Essential and Non-Essential Work of Fracture of PI/SiO2 Hybrid Thin Films

Essential work of fracture (EWF) analysis is used to study the effect of the silica doping level on fracture toughness of polyimide/silica (PI/SiO2) hybrid films. By using double-edge-notched-tension (DENT) specimens with different ligament lengths, it seems that the introduction of silica additive can improve the specific essential work of fracture (w (e) ) of PI thin films, but the specific non-essential work of fracture (beta w (p) ) will decease significantly as the silica doping level increasing from 1 to 5 wt.%, and even lower than that of neat PI. The failure process of the fracture is investigated with online scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and the parameters of non-essential work of fracture, beta and w (p) , are calculated based on finite element (FE) method.

Effect of dentin tubules on the mechanical properties of dentin - part III: Numerical, analysis

Imitating a real tooth and the periodontal supporting tissues, we have established a 2D finite element model and carried out a numerical analysis based on the inhomogeneous and anisotropic (IA) stress-strain relation and strength model of dentin proposed in the preceding Parts I and II, and the conventional homogeneous and isotropic (III) model, respectively. Quite a few cases of loadings for a non-defected and a defected tooth are considered. The numerical results show that the stress level predicted by the IA model is remarkably higher than that by the III model, revealing that the effect of the dentin tubules should be taken into a serious consideration from the viewpoint of biomechanics.

Brittle-ductile transition of polypropylene/ethyllene-propylene-diene monomer blends induced by size, temperature, and time

To study the brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) blends induced by size, temperature, and time, the toughness of the PP/EPDM blends was investigated over wide ranges of EPDM content, temperature, and strain rate. The toughness of the blends was determined from the tensile fracture energy of the side-edge notched samples. The concept of interparticle distance (ID) was introduced into this study to probe the size effect on the BDT of PP/EPDM blends, whereas the effect of time corresponded to that of strain rate. The BDT induced by size, temperature, and time was observed in the fracture energy versus ID, temperature, and strain rate. The critical BDT temperatures for various EPDM contents at different initial strain rates were obtained from these transitions. The critical interparticle distance (IDc) increased nonlinearly with increasing temperature, and when the initial strain rate was lower, the IDc was larger. Moreover, the variation of the reciprocal of the initial strain rate with the reciprocal of temperature followed different straight lines for various EPDM contents. These straight lines were with the same slope.

Variations in morphology and PSII photosynthetic capabilities during the early development of tetraspores of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Background: Red algae are primitive photosynthetic eukaryotes, whose spores are ideal subjects for studies of photosynthesis and development. Although the development of red alga spores has received considerable research attention, few studies have focused on the detailed morphological and photosynthetic changes that occur during the early development of tetraspores of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Herein, we documented these changes in this species of red algae. Results: In the tetraspores, we observed two types of division, cruciate and zonate, and both could develop into multicellular bodies (disks). During the first 84 hours, tetraspores divided several times, but the diameter of the disks changed very little; thereafter, the diameter increased significantly. Scanning electron microscopy observations and analysis of histological sections revealed that the natural shape of the disk remains tapered over time, and the erect frond grows from the central protrusion of the disk. Cultivation of tissue from excised disks demonstrated that the central protrusion of the disk is essential for initiation of the erect frond. Photosynthetic (i.e., PSII) activities were measured using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The results indicated that freshly released tetraspores retained limited PSII photosynthetic capabilities; when the tetraspores attached to a substrate, those capabilities increased significantly. In the disk, the PSII activity of both marginal and central cells was similar, although some degree of morphological polarity was present; the PSII photosynthetic capabilities in young germling exhibited an apico-basal gradient. Conclusions: Attachment of tetraspores to a substrate significantly enhanced their PSII photosynthetic capabilities, and triggered further development. The central protrusion of the disk is the growth point, may have transfer of nutritive material with the marginal cells. Within the young germling, the hetero-distribution of PSII photosynthetic capabilities might be due to the differences in cell functions.

超参数控制下的波阻抗约束反演

The seismic survey is the most effective geophysical method during exploration and development of oil/gas. As a main means in processing and interpreting seismic data, impedance inversion takes up a special position in seismic survey. This is because the impedance parameter is a ligament which connects seismic data with well-logging and geological information, while it is also essential in predicting reservoir properties and sand-body. In fact, the result of traditional impedance inversion is not ideal. This is because the mathematical inverse problem of impedance is poor-pose so that the inverse result has instability and multi-result, so it is necessary to introduce regularization. Most simple regularizations are presented in existent literature, there is a premise that the image(or model) is globally smooth. In fact, as an actual geological model, it not only has made of smooth region but also be separated by the obvious edge, the edge is very important attribute of geological model. It's difficult to preserve these characteristics of the model and to avoid an edge too smooth to clear. Thereby, in this paper, we propose a impedance inverse method controlled by hyperparameters with edge-preserving regularization, the inverse convergence speed and result would be improved. In order to preserve the edge, the potential function of regularization should satisfy nine conditions such as basic assumptions edge preservation and convergence assumptions etc. Eventually, a model with clear background and edge-abnormity can be acquired. The several potential functions and the corresponding weight functions are presented in this paper. The potential functionφLφHL andφGM can meet the need of inverse precision by calculating the models. For the local constant planar and quadric models, we respectively present the neighborhood system of Markov random field corresponding to the regularization term. We linearity nonlinear regularization by using half-quadratic regularization, it not only preserve the edge, and but also simplify the inversion, and can use some linear methods. We introduced two regularization parameters (or hyperparameters) λ2 and δ in the regularization term. λ2 is used to balance the influence between the data term and the transcendental term; δ is a calibrating parameter used to adjust the gradient value at the discontinuous position(or formation interface). Meanwhile, in the inverse procedure, it is important to select the initial value of hyperparameters and to change hyperparameters, these will then have influence on convergence speed and inverse effect. In this paper, we roughly give the initial value of hyperparameters by using a trend- curve of φ-(λ2, δ) and by a method of calculating the upper limit value of hyperparameters. At one time, we change hyperparameters by using a certain coefficient or Maximum Likelihood method, this can be simultaneously fulfilled with the inverse procedure. Actually, we used the Fast Simulated Annealing algorithm in the inverse procedure. This method overcame restrictions from the local extremum without depending on the initial value, and got a global optimal result. Meanwhile, we expound in detail the convergence condition of FSA, the metropolis receiving probability form Metropolis-Hasting, the thermal procession based on the Gibbs sample and other methods integrated with FSA. These content can help us to understand and improve FSA. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the field data, it is proved that the impedance inverse method in this paper has the advantage of high precision practicability and obvious effect.