38 resultados para Cotranslational translocation

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Undaria cultivation on a commercial scale began in China only in the last decade. Today, Undaria pinnatifida is the main species under cultivation concentrated in two provinces, Liaoning and Shandong. The annual production in the early nineties was 8000-13 000 tons dry weight, which is two or three times the pre-1980 figures. The raft cultivation method maintaining the alga at the desired depths generally ensures the light saturated rate of photosynthesis on clear days, and enhances production. Under the cultivated condition, the calculated annual primary productivity of this alga is 160 g C m(-2) y(-1). Translocation of C-14-labelled photoassimilates in rapidly growing sporophyte of Undaria pinnatifida was studied in the open sea. Samples from different parts of the blade with counterparts exposed to tracer ((NaHCO3)-C-14) showed that the translocation that occurred mainly from the tip of the blade to the growing region had obvious source-sink relationship. It took 20 minutes to translocate the labelled photoassimilates from the epidermis, via cortex, to the medulla of the midrib, where rates of translocation averaging 42-48 cm h(-1) were observed in the open sea. Production experiments of tip-cutting of the blades showed an increased production of 9%.

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Oxalate decarboxylases (OXDCs) (E.C. 4.1.1.2) are enzymes catalyzing the conversion of oxalate to formate and CO2. The OXDCs found in fungi and bacteria belong to a functionally diverse protein superfamily known as the cupins. Fungi-originated OXDCs are secretory enzymes. However, most bacterial OXDCs are localized in the cytosol, and may be involved in energy metabolism. In Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, a locus for a putative oxalate decarboxylase is present. In the study reported here, an enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and showed oxalate decarboxylase activity. Computational analysis revealed the A. tumefaciens C58 OXDC contains a signal peptide mediating translocation of the enzyme into the periplasm that was supported by expression of signal-peptideless and full-length versions of the enzyme in A. tumefaciens C58. Further site-directed mutagenesis experiment demonstrated that the A. tumefaciens C58 OXDC is most likely translocated by a twin-arginine translocation (TAT) system.

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基因组特异序列是跟踪外源染色质、鉴定易位系的特异探针。本文介绍一种带反馈控制的PCR增效减法杂交(PEFCSH),证明可高效克隆基因组特异序列。 带PCR接头的黑麦DNA片段与固定化的小麦ssDNA杂交,同源的片段将被吸附。用PCR扩增吸附的DNA,可监测杂交液中与小麦同源的DNA,确定是否还要再杂交。5轮连续杂交后,杂交液中的DNA几乎全为黑麦特异DNA,纯化后,用PCR扩增到方便操作的数量。经检测,PEFCSH片段99%为黑麦基因组特异性序列,富集度超过230倍。 PEFCSH片段克隆后检测:插入片段在120bp~2000bp,峰值250bp左右;306个克隆中301个显黑麦特异性,表明了PEFCSH的高效性。Tomita等曾用普通减法杂交富集黑麦特异序列,所得克隆只有6.3%为黑麦特异。 与数据库对比,分离片段有的为新序列,更多的与已知的黑麦特异重复序列同源。用其中一条作探针进行Southern杂交,小麦不显带,黑麦显阶梯型带,说明它是特异性串联重复序列。 PEFCSH有如下特点:1. 实时监测杂交液中非特异DNA,首次引入反馈控制,确保杂交达到预期效果。2. 用PCR制备Tester只需少量样品就可以分离特异序列。3. 采用固相减法杂交,大大简化Test与Driver的分离。4. 用PCR克服常规减法杂交操作性差的弱点。5. 富集特异单链和双链DNA,减少特异序列丢失。6. 适用于大多数分离两组相关核酸中的差异成分。

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我国是受荒漠化影响最为严重的国家之一。半干旱区和干燥的亚湿润区分布着大面积沙地,这些沙地是我国荒漠化土地的集中分布区和的主要的潜在发生区,也是重点治理区。在这些地区进行生态建设和生态恢复的首要任务是植被的恢复与重建。用于植被恢复和重建的植物种,必需能够适应沙地特殊的生态环境。 克隆植物是一个独特的植物类群,它广泛的分布于各种生态系统中。在长期的进化过程中,克隆植物形成了有效利用异质性资源以及克服(忍耐或逃避)局部不利环境条件的生态适应对策―克隆整合。位于鄂尔多斯高原的毛乌素沙地是我国的四大沙地之一,其生态环境的特点具备我国沙地生境的共性-干旱、土壤贫瘠、频繁的风沙活动以及异质性。在毛乌素沙地中,克隆植物广泛分布。本文以毛乌素沙地为案例研究的背景,以该区几种重要的克隆植物为研究对象,以该区主要的生态环境特点为处理因素,从不同层面来观察克隆整合对这些植物适应沙地环境的作用。 高度异质性的水分分布格局是该区的关键生态因子之一。水分传输可以帮助克隆植物利用不同斑块内的水分资源。在一个野外实验中,采用酸性品红染色喂饲的方法,研究了根茎型草本克隆植物沙鞭和根茎型克隆半灌木羊柴的克隆内水分传播格局。沙鞭克隆内的水分传输速度和强度都高于羊柴。这可能是沙鞭能够占据大面积生境的原因之一。此外,克隆植物分株间资源的传递是通过贯通的维管束进行的。水分可以在观察的沙鞭克隆片断内畅通无阻的传输,但在羊柴克隆内的传输受到限制。这可能与二者维管束结构的不同有关。 沙埋是该区植物经常遭遇的生态事件。本文研究了克隆整合在羊柴遭受空间异质性沙埋过程中的作用。结果表明,轻微程度的沙埋可以促进羊柴的生长和生物量积累;高强度的沙埋会削弱羊柴的生长和生物量积累,甚至会致死。克隆整合可以帮助羊柴抵抗空间异质性沙埋,尤其当沙埋的强度增加时,这种作用表现的更明显。实际上,沙埋的发生是逐渐进行的,即同时具有时间异质性。本文通过野外实验观察了沙鞭在时空异质性沙埋条件下的响应格局以及克隆整合的作用。研究表明,长时间间隔的沙埋促进沙鞭的生物量积累,克隆整合可以帮助沙鞭抵抗频繁发生的沙埋事件。此外,通过Meta-analysis方法综合了分布在沙地中的根茎型克隆植物对沙埋的响应格局的案例研究。结果表明,轻微的沙埋能够促进根茎型克隆植物的生物量积累,高强度的沙埋对这些植物是一种生态胁迫,克隆整合可以帮助这些植物抵抗这种生态胁迫。这强烈的支持了这样一种观点,即克隆整合是根茎型克隆植物在长期的适应进化过程中形成的抵抗高强度沙埋的生态策略。 该区也生长着很多密集型克隆植物。养分的空间异质性在各种尺度上存在,密集型克隆植物也可能经历小尺度的养分异质性。以糙隐子草为研究对象,观察其在同质和异质养分条件下的生物量、生物量配置格局以及有性繁殖和克隆生长的权衡。结果表明:在异质性的养分条件下,相连的克隆片断的总体生物量、地上无性结构生物量、根生物量以及分株大小都显著高于切断的克隆片断;同样,异质性斑块中的相连的克隆片断的表现高于同质性斑块。这暗示着克隆整合能够帮助密集型克隆植物糙隐子草更好的利用小尺度的养分异质性。 此外,通过野外调查的方式观察该区两种重要的克隆半灌木,游击型的羊柴和密集型的油蒿在小尺度不同植被盖度斑块下的生物量配置格局。结果表明:羊柴的地上各部分生物量对植被盖度变化的响应不如油蒿敏感。这可能是因为羊柴的游击型克隆构型决定其可以跨越小尺度斑块实现克隆生理整合,从而利用不同小生境斑块的资源所致。油蒿只能利用小生境斑块内的资源,当小生境斑块的条件改变,其生物量以及配置方式也随之发生相应的变化。在繁殖方式上,羊柴的有性繁殖结构以及有性繁殖投资显著小于油蒿。在资源有限的条件下,对一种繁殖方式的投资常常会削弱另一种繁殖方式。羊柴主要依靠克隆生长,这符合并支持配置理论的观点。植物的空间格局与植物自身的生活史性状密切相关。羊柴和油蒿不同的生活史特性必然会在各自的种群空间格局中体现出来。本文还采用地统计学的方法,观察二者的种群空间格局。种群水平上,小尺度的空间自相关控制着羊柴种群的空间格局;油蒿种群的空间格局受更大尺度的过程控制,并在自身为建群种的群落随机分布。对于油蒿种群而言,发生在小于抽样尺度(<1m)的随机变异高于相应的羊柴种群。这两种克隆半灌木的种群空间格局的差异可能与二者克隆构型和克隆性的不同有关。 本文的研究对象不仅涉及根茎型克隆草本植物,还包括了克隆半灌木,不仅涉及游击型克隆植物,而且涵盖了密集型克隆植物。因此,本文的研究不仅有助于在理论上理解克隆植物对异质性生境的适应策略,在实践上也能为该区的生态恢复提供一定的理论依据。

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以盆栽草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)为材料研究了水分胁迫下克隆植物草莓母株和子株间的水分调控机制及其与碳同化、光系统II激发能分配的关系。实验材料分为匍匐茎连接和剪断两个大组,进行两步实验。第一步实验,对连接组和剪断组的所有母株控水,子株充分供水;4天后进入第二步实验,把连接组分为两小组,对其中一组充分供水子株开始控水,另一组保持不变。结果表明,土壤干旱引起母株叶片失水,并使其净光合速率和气孔导度显著降低。但是连接组中供水良好的子株能有效缓解缺水母株的水分胁迫。当供水良好的子株也开始受到干旱处理的时候,则会加剧与之相连母株的水分胁迫。受胁迫母株可以通过加强渗透调节能力和降低水势从相连子株获取水分。虽然土壤干旱会造成受胁迫母株叶片脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)含量的大幅度增加,但是与之相连子株的叶片ABA含量并没有增加;并且气孔导度与ABA变化趋势一致。因此,我们认为:(1)草莓母株和子株间的水分运输是由二者的水势差驱动的;(2)ABA不会通过匍匐茎在母株和子株间传递并影响相邻子株气孔导度;(3)在水分异质性较大情况下,生理整合可明显提高克隆系统的碳同化能力和光系统II激发能利用效率。 同时研究了水分胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数Fm的影响。结果表明,在水分胁迫初期, 活体草莓叶片失水萎缩、叶面积和叶片厚度减小,单位叶面积的叶绿素含量升高,此时叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fm上升;当水分胁迫进一步加剧,单位叶面积的叶绿素含量开始下降,但Fm没有随之下降。离体叶片测定则没有出现Fm上升这一过程,Fm随着单位叶面积叶绿素含量的下降而下降。叶片叠加实验证明,增加叶片厚度也可以使Fm上升。综上我们认为在干旱胁迫进程中,活体草莓叶片的荧光动力学参数Fm出现上升是由单位面积叶绿素含量和叶片结构的变化共同决定的。

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Mitotic and meiotic chromosome preparations of the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) were studied to elucidate the sex-chromosomal polymorphism evidenced by this species. Females had 2n = 46 or 47 chromosomes, whereas males had 2n = 47 or 48 chromosomes. An X;autosome translocation was identified by synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes at pachytene and confirmed by the presence of a trivalent at diakinesis/metaphase I. The present work, in combination with earlier observations by others, indicates that E. cephalophus possesses a varied X-chromosome morphology involving an X;autosome translocation and addition of varying amounts of heterochromatin. It is speculated that sex-chromosome polymorphism may be responsible for the observed differences in diploid chromosome number of tufted deer.

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A complete comparative chromosome map of the white-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock, 2n = 38), white-cheeked gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys, 2n = 52), and human has been established by hybridising H. leucogenys chromosome-specific paints and human 24-colour paints onto H. hoolock metaphase chromosomes. In the 18 H. hoolock autosomes, we identified 62 conserved segments that showed DNA homology to regions of the 25 H. leucogenys autosomes, Numerous interchromosomal rearrangements differentiate the karyotypes of H. leucogenys and H. hoolock. Only H. hoolock chromosome 10 showed homology to one entire autosome of H. leucogenys. The hybridisation of human 24-colour paints not only confirmed most of the chromosome correspondences between human and H. hoolock established previously but also helped to correct five erroneous assignments and revealed three new segments. Our results demonstrate that the karyotypes of the extant gibbons have arisen mainly through extensive translocation events and that the karyotype of H. hoolock more closely resembles the ancestral karyotype of Hylobates, rather than the karyotype of H. leucogenys. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.