TOF MS 和 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS)分析的方法鉴定了102个质膜相关蛋白质。这些蛋白质功能涉及到跨膜运输(16.2%)、胁迫反应(14.3%)、物质运输(4.8%)、细胞骨架动态变化(5.7%)、细胞壁重建(3.8%)、碳代谢和能量循环(13.3%)、蛋白质代谢(14.3%)、信号转导(18.1%)和其他功能的蛋白质(4.8%),以及未知功能的蛋白质(2.9%)。其中大约30%的蛋白质以同工型的形式存在。在这些鉴定结果中,有10个斑点(代表10种蛋白质)已被报道为质膜特异的蛋白质;68个蛋白质斑点(代表58种蛋白质)是质膜相关蛋白质。其余54个蛋白质斑点(代表42种蛋白质)是首次在水稻根的质膜囊泡中被鉴定出来。 在ABA处理条件下,我们在2DE胶上发现了15个响应ABA调节的蛋白质斑点。9个上调的蛋白质斑点分别代表以下9种蛋白质:vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit, vacuolar ATPase B subunit、patatin、 Salt-stress root protein RS1、谷氨酰氨合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)、OSR40c1、H+-exporting ATPase (vacuolar ATPase E subunit)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型(glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, type I,GADPH)和醛缩酶C-1(aldolase C-1)。6个下调的蛋白质斑点分别代表4种蛋白质:endosperm lumenal binding protein、remorin protein、富含脯氨酸蛋白质(glycine-rich protein,GRP)和蔗糖合成酶(sucrose synthase, SuSy)。其中,OSR40c1和endosperm lumenal binding protein与蛋白质合成相关,从它们与ABA的关系中可以看出,ABA可能抑制了细胞的蛋白质合成。而vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit、vacuolar ATPase B subunit和 H+-exporting ATPase参与了细胞质pH的调控,ABA致使了细胞质pH的上升。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型、醛缩酶C-1和蔗糖合酶参与了细胞壁的生长发育,ABA的作用可能导致了细胞壁生长发育的延迟。ABA促使Patatin上升,其作用可能与质膜膜脂的降解有关。而ABA的刺激也使谷氨酰氨合成酶的表达显著上升,谷氨酰氨合成酶可以去除细胞内有害的游离NH+4。同时还有未知功能的富含脯氨酸蛋白质(glycine-rich protein,GRP)同样受到ABA的诱导,但具体的功能及其与ABA的关系还要进一步的实验证据。

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C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) from blue-green algae has been reported to have various pharmacological characteristics, including antiinflammatory and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we expressed the beta-subunit of C-PC (ref to as C-POP) in Escherichia coli. We found that the recombinant C-PC/beta has anti-cancer properties. Under the treatment of 5 mu M of the recombinant C-PC/beta, four different cancer cell lines accrued high proliferation inhibition and apoptotic induction. Substantially, a lower response occurred in non-cancer cells. We investigated the mechanism by which C-PC/beta inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. We found that the C-PC/beta interacts with membrane-associated beta-tubulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Under the treatment of the C-PC/beta, depolymerization of microtubules and actin-filaments were observed. The cells underwent apoptosis with an increase in caspase-3, and caspase-8 activities. The cell cycle was arrested at the G0/G1 phase under the treatment of C-PC/beta. In addition, the nuclear level of GAPDH decreased significantly. Decrease in the nuclear level of GAPDH prevents the cell cycle from entering into the S phase. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis may potentate the C-POP as a promising cancer prevention or therapy agent. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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抗菌肽是一类具有强大杀菌能力的肽类分子,同时还具有离子调节、免疫调节、蛋白酶抑制剂和自由基清除等其他生物活性。现已鉴定的抗菌肽超过1,200 种,几乎存在于所有生物种类中。在抗生素耐受严重的今天,抗菌肽极有潜力成为新型的有效抗菌药物,许多抗菌肽已进入临床前研究或临床研究。在本论文中,我们选择了无指盘臭蛙(Odorrana grahami)来源的三种抗菌肽(Brevinin 2E-OG1、Nigrocin-OG4 和Palustrin-OG1),单独或组合使用,以藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和白假丝酵母菌(Candida albicans)为研究对象,进行微生物对抗菌肽耐受性的实验诱导;并通过检测胞外蛋白酶活性、蛋白质组学等方法对微生物耐受抗菌肽机制进行初步的研究。将微生物培养于含有低浓度抗菌肽(单独使用或组合使用)培养基中,每日转接一次,每十次酌情提高抗菌肽浓度。80 次转接后,除藤黄微球菌未对 Palustrin-OG1 产生耐受外,其余所有的实验菌株均表现出对所用三种抗菌肽的耐受。但是Palustrin-OG1 与Brevinin 2E-OG1 或Nigrocin-OG4 联合使用能在一定程度上降低耐受性。将诱导后细菌于不含抗菌肽条件下培养,转接5 次后,对耐受现象无影响,说明这种耐受是可以稳定遗传的。抗菌肽耐受机制之一是分泌蛋白酶水解胞外抗菌肽,我们通过两种方式检测胞外蛋白酶活性,一种是检测发酵液的酪蛋白水解活性,另一种是检测发酵液处理抗菌肽后对抗菌活性的影响。结果发现枯草芽孢杆菌和藤黄微球菌发酵液存在着蛋白酶活性,推测胞外蛋白酶可能与二者对抗菌肽的耐受有关;而白假丝酵母菌发酵液中未检测到蛋白酶活性。另外,我们还通过蛋白质组学的手段对枯草芽孢杆菌耐受机制进行了初步的研究,鉴定了5 个差异表达的蛋白,表达上调的蛋白有yraA(功能未知)、Tpx (巯基过氧化物酶,Thiol peroxidase)、pdhD(二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶,dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase),表达下调的有cotN/TasA(芽孢膜相关蛋白,spore coat-associated protein)和gapA(三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶,Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 ,GAPDH)。yraA 和Tpx 都由Spx 调控,yraA 可以水解小肽增加自由氨基酸,而自由氨基酸增多时gapA、tasA 表达水平会下降,Spx 是由sigma-M 因子调控的,所以我们推测sigma-M 因子在B. subtiis 对抗菌肽耐受中起到了重要的作用。总之,本研究发现抗菌肽的联合作用会减缓微生物对其耐受的程度,为抗菌肽类药物研发提供了一种新思路;同时对抗菌肽耐受机制的初步研究也为今后的深入研究打下了基础。另外,我们还设计了一种新型的抗菌肽系统命名方法,并构建了昆明动物研究所抗菌肽数据库。

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To understand the molecular events of ovarian development in penaeid shrimp, RNA arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (RAP-PCR) was used to identify differentially expressed genes during ovarian maturation in Metapenaeus ensis. From a screening of 700 clones in a cDNA library of the shrimp ovary by the products of RAP-PCR of different maturation stages, 91 fragments with differentially expressed pattern as revealed by dot-blot hybridization were isolated and sequenced. Forty-two of these fragments show significant sequence similarity to known gene products and the differentially expressed pattern of 10 putative genes were further characterized via Northern hybridization. Putative glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and arginine kinase are related to provision of energy for active cellular function in oocyte development. Translationally controlled tumor protein, actin, and keratin are related to the organization of cytoskeleton to accomplish growth and development of oocytes. High mobility group protein DSP1, heat shock protein 70, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase may act as repressors before the onset of ovarian maturation. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and glutathione peroxidase are related to the stabilization of proteins and oocytes. This study provides new insights on the molecular events in the ovarian development in the shrimp.

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利用5m长的D型双包层掺Yb^3+光纤,采用声光调制锁模信号系统,实验上成功研制出输出320MHz的高重复频率脉冲列的光纤放大器,得到了20dB的增益输出,输出激光波长1064nm,输出平均功率1.02W,该光纤放大器可作为空间激光通信系统发射源。整个实验系统装置由作为信号源的特高重频脉冲列激光器、作为放大环节的光纤放大器和绿光倍频三个部分组成,另外对光纤放大器自激振荡谱线的各影响因素做了一些相关的实验研究,并对结果进行了分析讨论,提出了改进措施。

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A 2.5-D and 3-D multi-fold GPR survey was carried out in the Archaeological Park of Aquileia (northern Italy). The primary objective of the study was the identification of targets of potential archaeological interest in an area designated by local archaeological authorities. The second geophysical objective was to test 2-D and 3-D multi-fold methods and to study localised targets of unknown shape and dimensions in hostile soil conditions. Several portions of the acquisition grid were processed in common offset (CO), common shot (CSG) and common mid point (CMP) geometry. An 8×8 m area was studied with orthogonal CMPs thus achieving a 3-D subsurface coverage with azimuthal range limited to two normal components. Coherent noise components were identified in the pre-stack domain and removed by means of FK filtering of CMP records. Stack velocities were obtained from conventional velocity analysis and azimuthal velocity analysis of 3-D pre-stack gathers. Two major discontinuities were identified in the area of study. The deeper one most probably coincides with the paleosol at the base of the layer associated with activities of man in the area in the last 2500 years. This interpretation is in agreement with the results obtained from nearby cores and excavations. The shallow discontinuity is observed in a part of the investigated area and it shows local interruptions with a linear distribution on the grid. Such interruptions may correspond to buried targets of archaeological interest. The prominent enhancement of the subsurface images obtained by means of multi-fold techniques, compared with the relatively poor quality of the conventional single-fold georadar sections, indicates that multi-fold methods are well suited for the application to high resolution studies in archaeology.

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本论文报道从海洋中分离到的一株聚磷菌的分离、鉴定、在系统发育中的地位、除磷特性、菌体内多磷酸盐颗粒的研究、D-海因酶和核苷二磷酸激酶基因的克隆及序列分析,为海水系统的生物除磷提供部分基础资料。 从黄海海域分离到聚磷菌Halomonas sp. YSR-3,菌体呈杆状,大小为3.5 μm×1 μm,革兰氏阴性,好氧生长,能运动。透射电镜观察发现,菌体内有致密颗粒。经DAPI染色确定该致密颗粒是多磷酸盐,亦可称为异染粒、迂回体。16S rDNA鉴定结果表明,YSR-3与Halomonas属中的marine bacterium B5-7有较高的同源性,相似值99%。YSR-3的生理生化特性:对氯霉素和卡那霉素敏感;淀粉水解呈阳性;反硝化和几丁质降解呈阴性;能将葡萄糖作为唯一碳源和能源。 对YSR-3的培养条件进行优化。以海水2216培养基、24 ℃、180 rpm、pH 6.5的条件培养,更利于菌体生长和菌体内多磷酸盐的形成。 对YSR-3的除磷特性进行研究。无磷培养时,菌体不能生长;用磷酸钾盐作为磷源时,菌体生长较好,形成多磷酸盐的菌体比例较高;较适合YSR-3菌体生长和多磷酸盐形成的磷源是KH2PO4,较适磷浓度为1.5 mmol/L。pH的变化影响菌株的生长、多磷酸盐形成和除磷效果。pH值为5时,菌体的数量几乎不增加,体内多磷酸盐和培养基中磷含量变化不大;pH值为6、7和8时,菌体生长良好,95%以上的菌体内形成多磷酸盐,培养基中磷含量明显下降。YSR-3在不同培养基中除磷量和除磷率不同。在高磷培养基中除磷量为0.7 mmol/L(磷含量由1.84 mmol/L降到1.14 mmol/L),除磷率为37.5%;在低磷培养基中除磷量为0.02 mmol/L(磷含量由0.028 mmol/L降到0.008 mmol/L),除磷率为72.2%。 以海洋聚磷菌Halomonas sp. YSR-3的总DNA为模板,用PCR法扩增D-海因酶基因和核苷二磷酸激酶基因,将扩增片段克隆到pGM-T载体,转化E.coli TOP10菌株,经蓝白斑筛选、菌落PCR得到阳性克隆,测序后对序列进行Blast比对分析。得到的D-海因酶基因序列长度为1510 bp,与Pseudomonas entomophila L48的海因酶基因序列的相似性为77%。翻译后的序列与Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5,Marinomonas sp. MED121,Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4的海因酶蛋白序列相似性分别为75%,73%,70%。得到的核苷二磷酸激酶基因序列长度为420bp,翻译后的序列与Loktanella vestfoldensis SKA53,Jannaschia sp. CCS1,Roseobacter sp. CCS2的核苷二磷酸激酶蛋白序列相似性分别为89%,86%,85%。 聚磷菌能将外界环境中的磷吸收到体内,并以多磷酸盐的形式储存。多磷酸盐对于细胞的生存和生长有很重要的作用,但目前对于多磷酸盐的形成过程以及过程调控还不是很清楚。在今后可以通过构建高效表达的重组菌,提高与除磷相关的酶的纯度及活性。同时可以将相关酶的基因进行突变,对基因表达的调控以及酶的代谢以及功能结构等多方面进行基础研究,使聚磷菌在生物除磷中得到广泛应用。

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用PCR(多聚酶链式反应)扩增方法测定白头叶猴、黑叶猴和菲氏叶猴各1只的线粒体DNA ND4整个基因(1377 bp)和D-环500多bp序列。黑叶猴与菲氏叶猴的ND4基因序列碱基差异数高达123,基于ND4基因的遗传距离值为8.9%;白头叶猴与黑叶猴ND4基因序列间碱基差异数为25,遗传距离值为1.8%。在D-环区域,白头叶猴与黑叶猴间的遗传距离为4.3%,而白头叶猴、黑叶猴两者与菲氏叶猴间的遗传距离则分别高达26.4%和26.0%。分析结果表明,白头叶猴恐怕还只是黑叶猴的一个亚种。从保护遗传学角度看,白头叶猴应被看作一个进化显著性单元(evolutionary significant units, ESU),在动物的保护行动中应得到充分的重视。

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The nutritional function of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides for omnivorous gibel carp and carnivorous Chinese longsnout catfish were investigated and the ability of these two species to utilize carbohydrates was compared. For each species, triplicate groups of fish were assigned to each of five groups of isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets with different carbohydrate sources: glucose, sucrose, dextrin, soluble starch (acid-modified starch) and alpha-cellulose. The carbohydrates were included at 60 g kg(-1) in Chinese longsnout catfish diets and at 200 g kg(-1) in gibel carp diets. A growth trial was carried out in a recirculation system at 27.8 +/- 1.9 degrees C for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish with different food habits showed difference in the utilization of carbohydrate sources. For gibel carp, better specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were observed in fish fed diets containing soluble starch and cellulose, but for Chinese longsnout catfish, better SGR and FE were observed in fish fed diets containing dextrin and sucrose. Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADC(d)) and apparent digestibility coefficient of energy (ADC(e)) were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate sources in gibel carp. ADC(d) and ADC(e) significantly decreased as dietary carbohydrate complexity increased in Chinese longsnout catfish except that glucose diet had medium ADC(d) and ADC(e). In both species, no significant difference of apparent digestibility coefficient of protein was observed between different carbohydrate sources. Dietary carbohydrate sources significantly affected body composition, and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) activities also varied according to dietary carbohydrate complexity. Fish with different food habits showed different abilities to synthesize liver glycogen, and the liver glycogen content in gibel carp was significantly higher than in Chinese longsnout catfish. The influence of carbohydrate source on gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis was also different in the two fish species.

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Two 8-week growth trials were conducted to determine the effect of continuous (CF) versus 2 meals day(-1) (MF) feeding and 30% starch versus 30% glucose diets on the carbohydrate utilization of 9.0-g white sturgeon and 0.56-g hybrid tilapia. The two trials were conducted under similar conditions except that sturgeon were kept at 18.5 degrees C in a flow-through system and tilapia were kept at 26 degrees C in a recirculating system. Significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), body lipid content and liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) activities were observed in the CF than MF sturgeon. Only SGR, FE and PER were higher in sturgeon fed the starch than the glucose diets. Only higher liver G6PDH and malic enzyme (ME) activities were observed in the CF than MF tilapia but higher SGR, FE, PER and liver G6PDH, 6PGDH and ME activities were observed in tilapia fed the starch diet than those fed the glucose diet. This suggested that carbohydrate utilization by sturgeon was more affected by feeding strategy whereas tilapia was more affected by carbohydrate source. Furthermore, white sturgeon can utilize carbohydrates better than hybrid tilapia regardless of feeding strategy and carbohydrate source.

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为深入认识Ce~(3+)激活发光体的发光行为及Ce~(3+)的能级结构与配位环境之间的相关规律,探索新的Ce~(3+)激活超短余辉可见发光显示材料的可行合成途径及发光性能,本工作应用Cs_2+Ar气固相反应方法及碳保护固相反应方法合成了一些新的Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体(MLn_2S_4:Ce, MAl_2S_4:Ce, Ln_2S_3:Ce)和碱土氯硼酸盐掺铈发光体(M_2B_5O_9Cl:Ce),测定了它们在室温下的激发和发射光谱及相对发光强度,验证了基质化合物的晶体结构,估测了发光体的猝灭温度并测定了有代表性的Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体的荧光寿命。将Ce~(3+)在不同配位阴离子环境中的光谱信息和Ce~(3+)与配位阴离子的成键性质,配位体本性、电子器扩大效应参数及Ce~(3+)的激发态5d能级结构相关联,分析了Ce~(3+)在不同配位阴离子化合物中的发光区域。确认,Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体具有可见发光特征。分析不同结构类型所决定的Ce~(3+)在不同基质硫化物中的硫配位环境点群对称性,指出随着点群对称性的降低,特别是按子群关系(O_b>C_(3r)(S_4)>C_s)的降解,Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体的发射峰位会有较大程度红移。光谱分析表明硫化物基质邻位阳离子对Ce~(3+)的发光位置影响较大,提出用反映阳离子本性的Z/R(Z电负性,R离子半径)值描述Ce~(3+)在硫配位环境中的发光位置及能级的变化趋势。指出了Ce~(3+)在相同结构,相同邻位阳离子基质硫化物中的发射峰位与取代阳离子的Z/R值、基质硫化物中稀土离子的电子结构与发光强度、基质硫化物的结构类型与猝灭温度的某些相关性。分析了具有共同f-d跃迁发光特性的Ce~(3+)和Eu~(2+)在某些基质化合物中的光谱信息,指出配位环境对二者的发光位置、能级结构具有共同的作用趋势。与Ce~(3+)在硫配位化合物中的可见发光特征相对应,M_2B_5O_9Cl:Ce发光体具有一般Ce~(3+)激活含氧酸盐发光体的近紫外或兰区发光特征。SrAl_2S_4:Ce发光体的荧光寿命为28ns(在Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体中仅次于LaGaS_3:Ce(21ns))且有可与CaS:Ce发光体相比的发光强度。BaLu_2S_4:Ce发光体的发射峰位是目前所报道的Ce~(3+)激活发光体中在室温下发射峰位波长最长的,且同样具有极短的荧光寿命(37ns)和较强的发光强度。新得到的某些Ce~(3+)激活硫化物发光体的超短余辉可见发光特性可能适合于某些超短余辉长波段发射的发光显示材料的应用探索。

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Ce~(3+)是唯一d→f跃迁发光的三价稀土离子,4f层上只有一个电子,特征发射为d→~2F_(7/2)和d→~2F_(5/2)跃迁的两宽带,而d带受晶体场和共价性的影响较大,随基质类型和结构的不同,其d带下限上下移动,发光颜色便可以从紫外变成红色。另外,由于Ce~(3+)的发射光谱具有较宽的能量分布,因此,它又是一种良好的敏化剂。除此之外,由于Ce~(3+)具有较短的衰减时间(ns级)和超短余辉特性,所以Ce~(3+)激活的碱土氟化物和纯CeF_3又可望成为一种新型的无机闪烁体材料。过去,人们已对Ce~(3+)在不同类型的基质中的光谱性质和与其它离子间的能量传递现象进行了大量的研究,从中探讨了各种化学环境对Ce~(3+)的光谱特性的影响规律,并开发了一些新的功能材料,并在发光材料、超短余辉材料方面得到了应用,为了进一步探寻Ce~(3+)激活的物质在固体可调谐激光材料,闪烁体材料以及其它功能材料方面的潜在应用,进一步探索化学因素对Ce~(3+)的光谱特征的影响规律,我们选择碱土氟化物及复合氟化物作基质进行了研究。运用高温固相扩散反应用的方法合成了一系列掺杂不同浓度的Ce~(3+)的碱土氟化物及复合氟化物粉末样品,用stockbarger法生长了CaF_2:xCeF_3、CeF_3、KMgF_3Ce~(3+)、BaMgF_4:xCe~(3+)等单晶,探索了各自的生长工艺和条件,用X-射线粉末衍射仪及X-射线四园衍射仪分别对粉末样品及单晶的结构进行了检测,并运用不同激发源的荧光光谱仪测定了各样品的激发和发射光谱。在一系列碱土氟化物复合氟化物基质中着重研究了晶体场和共价性对Ce~(3+)的光谱性质的影响,指出了Ce~(3+)的发射峰值与取代阳离子,邻位阳离子的离子半径和电负性大小的关系;系统地研究了碱土氟化物及复合氟化物中Ce~(3+)的电荷补偿途径与发射中心的关系问题,明确指出:氟化物及复合氟化物基质中极易自发混入O~(2-),充当电荷补偿剂,形成相对于Ce_F中心的发射峰位红移的新的发射中心,即“Ce-O”中心。在CaF_2:xCe~(3+)系列粉末样品中,通过对其光谱性质的研究发现了三种发射中心“Ce-F”、“Ce-O”中心和V_k色心,探讨了三者的转化规律,并证明了三种发射中心的产生都是不同的电荷补偿途径所致,且探讨了不同阳离子电荷补偿剂对 Ce~(3+)的光谱影响情况,指出了与Ce~(3+)半径相近的Na补偿效果最好。同时,我们还研究了CaF-2基质中Ce~(3+)的两发射中心(“Ce-F”、“Ce-O” )与Tb~(3+)之间的能量传递现象,发现能量传递的效果及方向皆有一定的区别。在KMgF_3:Ce~(3+)中,通过单晶的生长,并用X-射线四园衍射仪的检测及光谱化学的方法,研究了Ce~(3+)在KMgF_3中的取代格位,推测Ce~(3+)只能占据KMgF_3中K~+的格位。在BaMgF_4:xCe~(3+)中,系统研究了合成温度,Ce~(3+)的掺杂浓度对其结构与光谱性能的影响情况,指出:不同的发射峰不是Ce~(3+)所占据的格位不同所致,而是不同的电荷补偿途径所导致的。合成温度和掺杂浓度越高,越有利于Ce_O中心的形成。通过研究CaF_2:Ce~(3+)单晶的γ辐照效应,我们发现:辐照剂量增加至一定的时候,在465nm处出现一新的发射带峰,且与原来固有的385nm处的发射带峰的强度比的对数随辐照剂量的增加而线性增加,重复性好,且恢复性能好。这为CaF_2:Ce~(3+)单晶作为一种大剂量的γ辐照剂量元件提供了一定的实验依据和可能性。另外,我们还研究了CaF_3, BaF_2:xCe~(3+)单晶的光谱性能与闪烁性能,丰富了这方面已有的实验数据,进一步证明了CeF_3具有快速闪烁性能;BaF_2:xCe~(3+)单晶与纯BaF_2相比,BaF_2本身的快、慢成份皆消失,而产生Ce~(3+)自身的5d→4f跃迁发射,其主导衰减时间与Ce~(3+)的浓度有关,即反比关系。BaF_2:Ce~(3+)闪烁体可望得到应用。

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砷是毒性最强的元素之一,水体中砷的污染己经引起人们广泛的关注。我国的新疆、内蒙、山西和台湾等省和地区地下水砷含量严重超标。全球共有5,000多万人遭受高砷饮用水的威胁,其中中国有1,500多万,是饮用水砷污染最严重的国家之一。WHO推荐饮用水砷的最高允许浓度从原来的50 µg•L-1已降至10 µg•L-1。更为严格的砷卫生标准的颁布,对作为饮用水源的地下水中的砷去除工艺提出了更高的要求。吸附法除砷比膜法、混凝法和离子交换法更安全、简便,是砷去除工艺中最有效的方法之一。 首先,本研究通过优化制备条件(包括炭种类的选择、炭的粒径大小、还原剂的浓度及滴定速率、反应温度、铁盐的种类及浓度、分散剂的比例及浓度),制备了负载型纳米铁。考虑到砷的去除效率、工程应用的可行性以及经济性,最优的制备条件如下:选用粒径为20~40目煤质炭,在室温、一定的分散剂比例及浓度,0.2 M KBH4滴速为20 d•min-1时所制备的Fe/炭为82.0 mg•g-1;纳米铁在活性炭孔内呈针状,其直径为30~500 nm,长度为1,000~2,000 nm。绝大多数的铁都负载到活性炭内部,这在处理水时铁不流失很重要。 其次,利用制备的负载型纳米铁作吸附载体,进行了饮用水中As(Ⅴ)的吸附去除实验。研究了该吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附等温线、动力学以及影响动力学的各种因素(包括As(Ⅴ)的不同初始浓度、吸附剂用量、pH值、共存离子和不同温度)、pH值、共存离子等环境条件对As(Ⅴ)去除的影响;以及吸附剂的再生及再生后的吸附效率等。研究发现在前12 h内吸附较快,72 h时达到了平衡。用Langmuir 吸附等温式估算出As(Ⅴ)的吸附量为12.0 mg•g-1。该吸附剂在pH 6.5, (25±2)℃, As(Ⅴ)初始浓度为2 mg•L-1,吸附剂用量为1.0 g•L-1时,As(Ⅴ)的去除率为75.2%;当把吸附剂的用量增加到1.5 g•L-1时,As(Ⅴ)的去除率可达99.9%以上。吸附剂可以用0.1M的NaOH浸泡12 h后即可再生,再生效率较高。常见的阴离子中PO43-、SiO32-对As(Ⅲ)的去除抑制较大,而SO42-、CO32-、C2O42-等离子对砷的去除影响较小。Fe2+对As(Ⅲ)的吸附抑制作用较大而其它阳离子影响不大。吸附剂可用0.1 M NaOH 有效再生,并且具有良好的机械性能。实验室初步实验数据表明,该吸附剂对饮用水除砷具有较好的应用前景。 第三,利用实验室制备的负载型纳米铁对饮用水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附去除也进行了研究。考察了吸附等温线、动力学以及影响动力学的各种因素、pH值、共存离子等环境条件对As(Ⅲ)去除的影响;以及吸附剂的再生及再生后的吸附效率等。研究发现,该吸附剂在pH 6.5, (25±2)℃, As(Ⅲ)初始浓度为2 mg•L-1,吸附剂用量为1.0 g•L-1时, 对As(Ⅲ)的去除率为99.8%;其吸附容量为1.996mg•g-1。吸附过程中部分As(Ⅲ)被氧化。与As(Ⅴ)的吸附相比,该吸附剂对As(Ⅲ)的效率比较高-而常见的其它除砷吸附剂如载铁纤维棉等,对As(Ⅴ)的效率比As(Ⅲ)高,为有效去除As(Ⅲ),常常需要专门加上氧化这一过程。 最后,利用负载型纳米铁对饮用水中As(Ⅲ) 的氧化性能进行考察,发现该吸附剂不但能够有效吸附去除饮用水中的砷,而且还能把As(Ⅲ)有效地氧化为As(Ⅴ)。经过对吸附剂的构成组分分析发现,活性炭表面因富含多种官能团而对三价砷的氧化作用最大;其次是纳米铁也能把As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ)。