不同培肥措施下种植制度及撂荒对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

以黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区已进行17年的田间定位试验为研究对象,研究了不同培肥措施(不施肥、施用氮磷钾及氮磷钾与有机肥配合施用)下两种种植制度(一年1熟及一年两熟)和撂荒对土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)及可溶性有机碳、氮(SOC、SON)等含量的影响。结果表明,与一年1熟的小麦-休闲种植制度相比,一年两熟小麦-玉米轮作提高了0~10cm土层SMBC、SMBN、有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和土壤SOC、SON的含量,而对10~20cm土层上述测定指标影响不大。与不施肥(CK)或单施化肥处理(NPK)下小麦-休闲和小麦-玉米轮作方式相比,撂荒处理显著提高了0~10cm土层各测定指标的含量。不同培肥措施相比,氮磷钾配施有机肥显著提高了0~10cm、10~20cm土层SMBC、SMBN含量;NPK处理0~10cm土层SMBN含量显著增加,10~20cm土层SMBN和0~10cm、10~20cm土层SMBC含量增加但未达显著水平。不同培肥措施和种植制度对SMBC/TOC和SMBN/TN的比例无明显影响。

黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征与粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应

实地测定了黄土高原半干旱区固原不同生长年限苜蓿草地和连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕轮作不同年限粮食作物后深层土壤水分特征,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征和粮草轮作对土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明:(1)苜蓿连作1a、5a、8a和12a等4类苜蓿草地0~1000cm土层平均土壤湿度值为6.6%,平均土壤水分过耗量702.8mm,平均土壤干燥化速率147.1 mm/a,达到强烈干燥化程度,苜蓿连作5a土壤干层深度超过1000cm,苜蓿连作8a土壤干层深度超过1360cm,苜蓿草地合理利用年限为7a。(2)连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作4~7a和25a粮食作物等5类粮田0~1000cm土层土壤湿度介于6.74%~11.95%,土壤贮水量恢复值介于210.6~887.3mm,平均土壤水分恢复速率为80.8mm/a。轮作6a后粮田土壤干层轻度恢复程度以上深度达到1000cm。通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度需要13a以上。黄土高原半干旱区适宜的粮草轮作模式为:7a苜蓿→13a粮食作物。

轮作和施肥对半干旱区作物地上部生物量与土壤有机碳的影响

了解轮作与施肥对土壤有机碳的影响是建立持续发展措施的关键。【方法】以长期定位试验(1984～2002)中的10个典型处理为基础,分析了地上部生物量和耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机碳变化,探讨半干旱区轮作和施肥对0～20cm土层有机碳的影响,10个典型处理分别为休闲(F);冬小麦连作体系中的3个施肥处理:不施肥(W/W+CK)、化肥(W/W+NP)、化肥有机肥(W/W+NP-FYM);冬小麦-冬小麦+糜子-豌豆轮作体系中的3个施肥处理:不施肥(W/WM/P+CK)、化肥(W/WM/P+NP)、化肥有机肥(W/WM/P+NP-FYM)处理;1个冬小麦—冬小麦-红豆草轮作处理(W/W/S+NP);人工苜蓿中2个施肥处理:不施肥(A/A+CK)和化肥有机肥处理(A/A+NP-FYM)。【结果】冬小麦连作体系(W/W)中,不施肥处理(W/W+CK)的地上部生物量平均为3.3t·ha-1,化肥处理(W/W+NP)和化肥有机肥处理(W/W+NP-FYM)依次为7.5和11.2t·ha-1;冬小麦-冬小麦+糜子-豌豆轮作(W/WM/P)体系中,不施肥处理(W/WM/P+CK)地上部生物量平均3.1t·ha-1,W/WM...

黄土高原地区农田土壤水分高效调控技术

分析黄土高原节水农业的必要性 ,总结出黄土高原农业调水技术主要有 7大类 :培肥地力以肥调水 ,轮作倒茬调水 ,间隙休闲调水 ,抗旱育种调水 ,节水灌溉调水 ,径流农业调水 ,化学技术调水 ;指出在干旱、半干旱的黄土高原地区 ,利用农业调水技术是粮食增产增收的有效措施和必然趋势

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240-330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.

Rotation Numbers Of Invariant Manifolds Around Unstable Periodic Orbits For The Diamagnetic Kepler Problem

In this paper, a method to construct topological template in terms of symbolic dynamics for the diamagnetic Kepler problem is proposed. To confirm the topological template, rotation numbers of invariant manifolds around unstable periodic orbits in a phase space are taken as an object of comparison. The rotation numbers are determined from the definition and connected with symbolic sequences encoding the periodic orbits in a reduced Poincare section. Only symbolic codes with inverse ordering in the forward mapping can contribute to the rotation of invariant manifolds around the periodic orbits. By using symbolic ordering, the reduced Poincare section is constricted along stable manifolds and a topological template, which preserves the ordering of forward sequences and can be used to extract the rotation numbers, is established. The rotation numbers computed from the topological template are the same as those computed from their original definition.

Distribution, stability, bifurcations and catastrophe of steady rotation of a symmetrical heavy gyroscope with viscous-liquid-filled cavity

The number, the angles of orientation and the stability in Rumyantsev Movchan's sense of oblique steady rotations of a symmetric heavy gyroscope with a cavity completely filled with a uniform viscous liquid, possessing a fixed point 0 on its symmetric axis. are given for various values of the parameters. By taking the square of the upright component of the angular momentum M2 as a control parameter, three types of bifurcation diagrams of the steady rotations, two types of jumps and two kinds of local catastrophes, one being the symmetric reduced cusp type and the other being of the symmetric reduced butterfly type, are obtained. By taking account of the M2-damping owing to the moment of unavoidable faint friction, two different modes for the gyroscope, initially in a stable quasi-steady upright rotation with a nutation angle theta(s) equal to zero, to topple over are found.

Adiabatic compression of plasma with purely toroidal rotation

A variational method is developed to find approximate solutions to the generalized Grad-Shafranov equations for an adiabatic compression of the plasma with toroidal rotation, via the expansion in Fourier series in poloidal angle of the flux surface coordinates. The numerical results, which are carried out by the present method and by the usual two-dimensional method for a static equilibrium state, agree well.

Variational method for adiabatic compression of plasma with poloidal and toroidal rotation

A variational method is developed for adiabatic compression of plasma with both poloidal and toroidal rotation.

Pulse temporal cleaner based on nonlinear ellipse rotation by using BK7 glass plate

We report a new pulse cleaning technique to enhance the contrast ratio of intense ultra-short laser pulses. A pulse temporal cleaner based on nonlinear ellipse rotation by using BK7 glass plate is developed, and a contrast ratio improvement of two orders of magnitude for the milli-joule level femtosecond input pulses is demonstrated, the total transmission efficiency of the pulse cleaner is 16.7%.