17 resultados para Cre : lox

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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With current gene-transfer techniques in fish, insertion of DNA into the genome occurs randomly and in many instances at multiple sites. Associated position effects, copy number differences, and multiple gene interactions make gene expression experiments difficult to interpret and fish phenotype less predictable. To meet different fish engineering needs, we describe here a gene targeting model in zebrafish. At first, four target zebrafish lines, each harboring a single genomic lox71 target site, were generated by zebrafish transgenesis. The zygotes of transgenic zebrafish lines were coinjected with capped Cre mRNA and a knockin vector pZklox66RFP. Site-specific integration event happened from one target zebrafish line. In this line two integrant zebrafish were obtained from more than 80,000 targeted embryos (integrating efficiency about 10(-4) to 10(-5)) and confirmed to have a sole copy of the integrating DNA at the target genome site. Genomic polymerase chain reaction analysis and DNA sequencing verified the correct gene target events where lox71 and lox66 have accurately recombined into double mutant lox72 and wild-type loxP. Each integrant zebrafish chosen for analysis harbored the transgene rfp at the designated egfp concatenates. Although the Cre-mediated recombination is site specific, it is dependent on a randomly placed target site. That is, a genomic target cannot be preselected for integration based solely on its sequence. Conclusively, an rfp reporter gene was successfully inserted into the egfp target locus of zebrafish genome by Cre-lox-mediated recombination. This site-directed knockin system using the lox71/lox66 combination should be a promising gene-targeting platform serving various purposes in fish genetic engineering.

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把已知的异源转座因子转化植物,通过转座因子标签法定向诱导突变体,己成为克隆基因的有效途径之一.本研究在充分了解该领域研究进展的同时,把玉米转座因子Ac导入单倍体烟草,尝试用单倍体细胞的遗传体系进行转座因子标签研究;并把Ac转化普通烟草双二倍体,分析Ac在转基因烟草及其后代中的行为,探索突变体筛选的有效途径,另外.构建了一系列用于单子叶植物的农杆菌转化.Ds.,Ac转座因子标签及Crelox位点特异性重墨的双元载体系统.上述体系为禾谷类植物的遗传转化.基因突变与克隆,以及基因组图谱的分析提供了研究基础.

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该成果收集了近10年来我们对光合作用与环境方面研究的主要文章共57篇,概括为6个方面的内容,其中原始论文52篇,技术方法5篇。主要的新进展与特色为:a)阐 明CAM植物代谢与PEPCK的调节特殊性。鉴别菠萝和芦荟为CAM-PEPCK亚型,PEPCK是其光下C4酸的脱羧酶。首次证明PEPCK受底物和碳代谢中间产物的调控,纯化酶的负效应剂G6P、FBP、PEP及正效应剂Mn2+的作用在于改变酶蛋白的构象。b)首先指出PEPC也是活性氧攻击的靶蛋白,其失活原因在于酶蛋白氧化降解和构象改变。不同光合途径植物对光氧化的敏感性有别。光氧化条件下C3与C4植物产生.O2- 速率、耗散激发能和PSII稳定性有一定差异。脂氧合酶(LOX)抑制光合电子传递的位点在PSII氧化侧和Q和PQ上。c)指出较强的抗氧化能力(清除自由基能力)、抗UV-B能力(积累较多的UV-B吸收物质),提高叶片吸收的光能中非光化学耗散的比例,增高光合电子流向光呼吸、O2和NO2-光还原等电子传递支路的传递速率和比例是森林植物适应于自然光环境的强光的重要保护策略。d)从马尾松年轮的δ13C分析追踪了前80年来亚热带自然林区CO2浓度的上升速率(0.7~2.3μl/L/年)。对森林中不同人类活动干扰地点大气CO2、NOX和SO2浓度的现场检测和主要树种的生理、生化变化研究,证明其与人类干扰活动的形式和强度有关,为全球变化及其后效应提供了有力的证据。通过电脑调控水稻生长大棚的CO2浓度发现不同品种间对高CO2浓度适应性的显著差别,明确了适应性较强的4个品种,并从多种指标证明高CO2浓度对水稻的光氧化损伤具有缓解或防护效应。e)盐藻细胞中甘油和蛋白质受介质盐浓度调控,固定化培养提高甘油分泌量。改进和发展了利用对有机自由基DPPH. 的清除比例与数量来评价植物抗氧化性的简易可行的分光光度法。

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本文以我国特有的冬枣果实为试材,系统地研究了冬枣果实在室温、低温和不同O2和CO2浓度气调贮藏条件下的生理特性、风味品质和贮藏性,提出了适合于冬枣果实生理特性的气调指标和贮藏时间;分析了冬枣在不同贮藏条件下果实硬度、颜色、叶绿素和花青素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、Vc、乙醇和乙酸乙酯等物质成分的含量变化及与果实风味品质的关系;同时也分析了多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和脂氧合酶(LOX)的活性变化情况以及丙二醛(MDA)含量和膜透性的变化情况,揭示了它们与冬枣果实转红、酒化、褐变、软化、衰老、及耐贮性的关系。对冬枣果实在气调贮藏中的生理反应和品质变化的研究,为形成冬枣果实采后商业化贮藏的系列配套技术提供了理论依据。试验结果表明: 1、冬枣果实在不同贮藏环境下品质的变化:随着贮藏时间的延长,冬枣果实Vc含量呈明显下降的趋势,CA处理能有效地抑制果实Vc含量的下降;不同贮藏条件对冬枣果实SSC影响不大;冬枣果实花青素的含量随贮藏时间逐渐下降,高O2浓度(70%)动态气调与其它处理相比,能更有效保持冬枣果实果皮的颜色及花青素和叶绿素的含量,以及果实的亮度、颜色饱和度和色度;同时,还能降低贮藏前期冬枣果实乙醇释放量。 2、冬枣果实在不同贮藏环境下生理的变化:(1) PG 酶是影响冬枣果实软化的主要因素,冬枣果实中存在内切和外切两种PG 酶,在冬枣果实的成熟过程中,Exo-PG和Endo-PG迅速积累,并呈现较高的活性,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性与冬枣果实的软化密切相关。CA贮藏与普通冷藏相比,可有效地抑制冬枣果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性和延缓果实软化,其中以5% O2的CA贮藏的效果最好。(2)膜质过氧化是造成冬枣果实褐变的主要因素,在室温下冬枣果实细胞膜透性随贮藏时间逐渐上升,CA贮藏在贮藏前中期可有效控制MDA含量的上升和果实褐变的发生,有利于降低膜脂过氧化程度,保护细胞膜结构并延缓果实衰老。冬枣果实褐变与PPO活性关系不大,但与膜透性及膜质过氧化作用的产物—丙二醛(MAD)含量变化显著相关。(3)冬枣果实采收时的SOD活性很低,在25 C下,果实SOD活性急剧上升,低温贮藏条件下,果实SOD活性出现两次高峰,第一次高峰为果实后熟的标志,第二次高峰标志着果实的衰老。(4)在不同贮藏条件下,冬枣果实PAL活性均随贮藏期的延长而呈现下降趋势。 3、影响冬枣果实贮藏性的生理因素:冬枣果实的衰老与活性氧代谢失调和防御体系活力下降有关,随着果实衰老的出现,果实的POD、CAT等保护酶活性均呈现明显下降的趋势。气调贮藏在前期能显著提高冬枣果实POD的活性,而在后期又显著抑制了POD活性的上升,说明POD在果实贮藏初期表现为保护效应,而在后期则表现为伤害效应。 4、冬枣果实适宜的贮藏条件:与普通冷藏相比,气调贮藏(CA)能明显地延缓果实衰老,减少腐烂和褐变,保持风味品质和延长贮藏时间。其中以较高O2浓度的(10% O2 + 0% CO2)气调贮藏效果最好。气调贮藏与杀菌剂配合有利于延长冬枣的贮藏期,0.1%的施保克和0.1%戴挫霉处理能有效控制冬枣果实贮藏期间的腐烂,延长贮藏时间,施保克的防腐效果好于戴挫霉。 5、拮抗菌和病原菌处理对冬枣果实抗性相关酶的诱导:接种拮抗菌+病原菌或只接种病原菌能诱导冬枣果实蛋白含量的显著升高,说明拮抗菌和病原菌处理诱导了果实病原相关蛋白的积累。在常温条件下,拮抗菌和病原菌处理抑制了冬枣果实的CAT酶活性,诱导了SOD和POD活性的上升。同时果实的蛋白含量也显著升高。在低温条件下,CAT和SOD活性受抑制,POD、PPO和 PAL活性被诱导并显著高于正常果实。这说明拮抗菌处理的冬枣果实可能通过加强氧化酶活性的方式来达到抗病的效果。拮抗菌和病原菌处理后,该部分组织的氧化酶活性加强,它们可以分解毒素,促进伤口愈合,抑制病原菌水解酶活性,从而抵抗病害的扩展。PAL是催化莽草酸途径的关键酶,可合成酚、植保素和木质素,而这些物质均与植物抗性有关。

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我们实验室从果实表面分离获得的酵母拮抗菌已经证明能有效防治各种果实采后主要病害,为了加快生物拮抗菌的商业化应用,本文在完善拮抗菌抑病机理的基础上,重点研究了拮抗菌规模化培养条件,生物菌剂制品的稳定性,以及拮抗菌对环境胁迫的生理反应。主要研究内容包括:(1)分析酵母菌拮抗菌、病原菌与果实之间的互作效应及其影响因子;(2)筛选酵母拮抗菌规模化培养的最佳营养配方及培养条件;(3)优化酵母拮抗菌干粉与液体剂型的制备方式;(4)研究酵母拮抗菌在不同剂型中生活力下降的可能机理;(5)探讨酵母拮抗菌次生代谢产物的抑菌效果。研究结果如下: 1、单独接种Monilinia fructicola或同时接种M. fructicola和Cryptococcus laurentii均能诱导甜樱桃果实SOD、CAT和POD等抗氧化酶活性升高并加速脂质过氧化,同时伴有PPO同工酶新酶带出现。病原菌M. fructicola和Penicillum expansum在接种初期均显著促进拮抗菌C. laurentii在桃果实伤口处的生长。C. laurentii在接种24h内显著抑制桃果实LOX活性、O2•-产生与H2O2积累。单独接种病原菌能显著诱导桃果实LOX活性升高,促进O2•-产生,但抑制H2O2积累。病菌侵染后果实中 O2•-增加,以及H2O2的降低可能是桃果实对病原菌侵染的一种生理应答方式。 2、抗坏血酸钠能显著提高C. laurentii对甜樱桃果实褐腐病的防治效果,较低浓度的拮抗菌( 1×107 cells mL-1)与200mM抗坏血酸配合使用可以达到较高浓度拮抗菌(1×108 cells mL-1)单独使用对M. fructicola的防治效果。抗坏血酸钠的协同抑病机理可能是在抑制病原菌生长的同时,也抑制了果实的抗氧化酶活性,从而加速了脂质过氧化过程。 3、酵母菌产业化培养条件的筛选结果表明,不同拮抗菌对培养基中营养物质的需求不一样,培养所需的温度有差异。在120L发酵罐的中试实验表明两种拮抗菌采用筛选出的最佳培养条件均得到浓度大于1× 109 CFU mL-1的菌悬液。 4、保护剂种类是影响Rhodotorula glutinis 和 C. laurentii两种酵母拮抗菌冷冻干燥效果的最主要因素,但保护剂效果的发挥依赖于其浓度与酵母菌生长阶段。无菌水和PBS(100mM, pH5.8)可以作为拮抗菌C. laurentii液体剂型的有效保护剂,而柠檬酸钠(100mM, pH5.8)则诱导拮抗菌C. laurentii的生活力快速丧失。 5、酵母菌拮抗菌冻干制品的研究表明,在胁迫环境下酵母菌生活力快速丧失与大量产生活性氧有关,这暗示活性氧的产生可能是导致酵母菌细胞死亡的主要因素。柠檬酸钠(100mM, pH5.8)对C. laurntii死亡的诱导效应受柠檬酸根浓度和介质酸度的双重影响。活性氧在柠檬酸钠诱导酵母菌生活力快速丧失中大量产生并发挥重要作用。 6、酵母拮抗菌能够产生某些对果实采后病原真菌具有抑制效果的挥发性和不挥发性物质。同一种酵母菌产生的物质对不同病原菌有不同的拮抗效果,而不同酵母菌对同一种病原菌的拮抗效果也不完全相同。但是,不同类型的培养基对拮抗菌产生的抑菌物质有明显的影响。

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本文以桃(Prunus persica L. cv. Bayuecui.)栽培种‘八月脆’和芒果(Mangifera indica L.)栽培种‘圣心’为材料,研究外源草酸对采后果实的生理生化效应及其作用机理,为果实贮藏保鲜提供新方法。采后桃果实用1、5 mM的草酸溶液浸果10 min,以浸水10 min为对照,然后在常温下贮藏,测定果实在贮藏期间对草酸处理的一些生理生化反应。芒果经采后杀菌剂(post- P)、采后草酸(post-OA)、采前+采后草酸(pre-OA + post-OA)、采前Ca + 采后草酸处理(pre-Ca + post-OA)处理,以采后浸水为对照,然后分别将果实在常温(25 C)、低温(14 C)和控制性气调(3% CO2 + 2% O2 ,14 ± 1 C)下贮藏,测定草酸处理对芒果的成熟进程、病情发展及其相关生理指标的影响。研究结果表明如下: 1.与对照相比,草酸处理的桃果实在贮藏期间果实的电解质渗漏量和呼吸速率降低、果实硬度高、果实的抗氧化酶(超氧化物岐化酶、SOD;过氧化物酶,POD;过氧化氢酶、CAT;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、APX)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性提高、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性降低。同时,在贮藏后期,果实的活性氧自由基(ROS)产量(超氧阴离子、O2.;过氧化氢、H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。草酸的这些生理效应有利于保持膜的完整性和延缓桃果实的成熟;草酸诱导POD、SOD、PPO活性可能有助于提高采后果实的抗病性。 2.外源5、10 mM浓度的草酸(pH值中和或不中和)对芒果炭疽病原菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)孢子萌发和菌丝生长均表现出显著的抑制作用。这种作用不仅与草酸降低培养基(PDA)的pH值相关,而且与草酸独特的化学特性相关。 3.在常温、低温和控制性气调贮藏下,采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸、采前Ca + 采后草酸处理均能有效减缓芒果果实的软化速率,延缓芒果的成熟进程,降低芒果的病情指数,同时改善芒果成熟时的表皮着色,对果实完全后熟时的可溶性固形物(SSC)、可滴定酸(TA)含量、果肉口感均没有产生负面的影响。 4.草酸处理增强芒果细胞膜的稳定性,诱导提高芒果抗氧化酶活性,特别是提高果皮SOD、APX活性,降低LOX活性,以及降低果皮O2.、H2O2 和果肉H2O2含量,抑制采后果实的乙烯生物合成。这些生理生化效应与延缓芒果的成熟衰老和提高果实的抗病性相关。 5. 采后草酸、采前 + 采后草酸和采前Ca + 采后草酸处理表现出高效低廉、无毒无副作用、易操作等优点,是芒果采后贮藏保鲜的可供选、具有实际应用前景的新方法。

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茉莉酸(JA)是由脂肪酸衍生而来的环戊酮化合物,广泛存在于自然界中,在植物逆境胁迫响应和生长发育调节过程中起重要作用。因此,JA被认为是一种新型植物激素。植物JA生物合成的最初底物是三烯脂肪酸(含有三个双键的十八碳和十六碳脂肪酸,18:3和16:3),这些脂肪酸经过脂氧合酶(LOX)、丙二烯氧化物合酶(AOS)和丙二烯氧化物环化酶(AOC)等一系列酶促反应,最终生成JA。JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸来自叶绿体膜脂。高等植物叶绿体类囊体膜含有四种极性甘油脂,它们是:单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)、硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDG)和磷脂酰甘油(PG)。但是人们尚不清楚JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸主要来自哪一种膜脂。 最近,我们利用RNA干扰技术获得了烟草MGDG部分缺失的突变体。MGDG是质体中最重要的甘油脂,其含量高达50%,其中含有的三烯脂肪酸约占总脂中三烯脂肪酸含量的65%。本研究的目的是以烟草MGDG缺失的突变体(mgd1)为材料,通过研究MGDG缺失对茉莉酸生物合成的影响,阐明半乳糖脂与JA生物合成的关系。 首先我们对野生型烟草(WT)和mgd1的相关生物学特性进行了研究,包括甘油脂和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,mgd1烟草叶片中MGDG含量降低了57%,同时,其三烯脂肪酸相对含量也大幅度降低。其中十六碳三烯酸(16:3)降低了78%,亚麻酸(18:3)含量减少了28%。因此,由于MGDG缺失,类囊体中的三烯脂肪酸降低了27%。这一结果说明了JA生物合成的底物大幅度减少。 为了说明MGDG缺失导致的三烯脂肪酸含量的减少是否影响到JA的含量,我们利用GC-MS方法比较了WT和mgd1烟草中JA的含量。结果表明,mgd1叶片中的JA含量较WT降低了50%,说明了MGDG的缺失影响了JA的生物合成。 伤害可以诱导JA在短时间内大量合成。我们比较了机械损伤后JA在WT和mgd1叶片中积累的动态过程。伤害同时可以使WT和mgd1叶片中的JA含量增加,并且在1小时达到最大值。但是,JA在两种烟草叶片中增加的幅度不同,WT叶片受伤1小时后JA含量是未受伤时的5倍,而mgd1叶片受伤1小时后,其JA含量只增加了1倍。这些结果说明了MGDG缺失可以严重影响伤害诱导的 JA 的积累,MGDG是JA的生物合成底物的重要来源。 我们进一步研究了MGDG缺失对JA生物合成相关酶基因表达的影响。 LOX1和AOC编码JA生物合成途径中的关键酶LOX和AOC。RT-PCR分析表明mgd1叶片中这两个基因受伤害激活的程度比WT弱。进一步说明突变体中JA合成受到影响。 植物受到伤害时内源JA含量增加,并激活防御基因的表达。我们的结果显示,当植物受伤害后,mgd1叶片中与JA信号转导相关的防御基因HPL,PI-I和PI-II的表达量增加幅度明显低于WT。这说明突变体中JA信号转导途径受到了抑制。 JA在植物对昆虫侵害的防御反应中起重要作用,上述结果表明突变体对伤害响应受到削弱。昆虫饲喂实验显示,棉铃虫更趋向食用mgd1植株叶片,取食mgd1植株的棉铃虫的体重增加较多。这些结果与WT和mgd1在JA含量、防御相关基因表达方面的差异相一致。外源施加茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)能够恢复mgd1的抗虫性和防御基因的表达,说明JA是恢复mgd1抗虫性所必须的。 上述结果表明MGDG缺失使JA生物合成受到影响,尤其是JA在植物受到伤害后的生物合成。对于这一现象的可能的解释是:MGDG是JA生物合成底物的主要来源,由于mgd1中缺少大量的MGDG,当植物受到伤害时,MGDG不能释放出足够三烯脂肪酸来合成JA,导致其含量降低,破坏了JA信号途径,最终使得植株表现出抗性降低等特性。我们的研究证明了MGDG可以作为JA生物合成的底物来源在JA信号途径中起重要作用。

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Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a higher prevalence in women. Expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene has been identified throughout the brain. Owing to the putative neuroprotective effects of estrogen, estro

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Intervalley GAMMA - X deformation potential constants (IVDP's) have been calculated by first principle pseudopotential method for the III-V zincblende semiconductors AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs and InSb. As a prototype crystal we have also carried out calculations on Si. When comparing the calculated IVDP's of LA phonon for GaP, InP and InAs and LO phonon for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb and InSb with a previous calculation by EPM in rigid approximation, good agreements are found. However, our ab initio pseudopotential results of LA phonon for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb and InSb and LO phonon for GaP, InP and InAs are about one order of magnitude smaller than those obtained by EPM calculations, which indicate that the electron redistributions upon the phonon deformations may be important in affecting GAMMA - X intervalley shatterings for these phonon modes when the anions are being displaced. In our calculations the phonon modes of LA and LO at X point have been evaluated in frozen phonon approximation. We have obtained, at the same time, the LAX and LOX phonon frequencies for these materials from total energy calculations. The calculated phonon frequencies agree very well with experimental values for these semiconductors.

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Intervalley GAMMA-X deformation-potential constants (IVDP's) have been calculated by use of a first-principles pseudopotential method for the III-V zinc-blende semiconductors AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, and InSb. When the calculated IVDP's of LA phonons for GaP, InP, and InAs and of LO phonons for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb, and InSb are compared with results of a previous calculation that used the empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) and a rigid-ion approximation, good agreement is found. However, our ab initio pseudopotential results on IVDP's of LA phonons for AlAs, AlSb, GaAs, GaSb, and InSb and of LO phonons for GaP, InP, and InAs are about one order of magnitude smaller than those obtained by use of EPM calculations, indicating that the electron redistribution accompanying crystal-lattice deformation has a significant effect on GAMMA-X intervalley scattering for these phonon modes when the anions are being displaced. In our calculations the LA- and LO-phonon modes at the X point have been evaluated in the frozen-phonon approximation. We have also obtained the LAX- and LOX-phonon frequencies for these materials from total-energy calculations, which agree very well with experimental values for these semiconductors. We have also calculated GAMMA-X hole-phonon scattering matrix elements for the top valence bands in these nine semiconductors, from which the GAMMA-X IVDP's of the top valence bands for the longitudinal phonons and transverse phonons are evaluated, respectively.

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对Egonol龙胆三糖苷及以Egonol衍生物对雌二醇生成活性及其相关机制进行了研究。发现Egonol龙胆三糖苷促雌二醇最高生成率在MCF-7、HepG2、ROS1728中分别为157% 、182.4%、226.8%(以空白组200μg/ml睾酮转换成E2值作为100%生成率)。活性的强弱可能与芳香化酶的组织特异性表达情况一致,说明Egonol龙胆三糖苷促雌二醇活性可能与芳香化酶有关。芳香化酶的组织特异性表达与特异性启动子有关系,Egonol龙胆三糖苷在各组织中皆有促雌二醇活性,说明该化合物不是通过调节该酶的基因表达而起作用。 在探究Egonol龙胆三糖苷及其衍生物是否介导cAMP-PKA途径从而影响芳香化酶的表达中,发现该系列化合物在HEK-293T细胞中对cAMP的影响非常弱小。在人HepG2细胞中显示了极强的提高cAMP的作用。而化合物对cAMP的作用与其促雌二醇活性强弱不呈正相关关系,对c AMP-PKA途径的激活可能与胞内雌激素有关。 Egonol龙胆三糖苷及其衍生物对HepG2细胞增殖影响显示,该系列化合物同雌二醇一样有相似的较弱促HepG2细胞增殖作用。而且存在一定剂量依赖性。在瞬时转染有ERE(雌激素作用元件)的HepG2中,Egonol龙胆三糖苷及其衍生物也显示了类似于雌二醇与ERE结合的作用,进一步提示Egonol龙胆三糖苷及其衍生物在HepG2细胞中具备雌激素样作用。 为研究Egonol龙胆三糖苷及其衍生物是否可能直接提高芳香化酶的活性,我们计划将芳香化酶从芳香化酶阳性细胞中克隆后表达到芳香化酶阴性的细胞中。在MCF-7细胞中以Oligo dT为引物合成的cDNA模板,和在ROS1728细胞中以Oligo dT及大鼠引物F链为引物合成的cDNA模板能成功扩增出与芳香化酶全长编码序列大小一致的片段。 Egonol衍生物在HepG2、ROS1728细胞中促雌二醇活性的实验表明,Egonol苯环上引入其它基团可以提高Egonol的活性。 从雌激素经典的基因组效应和非基因组效应两方面对雌激素信号转导研究进展进行了简单的综述。 The promoting effects of egonol gentiotrioside and egonol derivatives on the synthesis of estrogen E2 were studied. In vitro test, egonol gentiotrioside promoted the synthesis of estrogen E2 in MCF-7, HepG2,ROS1728 cell lines with mean yields of estrogen E2 57%,82.4% and 126.8%, higher than those of blank control at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. The difference of estrogen E2 synthesis promoting effects among the cell lines suggested tissue specificity. It is in accordance with tissue specific character of aromatase expression. The evidence implied that effect of egonol gentiotrioside on promoting the synthesis of estrogen E2 was related to the aromatase. Different expression levels of aromatase in different tissues are attributed to their specific promoters, but egonol gentiotrioside can promote the synthesis of estrogen E2, in many tissues,so the fact is controversary to the estimation that this compound regulates the aromatase on gene level. In order to investigate whether egonol gentiotrioside and its synthetic derivatives regulates aromatase activity through the cAMP-PKA signal pathway,we transfected the p CRE-Luc luciferase reporter gene into the HEK-293T cells and HepG2 cells. These compounds had weak activity in promoting the cAMP activity in HEK-293T cells but strong in HepG2 cells.The compounds’effect of promoting the cAMP may be related to their estrogenic activity in cells. The modified HepG2 cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the estrogenic activity of egonol gentiotrioside and its derivatives. The weak estrogenic activity of egonol gentiotrioside and its derivatives at various concentrations expressed as proliferative effect relative to that of blank control was examined. We transfected the pERE-Luc luciferase reporter gene into the HepG2 cells. These compounds possessed significant activity on estrogen response element compared with the one treated with 10 n M estrogen E2. This evidence indicated that the estrogenic activity of egonol gentiotrioside and its derivatives. In order to investigate whether the egonol gentiotrioside and its derivatives can upregulate the activity of aromatase directly, The full-length of P450 aromatase cDNA encoding aromatase were amplified by using primer Oligo dT in MCF-7,and specific primer in ROS1728,respectively. The structure-activity relationship of Egonol in promoting the synthesis of E2 in HepG2 and ROS1728 cells indicated that introduction of some group on the basic sketon of egonol could improve the effect. The progress in research of signal pathway of estrogen in recent years was summarized.

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禾谷孢囊线虫严重影响禾谷类作物的产量,在小麦中由禾谷孢囊线虫引起的产量损失可达30-100%。尤其在澳大利亚、欧洲、印度和中东危害严重,目前禾谷孢囊线虫已成为危害我国作物的主要病源。控制禾谷孢囊线虫的方法主要有:作物轮作、杀线虫剂、寄主抗性等等,其中基因工程方法培育抗线虫小麦品种被认为是最经济有效的方法。分离抗禾谷类孢囊线虫基因对揭示抗性基因结构与功能及其表达调控具有重要意义。 尽管小麦是重要的粮食作物,在小麦中已发现的抗禾谷孢囊线虫的基因很少,而比其近缘属如节节麦、易变山羊草、偏凸山羊草中含有丰富的抗源。目前已鉴定出禾谷孢囊线虫抗性位点Cre,并发现了9个禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因(Cre1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and R) ,其中只有Cre1和Cre8直接从普通小麦中获得。从节节麦中获得的Cre3基因能最有效的控制线虫数量,其次是Cre1和Cre8。这些基因的克隆对于了解禾谷孢囊线虫抗性机制及进一步的育种应用都是非常关键的。然而,目前为止仅有Cre3基因通过图位克隆的方法从节节麦中被分离得到。该基因已被克隆得到的多数线虫抗性基因一样均属于核苷酸结合位点区(NBS)-亮氨酸重复序列区(LRR)基因家族。目前,已有很多抗性基因被分离,这些已知的NBS-LRR类抗性基因的保守序列为应用PCR的方法克隆新的抗性基因提供了可能。 因此本课题的目的是采用保守区同源克隆、3′RACE 和5′RACE 等方法从抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦-易变山羊草小片段易位系E10 中克隆小麦抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因全序列,进而通过半定量PCR 和荧光定量PCR 研究该基因的表达模式。同时通过mRNA 差别显示技术和任意引物PCR(RAP-PCR)技术分离克隆植物禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因及其相关基因,为阐明植物抗病性分子机制以及改良作物抗病性和作物育种提供基础,为通过分子标记辅助育种和基因工程方法实现高效、定向转移抗病基因到优良小麦品种奠定了重要的理论和物质基础。主要研究结果: 1. 本实验根据此前从抗禾谷孢囊线虫材料E-10 扩增得到的与来自节节麦的抗禾谷孢囊线虫Cre3 基因及其他的NBS-LRR 类抗性基因的NBS 和LRR 保守区序列设计了两对特异性引物,从E10 中扩增到532bp 和1175bp 的两个目标条带,它们有一个32bp 的共同序列,连接构成总长为1675bp 的NBS-LRR 编码区(命名为RCCN)。根据RCCN设计引物,利用NBS-LRR区序列设计引物,通过5′RACE 和3′RACE 技术采用3′-Full RACE Core Set(TaKaRa)和5'-Full RACE Kit (TaKaRa)试剂盒,反转录后通过嵌套引物GSP1 和GSP2 分别进行两轮基因特异性扩增,分别将NBS_LRR 区向5′端和3′端延伸了1173bp 和449bp,并包含了起始密码子和终止密码子。根据拼接的得到的序列重新设计引物扩增进行全基因扩增的结果与上面获得的一致。拼接后得到全长2775 bp 的基因序列(记作CreZ, GenBank 号:EU327996)。CreZ 基因包括完整的开放阅读框,全长2775 bp,编码924个氨基酸。序列分析表明它与已知的禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因Cre3的一致性很高,并且它与已经报到的NBS-LRR 类疾病抗性基因有着相同的保守结构域。推测CreZ基因可能是一个新的NBS-LRR 类禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因,该基因的获得为通过基因工程途径培育抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新品种奠定了基础,并为抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因的调控表达研究提供了参考。 2. 通过半定量PCR和SYBR Green荧光定量PCR技术对CreZ基因的相对表达模式进行了研究。以α-tubulin 2作为参照,采用半定量PCR 分析CreZ 基因在不同接种时期1d, 5d, 10, 15d 的E-10的根和叶的的表达情况。在内参扩增一致的条件下,CreZ 在E-10的根部随着侵染时间的增加表达量有明显的增加,在没有侵染的E-10的根部其表达量没有明显变化,而在叶中没有检测表达,说明该基因只在抗性材料的根部表达。SYBR Green定量PCR分析接种前后E10根部基因CreZ基因的表达水平为检测CreZ基因的表达建立了一套灵敏、可靠的SYBRGreen I 荧光定量PCR 检测方法。接种禾谷孢囊线虫后E10根内CreZ基因的相对表达水平显著高于接种前。随接种时间的延长持续增加,最终CreZ基因的相对表达量达到未接种的对照植株的10.95倍。小麦禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因CreZ的表达量与胁迫呈正相关,表明其与小麦的的禾谷孢囊线虫抗性密切相关,推测CreZ基因可能是一个新的禾谷孢囊线虫候选抗性基因。 3. 针对小麦基因组庞大、重复序列较多,禾谷孢囊线虫抗性基因及其相关基因的片断难以有效克隆的问题,通过mRNA 差别显示技术及RAP-PCR 技术分离克隆植物禾谷孢囊线虫抗性及其相关基因。试验最终得到154 条差异表达条带,将回收得到的差异条带的二次PCR 扩增产物经纯化后点到带正电的尼龙膜上,进行反向Northern 杂交筛选,最终筛选得到102 个阳性差异点。将其中81 个进行测序,并将序列提交到Genbank 中的dbEST 数据库,分别获得登录号(FE192210 -FE192265,FE193048- FE193074 )。序列比对分析发现,其中26 个序列与已知功能的基因序列同源;有28 条EST 序列在已有核酸数据库中未找到同源已知基因和EST,属新的ESTs 序列;另外27 个EST 序列与已知核酸数据库中的ESTs 具有一定相似性,但功能未知。其所得ESTs 序列补充了Genbank ESTs 数据库,为今后进一步开展抗禾谷类孢囊线虫基因研究工作打下了基础。结合本试验功能基因的相关信息,对小麦接种禾谷孢囊线虫后产生的抗性机制进行了探讨。接种禾谷孢囊线虫后植物在mRNA 水平上的应答是相当复杂的,同时植物的抗病机制是一个复杂的过程,涉及到多个代谢途径的相互作用。 The cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae Woll, causes severe yieldreductions in cereal crops. The losses caused by CCN can be up to 30-100% in somewheat fields. At present, cereal cyst nematode has become the major disease sourcein China and it also damaged heavily in Australia, Europe, India and Middle East.The damage caused by CCN can be mitigated through several methods, includingcrop rotation, nematicide application, cultural practice, host resistance, and others.Of these methods, incorporating resistance genes into wheat cultivars and breedingresistant lines is considered to be the most cost-effective control measure forreducing nematode populations. Although wheat is an economically important crop around the world, far fewergenes resistant to CCN were found in wheat than were detected in its relatives, suchas Aegilops taucchi, Aegilops variabilis and Aegilops ventricosa. Cloning these genesis essential for understanding the mechanism of this resistance and for furtherapplication in breeding. Because of the huge genome and high repeat sequencescontent, the efficient methods to clone genes from cereal crops, are still lacking. A resistance locus, Cre, has been identified and 9 genes resistant to CCN (designatedCre1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and R) have been described, in which Cre1 and Cre8 werederived directly from common wheat. The Cre3 locus, which was derived from Ae.tauschii, has the greatest impact on reducing the number of female cysts, followed byCre1 and Cre8. Cloning these genes is essential for understanding the mechanism ofthis resistance and for further application in breeding. However, to this point, only Cre3, a NBS-LRR disease resistance gene, has been obtained through mappingcloning in Ae. tauschii. The majority of nematode resistance genes cloned so far belong to a super familywhich contains highly conserved nucleotide-binding sites (NBS) and leucine-richrepeat (LRR) domains. To date, many NBS-LRR resistance genes have been isolated.The conserved sequences of these recognized NBS-LRR resistance genes provide thepossibility to isolate novel resistance genes using a PCR-based strategy. The aim of the present study was to clone the resistance gene of CCN fromWheat/Aegilops variabilis small fragment chromosome translocation line E10 whichis resistant to CCN and investigate the espression profiles of this gene withsemi-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR. Another purpose of this study is cloningthe relational resistance gene for CCN by mRNA differential display PCR andRAP-PCR. These works will offer a foundation for disease defence of crop andbreeding and directional transferring resistance gene into wheat with geneengineering. Primary results as following: 1.According to the conversed motif of NBS and LRR region of cereal cystnematode resistance gene Cre3 from wild wheat (Triticum tauschlii) and the knownNBS-LRR group resistance genes, we designed two pairs of specific primers for NBSand LRR region respectively. One band of approximately 530bp was amplified usingthe specific primers for conversed NBS region and one band of approximately 1175bpwas amplified with the specific primers for conversed LRR region. After sequencing,we found that these two sequences included 32bp common nucleotide having 1675bpin total, which was registered as RCCN in the Genbank. Based on the conservedregions of known resistance genes, a NBS-LRR type CCN resistance gene analog wasisolated from the CCN resistant line E-10 of the wheat near isogenic lines (NILs), by5′RACE and 3′ RACE.designated as CreZ (GenBank accession number: EU327996) .It contained a comlete ORF of 2775 bp and encoded 924 amino acids. Sequencecomparison indicated that it shared 92% nucleotide and 87% amino acid identitieswith those of the known CCN-resistance gene Cre3 and it had the same characteristic of the conserved motifs as other established NBS-LRR disease resistance genes. 2. Usingα-tubulin 2 as exoteric reference, semi-quantitative PCR and real-timePCR analysis were conducted. The expression profiling of CreZ indicated that it wasspecifically expressed in the roots of resistant plants and its relative expression levelincreased sharply when the plants were inoculated with cereal cyst nematodes. therelative expression level of the 15days-infected E10 is the 10.95 times as that ofuninfected E10,ultimately. It was inferred that the CreZ gene be a novel potentialresistance gene to CCN. 3.We cloned the relational resistance gene for CCN by mRNA differentialdisplay PCR and arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA from wheat whichpossess huge and high repeat sequence content genomes. Total 154 differentialexpression bands were separated and second amplified by PCR. The products werenylon membrane. The 102 positive clones were filtrated by reverse northern dot blotand 81 of those were sent to sequence. The EST sequences were submitted toGenbank (Genbank accession: FE192210 - FE192265, FE193048 - FE193074). Thesequences alignment analysis indicated 26 of them were identical with known genes;28 were not found identical sequence in nucleic acid database; another 27 ests wereidentical with some known ests, but their functions were not clear. These ESTsenriched Genbank ESTs database and offered foundation for further research ofresistance gene of CCN.

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Global warming has become a notable trend especially since an abrupt climate change in 1976. Response of the East China Sea (ECS) to the global warming trend, however, is not well understood because of sparse long-term observation. In this paper, hydrographic observation data of 1957-1996 are collected and reviewed to study climatological variability in northern ECS. Significant warming trends are found in both summer and winter. In summer, the average SST is about 0.46A degrees C higher during the period of 1977-1996 than that of 1957-1976, and the Taiwan Warm Current Water (TWCW) was strengthened. In winter, despite of the cooling effect in the coastal areas adjacent to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary (CRE), the average SST increase was about 0.53A degrees C during the same period. The causes of this SST warming up in summer are different from in winter. The warming trend and intensification of the TWCW in summer were primarily influenced by the strengthening of the Kuroshio transport, while the warming in winter was mainly induced by the variability of the climate system.

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中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)是我国的特色物种,具有重要的经济和科研价值。酚氧化酶系统作为节肢动物特有的免疫机制,在中华绒螯蟹的免疫反应中发挥重要作用。本研究构建了一个中华绒螯蟹的cDNA文库,利用表达序列标签 (Expressed Sequence Tag,EST) 技术,对中华绒螯蟹表达序列进行了大规模测序分析,并利用cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)、实时定量PCR、原核重组和RNAi等技术研究了其酚氧化酶免疫系统的分子基础及其相应功能。 用鳗弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌同时感染中华绒螯蟹,提取血细胞的RNA构建了一个库容为3.3×106 克隆cDNA文库。随机测序后获得7535条高质量的EST序列,其中在GenBank数据库中未发现同源序列的为4593 条,而具有较高同源性2942条可以分为20个功能类别,参与了23个生物学反应。 进一步分析发现,969 条(32.9% )EST与免疫相关,可拼接成221个免疫基因。这个比例高于其它任何一个已公布的甲壳动物cDNA文库。在免疫相关EST中,抗菌肽比例最高,约占总数的20.1%(195条EST)。免疫基因的高比例和抗菌肽的高表达,证明细菌刺激是提高cDNA 文库中免疫基因丰度的有效方法。 EST序列的获得和免疫基因的富集,丰富了中华绒螯蟹的基因组信息,初步了解了中华绒螯蟹固有免疫系统的概况, 为进一步克隆和研究中华绒螯蟹免疫防御功能基因提供了序列基础。 本研究在EST分析的基础上,克隆获得了中华绒螯蟹酚氧化酶系统10个基因的cDNA全长序列, 它们分别是前酚氧化酶(EsproPO),丝氨酸蛋白酶同源物(EsSPH), 丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂pacifastin, serpin, PAPII (EsPLC, Es serpin, EsPAPII), 模式识别丝氨酸蛋白酶(EsPRSP),peroxinectin (Esperoxinectin)和3个前酚氧化酶激活酶 (EsPAP1, 2, 3)。它们与相近物种的酚氧化酶系统相应基因均具有较高同源性,并含有胰酶催化结构域,CLIP结构域,PLD结构域,KAZAL结构域,Serpin结构域以及酚氧化酶结构域等酚氧化酶系统相应基因典型的特征结构域。分析发现,PAPs的CLIP结构域和PRSP,Pacifastin,Proxinectin,proPO基因是节肢动物特有的,是酚氧化酶系统作为节肢动物特有免疫机制的分子基础。本研究从多个基因的3′UTR区发现了调控元件,如15-LOX-DICE,K-box和 Brd-Box。在所推断的蛋白中,EsPAP3和EsPAPII的等电点呈碱性,Esperoxinetin的为中性,而EsPRSP,EsSPH,EsproPO, EsPAPII, Esserpin,EsPAP1的等电点在酸性区间。健康中华绒螯蟹 EsPAP1,EsPAP2,EsPAPII基因在肌肉中的表达量最高,而在血细胞中的表达量相对较低;EsPAP3,EsproPO,EsPLC基因在血细胞中表达量较高,在肌肉中的表达量最低。其中,EsPAP3在血细胞中的表达量是其在肌肉组织中表达量的526.35倍。调控元件和多种激活酶与抑制剂的存在、组织分布和等电点的差异,说明中华绒螯蟹酚氧化酶系统在转录、翻译、激活等多个层次上受到了调控。在中华绒螯蟹受到鳗弧菌刺激后,EsPAP1,EsPAP2,EsPAP3,EsPLC和EsPAPII基因的表达量呈上升或下降的趋势,但表达量的极限值均出现在2小时和12小时,这一规律与EsproPO应激后的mRNA表达和酶比活力的变化特点相吻合,说明中华绒螯蟹酚氧化酶系统各因子相互协调共同参与中华绒螯蟹对入侵细菌的防御反应。同时EsPAP2,EsPAP3,EsproPO,EsPAPII,EsPLC在中华绒螯蟹受到鳗弧菌刺激后的表达呈现反复多次上升,表明酚氧化酶系统可能参与了多种免疫反应。研究还发现EsPAP1参与中华绒螯蟹血液凝集过程,而EsPAP3是蟹血细胞中的有效的前酚氧化酶激活因子。研究结果初步揭示了中华绒螯蟹酚氧化酶系统的分子基础、对微生物的响应机制及其调控机制和演化趋势,为节肢动物固有免疫系统研究奠定了良好基础。