Mass rearing of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae) for biological control of Myzus persicae (Homoptera : Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a major pest of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, in Yunnan province, China, where its control still depends on the use of insecticides. In recent years, the local government and farmers have sought to improve the biological control of this tobacco pest. In this paper, we present methods for mass rearing Aphidius gifuensis, a dominant endoparasitoid of M. persicae on tobacco plants in this region. The tobacco cultivar K326 (N. tabacum) was used as the host plant and M. persicae as the host insect. In the greenhouse, we collected tobacco seedlings for about 35 days (i.e., until the six-true-leaf stage), transferred them to 7.5-cm diameter pots, and kept these plants in the greenhouse for another 18 days. These pots were then transferred to an insectary-greenhouse, where the tobacco seedlings were inoculated with five to seven wingless adult M. persicae per pot. After 3 days, the infested seedlings were moved to a second greenhouse to allow the aphid population to increase, and after an additional 4 +/- 1 days when 182 +/- 4.25 aphid adults and nymphs were produced per pot, they were inoculated with A. gifuensis. With this rearing system, we were able to produce 256 +/- 8.8 aphid mummies per pot, with an emergence rate of 95.6 +/- 2.45%; 69% were females. The daily cost of parasite production (recurring costs only) was US$ 0.06 per 1000 aphid mummies. With this technique, we released 109 800 parasitoids in 1998, 196 000 in 1999, 780 000 in 2000, and 5 600 000 in 2001 during a 2-month period each year This production method is discussed with respect to countrywide usage in biological control and integrated control of M. persicae.

大气NH_3升高对不同供氮水平下小麦叶片光合生理特征的影响

以小麦品种‘小偃6号’(氮高效品种)和‘长旱58’(氮低效品种)为材料,采用开顶式气室和土培实验研究了大气NH3浓度升高对生长于高、低两种供氮介质下小麦植株不同生育期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/F0)和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果显示:两小麦品种高氨低氮处理植株的Pn、Fv/F0和可溶性糖含量均高于高氨高氮和低氨低氮处理,并在生育后期差异达显著水平(P<0.05),氮低效品种的Gs也符合上述规律且不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05);小麦各生育期高氨高氮处理下植株的Pn均显著低于低氨高氮处理,且两处理间灌浆期的叶绿素含量和灌浆期以前的可溶性糖含量的差异显著(P<0.05),而两处理灌浆期以前的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm在各处理条件下均无显著差异;不同处理间及品种间各项光合特征指标差异缺乏规律性。可见,大气中NH3浓度升高有利于改善低供氮介质条件下小麦植株的氮营养状况,但不同氮效率品种间的响应存在差异。

施氮量对黄土旱塬区冬小麦产量和土壤水分动态的影响

为了探明施氮量对黄土旱塬区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)籽粒产量和麦田土壤水分动态的影响规律,以抗旱性冬小麦品种长武58为供试材料,于2006～2008年连续两个年度在陕西省长武县对不同施氮量条件下麦田土壤贮水量动态、耗水规律、小麦产量和夏闲期降水补给率等特征进行研究。结果表明,麦田土壤贮水量随季节和降水明显变化,同一生育时期2.7m土层的土壤贮水量基本随施氮量的增加而减少。偏旱年每公顷施氮300kg和平水年每公顷施氮225kg均能够获得当年最大的籽粒产量和水分利用效率。每公顷施氮75kg和225kg均能在夏闲期获得较大的降水补给率。每公顷施氮225kg更有利于黄土旱塬区冬小麦的高产和稳产。

苜蓿幼苗芽、根器官对盐胁迫的生理生化响应

探讨盐胁迫对苜蓿幼苗不同器官生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为苜蓿植被恢复技术的研发提供理论参考。【方法】以新牧一号(盐忍耐品种)和北极星(盐敏感品种)2个苜蓿品种为材料,以0mmol/L NaCl处理为对照,用200mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理,测定萌发7d苜蓿幼苗芽、根生长及其H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)含量,相对质膜透性、抗氧化保护酶活性及其同功酶的变化。【结果】200mmol/L NaCl胁迫抑制了苜蓿幼苗的生长,并导致芽、根H2O2、MDA含量及相对质膜透性升高,但新牧一号芽、根器官均表现出比北极星较低程度的生长抑制或质膜损伤。盐胁迫后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均明显增加。CAT和POD对活性氧的清除具有器官差异性,CAT活性在芽中较强,POD则与之相反。SOD-Ⅱ、APX-Ⅰ、POD-Ⅲ及POD-Ⅳ为芽、根中盐胁迫敏感的同功酶谱带。【结论】苜蓿盐忍耐品种通过更强的抗氧化保护能力,降低了盐胁迫对其幼苗的损伤。

干旱对不同冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的影响

研究干旱对小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的影响,揭示小麦抗旱高产的生理机制,为提高小麦的抗旱能力及高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】在防雨池栽培条件下,以旱地冬小麦品种长武134(抗旱性强)和水地冬小麦品种陕253(抗旱性弱)为试材,以适宜水分处理为对照(CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～75%),研究干旱处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%～55%)对不同冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应速率(净光合速率和蔗糖合成能力)和供应持续期的影响。【结果】与对照相比,干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期旗叶净光合速率,缩短了净光合速率高值持续期(PAD),其中长武134降幅较小,净光合速率较高;干旱处理提高了冬小麦灌浆初期旗叶的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,其中长武134增幅较大,且在灌浆中后期依然能保持相对较高的蔗糖供应能力;干旱处理缩短了冬小麦叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP),提高了丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速了旗叶的衰老,缩短了光合产物的供应持续期,其中长武134受干旱影响较小;干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期主茎穗粒质量积累量及其速率,其中长武134降幅较小。【结论】干旱条件下,抗旱品种长武134旗叶在灌浆中后期可维持较高的光合产物...

镉、铅排异大白菜品种的筛选和鉴定及安全生产调控技术

随着工农业的快速发展，土壤重金属尤其Cd和Pb污染日益严重。筛选和培育具有重金属低积累特性的农作物排异品种被认为是当前应对土壤重金属污染最为合理和有效的途径之一。本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和砂培试验，研究了大白菜品种对Cd和Pb的吸收和积累的品种差异、对Cd、Pb胁迫的响应以及大白菜安全生产的调控技术，得出以下结论： 1) 盆栽梯度试验中，80种大白菜地上部对Cd的吸收存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。在3种Cd处理下(1.0, 2.5和5.0 mg/kg)，80种大白菜Cd含量浓度范围分别为(mg/kg) 0.22–2.46, 0.90–14.10和2.03–18.01, 其平均值分别为 0.79, 3.76 和6.79 mg/kg DW。大白菜对Cd胁迫具有较强的耐性。大田试验中，15种大白菜的富集系数和转运系数与盆栽梯度试验的结果基本一致。排异植物的筛选和鉴定标准包括：(1)该植物的地上部和根部的Cd含量都很低或者可食部位低于有关标准；(2) 富集系数(BF) < 1.0；(3) 转运系数(TF) < 1.0；(4)该植物具有较高的Cd耐性，在较高的Cd污染下能够正常生长且生物量无显著下降。采用此标准，结合盆栽梯度试验和大田试验结果，北京新3号、绿星70和丰源新3号可鉴定为Cd排异品种。秋傲和赛新5号具有排异Cd特性，但其对Cd的耐性较差。 2) 盆栽梯度试验中，在Pb投加浓度为500和1500 mg/kg处理下，30种大白菜地上部对Pb的吸收存在显著差异 (p < 0.05)，其Pb浓度的范围分别为：0.52–8.68 和1.86–16.20 mg/kg, 其平均值分别为3.01 和6.87 mg/kg DW。并且，随着Pb浓度的增加，白菜地上部Pb含量有随之增加的趋势。大白菜对Pb具有较强的耐性。低浓度的Pb处理对大白菜的生物具有一定的促进作用。结合盆栽试验和大田试验的结果，秋傲、世博秋抗和福星80可鉴定为Pb排异大白菜品种。 3) 砂培试验中，在Cd和Pb胁迫下，大白菜地上部的丙二醛(MDA)含量增加，随着Cd处理浓度的增加，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先下降后上升接着下降的趋势，酸菜王的SOD活性要高于北京新3号SOD的活性。随着Pb处理浓度的增加，福星80地上部的SOD活性随之增加，而绿星大棵菜地上部的SOD活性先下降后增加。在不同梯度的Cd处理下，大白菜地上部的可溶性蛋白(SP)含量未见显著降低，甚至有所增加，而在不同梯度的Pb处理下，大白菜地上部的SP含量有所降低。 4) 施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd，从而对大白菜的生长具有促进作用。施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜对Cd和Pb的吸收和累积。

不同小麦品种（系）中主要矿质元素的含量比较及与品质的关系

采用微波消解、电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）的方法,对62份不同小麦品种（系）中锌、铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的含量进行了测定。同时利用红外线品质测定仪对主要品质指标粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值进行了测定。结果表明，不同小麦品种（系）中各种矿质元素的含量存在差异，2006年小麦品种中铁含量变幅为18.55-58.19 ug/g，平均为30.83ug/g ，最高与最低的相差39.64ug/g；锌含量变幅为5.70-25.80 ug/g，平均为15.13ug/g ，最高与最低相差20.10ug/g。2008年小麦品种（系）中铁含量变幅为16.68-52.25 ug/g，平均为30.10ug/g，最高与最低相差35.58ug/g；锌含量变幅为12.29-33.47 ug/g，平均为21.11ug/g，最高与最低相差21.18ug/g；钙含量变幅为167.53-348.80ug/g，平均为248.59ug/g，最高与最低相差192.59ug/g；铜含量变幅为2.32-5.83 ug/g，平均为2.98ug/g，最高与最低的相差3.61ug/g；钾含量变幅为1822.71-4414.91 ug/g，平均为2617.87ug/g，最高与最低的相差2634.72ug/g；钠含量变幅为10.25-39.82 ug/g，平均为23.05ug/g，最高与最低的相差29.57ug/g。 两年不同小麦品种（系）中矿质元素的含量分析结果表明：铁、铜、钙、钠和钾含量年际变化不明显,说明小麦对铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的吸收较稳定；锌含量变化较大，可能受环境的影响比较大。分析各矿质元素含量与粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值及元素之间的相关关系，结果表明，锌含量与粗蛋白含量呈极显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.317，与湿面筋含量之间呈显著正相关，相关系数达到0.246；铁含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著的正相关关系，相关系数是0.262；铜、钙、钠和钾含量与粗蛋白含量、湿面筋和沉降值之间存在正相关，但不显著，其中钠与沉降值之间为负相关。表明施锌或铁对提高小麦粗蛋白和湿面筋有显著效应，其余矿质元素有促进作用但不明显。 利用RAPD分子标记技术对川育23、41058、川育20及其父母本进行分析，力图从分子水平找到小麦矿质元素含量之间的差异性，琼脂糖电泳结果表明不同的小麦品种（系）间扩增出了差异条带。 以上研究结果，将对筛选“微量营养强化型”小麦新材料，选育“微量营养强化型”小麦新品种奠定基础。 62 different wheat cultivars was digested with HNO3 in a tightly closed vessel heated under micro-wave,then contents of zinc，iron,copper，calcium，sodium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES)．The main indexes of wheat quality such as total protein、wet glu and sedimentation volume were detected by Infratec 1255 Food & Feed Analyzer at the same time.The obtained results showed that variation for all of the mineral elements concentrations among different cultivars were observed .In 2006, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 18.55-58.19 ug/g,the average value was 30.83ug/g,and 39.64ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 5.70-25.8 ug/g,the average value was 15.13ug/g,and 20.10ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one.In 2008, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 16.68-52.25 ug/g,the average value was 30.10ug/g,and 35.58ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 12.29-33.47 ug/g,the average value was 21.11ug/g,and 21.18ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the calcium content was 167.53-348.80ug/g,the average value was 248.59ug/g,and 192.59ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the copper content was 2.32-5.83 ug/g,the average value was 2.98ug/g,and 3.61ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the potassium content was 1822.71-4414.91 ug/g,the average value was 2617.87ug/g,and 2634.72ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the sodium content was 10.25-39.82 ug/g,the average value was 23.05ug/g,and 29.57ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one. Analysis was made on the annual variation of mineral elements content in different Wheat cultivars ,the result shows:there is no obvious difference of iron ,copper ,sodium、calcium and potassium concentrations in wheat cultivars, suggesting the absorption of the iron, copper, sodium、calcium and potassium by wheat are relatively steady ,but zinc concentrations change obviously ,maybe influenced heavily by environment . The correlation between mineral elements 、mineral elements and total protein、mineral elements and sedimentation volume as well as mineral elements and wet glut were analysed in this paper, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation between zinc content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.317), positive correlation between zinc content and wet glu (the correlation coefficient is 0.246), positive correlation between iron content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.262). there was positive but not obvious correlation between the contents of copper, calcium, sodium or potassium and total protein, wet glut or sedimentation volume,among which was negative correlation between sodium and sedimentation volume.It was indicated zinc or iron fertilization has prominent effects in improving the total protein in wheat, the rest mineral elements have Non- obvious facilitation. The study then forecasted the genetic difference of different wheat by the molecular marker of RAPD in order to find differences in molecular level. Chuanyu23、41058、chuanyu20 as well as their male and female parents were analysed by RAPD markers,Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA revealed the appearance of differential bands . The above-mentioned results of this study establish the foundation to screening the new materials of wheat of " strengthening type of micro- nutrition ", and to breeding the new wheat cultivars of" strengthening type of micro- nutrition ".

小麦抗白粉病新基因PmCD1和抗条锈病基因YrCD的鉴定及分子标记筛选

本研究对自育小麦白粉病抗源“07鉴126”和条锈病抗源CD1437、CD0534-5进行抗性遗传分析和微卫星引物的筛选，建立了与PmCD1和YrCD抗病基因连锁的SSR分子标记，主要研究结果如下： 1.小麦白粉抗源“07鉴126”抗白粉病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 品系“07鉴126”对我国目前白粉菌强优势生理小种E09、E11和其它多种小种表现免疫或高度抵抗。Pm-sus是07鉴126的自然突变感病株。利用“07鉴126”和Pm-sus的F2抗病性分离群体进行抗条锈病性遗传分析和分子标记定位，结果表明，“07鉴126”的白粉抗性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，暂命名为PmCD1；并筛选到了与PmCD1共分离的显性SSR分子标记Xbarc183。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明PmCD1来源于荆州黑麦。抗谱分析表明PmCD1不同于已知的黑麦抗白粉基因，是一个新的抗白粉病基因。Xbarc183这一分子标记的建立为PmCD1的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因累加提供了方便。 2.小麦条锈抗源CD1437抗条锈病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 利用对优势条锈菌小种条中32免疫的小麦品系CD1437及其自然突变感病株Yr-sus杂交构建F2、F3抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析结果显示，1437的抗条锈性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，该基因暂命名为YrCD。SSR分析发现，位于1B染色体上的7个SSR标记Xcfd65、Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xbarc187、Xwmc406、 Xwmc419、Xwmc216依次分布在YrCD的一侧，与YrCD的遗传距离在1.7 cM至9.2 cM。YrCD和YrCH42的等位性分析显示二者可能为等位基因。YrCD和Yr24、Yr26的抗谱相似。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明贵农20是YrCD的供体。本研究推测YrCD、Yr24、Yr26和YrCH42可能是等位基因，并推测Yr-sus是缺失突变体。 3. 小麦条锈抗源CD0534-5抗条锈病基因的鉴定 利用对条中32免疫的小麦抗条锈病品系CD0534-5及其感病重组自交系CD0534-4建立F2抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析表明，CD0534-5的条锈抗性由两对独立的显性主效基因控制。用BSK法分析，发现其中一对基因与SSR分子标记Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xwmc128、Xwmc419连锁，该基因是来源于贵农20的YrCD。另一抗性基因来源贵农19，是极有利用价值的未知抗性基因。 This study focused on the investigation and identification of a novel powdery mildew resistant gene PmCD1 in wheat lines 07jian126 and stripe rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat lines CD1482 and CD0534-5, and screened SSR markers tightly linked to them. The main results were as follows: 1.Identification and SSR markers screening of a novel powdery mildew PmCD1 in wheat line 07jian126. Using a Pm resistant wheat line 07jian126 and its Pm susceptible mutant, a F2 population was constructed. Pedigree and genetic analyses indicated that the Pm resistance in 07jian126 was tranderred from rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. Jinzhou and was controlled by a single dominant gene. Differential test using 21 Bgt isolates revealed that the Pm resistant gene in 07jian126 is novel and was temporarily designated as PmCD1. A dominant SSR marker Xbarc183/130 bp was found co-segregated with PmCD1 in the F2 population. The diagnostic band of Xbarc183/130 bp co-segregating with PmCD1 could be used as an ideal marker in marker-assisted-selection during wheat breeding program. 2. Identification and SSR markers mapping of yellow rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat line CD1437. Wheat line CD1437 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32 at both seedling and adult stages. A F2 population was developed from the cross of CD1437 and its Yr susceptible mutant Yr-sus. Genetic analysis indicated line CD1437 contains a single dominant gene, temporarily designated YrCD. Seven SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xcfd65, Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xbarc187, wmc406, Xwmc419and Xwmc216 were close linked to YrCD with a genetic dsitance 1.7 cM to 9.2 cM. YrCD came from wheat cultivar Guinong 20. Allelic test of CD1437 and Chinese cultivar Chuanmai 42 indicated that YrCD and YrCH42 were allelic. Reaction patterns of YrCD and Yr24, Yr26 to 21 PST isolates were the same. These results suggested that YrCD and Yr24, Yr26, YrCH42 might be allelic. 3.Detection and identification of yellow rust resistance genes in wheat line CD0534-5 Wheat line CD0534-5 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32, while its recombinant inbred line CD0534-4 was susceptible. Genetic analysis with a F2 population developed from the cross of CD0534-5 and CD0534-4 indicated line CD0534-5 contains two independent dominant genes. Four SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xwmc128, Xwmc419 were found to linked with one gene in CD0534-5. According the locations of makers and pedigree, this gene in CD0534-5 was YrCD, from cultivar Guinong 20. Another resistant gene was from cultivar Guinong 19, different with those genes on 1B such as Yr10, Yr15, Yr5 etc, was a valuable resistant gene in wheat breeding.

青藏高原栽培青稞遗传多样性研究

青稞，是我国藏区居民对裸大麦的称谓，它不仅是藏民的主要食粮、燃料和牲畜饲料，而且也是啤酒、医药和保健品生产的原料；青稞不仅为藏区人民的健康和经济发展做出了很大的贡献，而且对人类健康和社会经济的可持续发展都有重要的意义。青藏高原是我国及世界上青稞分布和种植面积最大的地区，资源极其丰富。虽然从经典遗传直到分子标记对我国大麦遗传多样性都有研究，但研究手段、数量仍然不够深入，对我国大麦资源遗传多样性研究的信息非常有限，不能很好地满足大麦遗传研究和育种应用的需要，尤其是对西藏栽培大麦的遗传多样性的研究还只是刚刚开始，关于栽培青稞多态性的研究报道很少。本研究采用SSR标记和蛋白质电泳两类技术，从SSR标记位点、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白和淀粉粒结合蛋白（SGP）等四个方面对我国青藏高原栽培青稞的遗传多样性进行了综合评价。 SSR标记具有基因组分布广泛、数量丰富、多态性高、容易检测、共显性、结果稳定可靠、实验重现性好、操作简单、经济、易于高通量分析等许多优点，被认为是用于遗传多样性、品种鉴定、物种的系统发育、亲缘关系及起源等研究的非常有效的分子标记。本研究采用SSR标记分析了64份青藏高原栽培青稞的遗传多样性，同时评估SSR标记在我国大麦育种和品种鉴定中的应用潜力。选择了30个已知作图位点SSR标记，其中25个标记与重要性状的控制位点连锁紧密。选择的30个SSR标记，5个未得到很好的扩增产物，3个无多态性。22个多态性SSR标记位点中，每位点检测出等位基因2~15个，共检测出等位基因132个，平均每位点6.0 个。各多态位点检测出基因型为2~11种，位点HVM33的基因型最多。各多态位点的多态信息指数为0.16~0.91, 平均为0.65。根据PIC值选择了13个SSR标记用于我国青藏高原栽培青稞基因型鉴定，这些标记的PIC值为0.6以上。结合PIC值和基因型差异，选择了8个多态信息含量高的SSR标记，构建了高效指纹图谱，此图谱能把64份材料完全区分。 贮藏蛋白电泳分析是研究相关编码蛋白基因多态性的非常有效的方法。大麦单体蛋白与小麦醇溶蛋白相对应，具有丰富的多态性，可用于大麦遗传多样性、品种鉴定和群体进化等研究。本研究通过A-PAGE电泳技术研究了84份青藏高原栽培青稞的单体醇溶蛋白多态性。大麦单体醇溶蛋白图谱与小麦醇溶蛋白电泳图谱类似，所分离的蛋白清晰地分为ω－，γ－，β－和α－四个部分。青藏高原栽培青稞单体醇溶蛋白具有丰富的多态性，84份青稞材料中存在43条不同的蛋白带，75种组合带谱；其中67种为单一材料所独有，另8种则分别包含了2-3份材料。每份材料中拥有醇溶蛋白带为6－16条，含有6-10条单体醇溶蛋白带材料较多。西藏和四川材料群体单体醇溶蛋白多态性不同，具有区域特异性。西藏材料中发现了40条不同蛋白带，3条特异带，46 种蛋白组合；四川材料中出现了40种不同蛋白带，26种条带组合, 3条特异带。基于单体蛋白多态性的聚类与材料的来源有一定的相关性。A-PAGE单体蛋白具有丰富的多态性，可作为遗传研究和品种鉴定的标记。 大麦醇溶蛋白（hordein）是大麦籽粒的主要贮藏蛋白，与大麦的营养品质和加工品质密切相关，而且具有丰富的多态性，广泛用于品种鉴定、种质筛选、遗传多样性和亲缘关系研究。B组醇溶蛋白是主要的醇溶蛋白组份，约占总醇溶蛋白的80%，而且具有丰富的多态性。本研究采用SDS-PAGE分析了72份青藏高原栽培青稞B组醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性。青藏高原栽培青稞B组醇溶蛋白具有丰富的多态性，72份青稞材料中存在15种蛋白带，30种组合带谱，其中15种为单一材料所独有，另15种则分别包含了2-10份材料。每份材料中B组醇溶蛋白条带数为4-8条，含5、6条的材料较常见。不同来源的群体材料间B组醇溶蛋白组成存在差异，西藏青稞含有26种蛋白组合带谱，其中有19种特异带谱；四川群体中共发现11种蛋白组合带型，其中有4种特有带谱。两群体中都存在稀有条带。聚类分析将材料分成三组，材料聚类与材料来源地没有明显的相关性。 淀粉粒蛋白（Starch granule proteins, SGPs）是一类与淀粉粒结合的微量蛋白，一些淀粉粒蛋白具有淀粉生化合成中主要的酶蛋白功能，其变异会影响淀粉含量和特性，从而影响淀粉的应用。关于我国大麦淀粉粒组成研究还未见报道。本实验首次开创了我国大麦淀粉粒结合蛋白的研究工作。采用SDS-PAGE电泳技术研究了青藏高原栽培青稞的SGP组成，并分析了不同SGP组合间淀粉含量的差异，初步探索了所分离的SGP蛋白与淀粉合成的关系。66份青稞材料中分离了10种主要的SGP，其表观分子量为40-100KD，低于60KD的SGP带有7条，共有16种组合带谱；各SGP蛋白和组合带谱出现的频率存在差异，青藏高原青稞的SGP组成存在多态性。西藏青稞和四川青稞的SGP组成有很大差异，SGP组成具有地域差异性，西藏青稞含有12种蛋白组合带谱，其中有9种特异带谱；四川群体中共发现7种蛋白组合带型，其中有4种特有带谱；两群体中仅有3种共同的蛋白组合带谱。SGP蛋白特性将66份青稞分为三组, 即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，材料聚类与材料来源具有一定的相关性。不同组合带谱材料间淀粉含量差异显著性检验结果显示，不同带谱间材料的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量有差异，带谱2（SGP1+3+7+9+10）和8（SGP1+2+4+6+8）的总淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量显著大于组合带谱3（SGP1+3+7+10）的总淀粉含量。组合带谱7（SGP1+2+6+8）的直链淀粉含量显著低于带谱11（SGP1+5+8）的直链淀粉。带谱SGP2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10可能参与淀粉合成，SGP9可能与高支链淀粉的合成相关。 SSR标记位点、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白、淀粉结合蛋白等四个方面的研究结果表明青藏高原SSR标记多态性、单体醇溶蛋白多态性、B组醇溶蛋白多态性和SGP多态性都非常丰富，与青藏高原是栽培青稞的多样性分布中心的观点一致。 青藏高原栽培青稞的SSR标记、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白和SGP多态性表现出很大差异。SSR标记覆盖了整个基因组，多态性非常高。单体蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白、SGP蛋白是育种中非常关注的性状，他们只是代表基因组中的某一区域或位点，多态性相对较低。但单体蛋白多态性很高，84份材料中检测出43条不同蛋白带，75种不同的组合带谱。SSR标记技术和单体蛋白技术都是遗传多样性研究的有力工具，但单体蛋白技术不仅多态性高，而且经济、操作简便，是种质鉴定的理想方法。 对不同标记的多态性材料数据进行聚类，聚类图能为我们提供各材料间的遗传相似信息，为材料选择提供参考。但材料聚类与材料来源的地理区域的相关性表现不一致。SSR聚类和B组醇溶蛋白聚类与材料的来源地无相关性，而单体醇溶蛋白和SGP聚类与材料来源地有一定相关性，即西藏群体和四川群体分别有集中类群，这可能是人为选择的附加效应。 不同来源的群体材料的遗传多样性不同，具有区域特异稀有基因，加强不同地区间资源的交换和配合使用，有利于增加群体遗传多样性和新品种培育。 青藏高原栽培青稞的麦芽浸提性状、淀粉性状、病虫及裸粒等重要农艺性状控制位点存在丰富的变异，遗传基础宽广，可能蕴藏着多种不同的等位基因，是研究重要性状遗传特性、基因资源挖掘和遗传育种的宝贵资源库。 Hulless barley, due to its favorable attributes such as high feed value, good human nutrition，rich dietary fiber and ease processing, attracts people,s attention . Hulless barley plays a very important role in Tibetan life, used as essential food crop, main animal feed and important fuel. In addition to tsampa (roasted barley flour), a main food for Tibetan, hulless barley is also made into cake, soup, porridge, recent naked barley liquor and cornmeal. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of a few areas which plant naked barley widely in the world and also has a long growing history. Genetic diversity of the cultivated hulless barley in this region , however, has not been documented. The study of genetic diversity existing within this population is of particular interest in germplasm identification, preservation, and new cultivar development. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of the cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet plateau through the study of SSR marker loci and monomeric prolamins, B-horden and starch granule proteins. SSRs are present abundantly in genomes of higher organisms and have become a popular marker system in plant studies. SSRs offer a number of advantages, such as the high level of polymorphisms, locus specificity, co-dominance, reproducibility, ease of use through PCRand random distribution throughout the genome. In barley, several hundred SSRs have been developed and genetically mapped and can therefore be selected from specific genomic regions. The genetic diversity of 64 cultivated naked barley from Tibet and Sichuan was studied with 30 SSRs of known map location.Among the selected SSR markers, PCR products of 5 SSR markers were not obtained and 3 SSR marker loci were monomeric. A total of 132 alleles were identified at 22 polyomeric SSR loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 15, with an average of 6.0. The polymorphism information content values for the SSRs ranged from 0.08 to 0.94, with an average of 0.65. 13 SSR markers with the PIC value >0.6 have been selected for discrimination of Qinghai-Tibet naked barley genotypews. A finger Print map was developed through 7 SSR markers with the high PIC value. It could be used as an efficient tool for gene discovery and identification of gernplasm. Hordeins, the main storage proteins of the barley seed, are composed of momomeric and polymeric prolamins and divided into -A, B, C and D groups in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility. Hordeins show high inter-genotypic variation and have been extensively used as markers for cultivar identification and analyzing the genetic diversity. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of B-hordein in 72 naked barley from Qinqhai-Tibet Plateau. Extensive diversity was observed. A total of 15 different bands and 30 distinct patterns were found. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was calculated, and the accessions were divided into three　main groups by cluster analysis using UPGMA. Differentiation among the populations from different collecting regions based on the polymorphism of B-hordein was investigated. Monomeric prolamins show high inter-genotypic variation and have been used as molecular markers for cultivar identification, analyzing the genetic diversity in collections and investigating the evolution processes and structure of populations However, the cultivated hulless accessions from Qinghai-Tibet Pateau in China have never been examined with respect to monomeric prolamins. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of monomeric prolamins (protein fraction corresponding to wheat gliadins) using the Acid -PAGE technique in eighty-four cultivated hulless barley from Qinqhai-Tibet Plateau in China. Extensive diversity was observed. A total of 43 different bands were found, of which 21 different bands were in the region of ω group, 8 in the region of γ, 8 in the region of β, and 6 in the region of α group. Among the 86 accessions, 75 distinct patterns were identified. The number of bands ranged from 6 to 16, depending on the variety. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity was calculated, and the lines were grouped by cluster analysis using UPGMA. A dendrogram was obtained from the analysis of the groups and five main clusters were identified. No relationship between the distribution in the dendrogram and growth habits and origins of the cultivars could be detected. Starch is the major constituent of the cereal endosperm, comprising approximately 65% of the dry weight of the mature wheat grain. The starch formed in all organs of plants is packaged into starch granules, which vary widely between species and cultivars in size and shape. Wheat endosperm starch granules contain about corresponding to the main biosynthase of starch. This report firstly dealed with intraspecific variation of the major SGPs in cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet plateau. A total of 10 major SGPs were observed in the range of 40KD-100KD and 16 types of patterns were found. Based on the variation of SGPs, accessions studied were classified into 3 groups. A geographical cline of electrophoregram was observed. In addition, significance test of the difference of starch content among groups and types of patterns were done, and the results indicated those SGPs could be related to the content of starch. Diagram obtained through cluster analysis exhibited a structuration of diversity and genetic relationship among cultivated hulless accessions. In breeding program, parents with genetically distant relationship for hybridization will increase genetic diversity of progenies. In conclusion, cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China presents a high variability with respect to monomeric prolamins，SSR markers , B- hordeins and SGPs. The result of this study supports Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the center of cultivated hulless barley and the cultivated naked barley is considered to be a gene pool with large diversity and could be applied to breeding for cereal.