桦木科植物的系统发育和地理分布

本文对桦木科植物的研究历史作了详细的总结;在钻研文献的基础上，补充了部分系统学资料，使得花序、花、花粉、叶表皮等各类性状能够在属间进行比较，根据外类群比较、和谐性分析等原则确定了性状的演化极性，利用最大同步法和最小平行演化法对桦木科植物进行了分支分析;对各属的现代分布和地史分布作了描述，在此基础上，讨论了桦木科植物的分布中心、起源地、起源的时间和散布的途径;在第四章，作者试图回到遥远的晚白垩纪和早第三纪，从描绘桦木科植物起源和早期分化的古地理和古气候背景入手，分析了在这种背景下桦木科植物所发生的空间辐射以及植物体本身所产生的形态进化，以求得对桦木科植物起源、散布和分化作出比较合理的解释;最后对桦木科组以上的等级作了分类处理。全文包括五个部分，主要的结论如下： 1、分支分析：广泛阅读桦木科、壳斗科和南青冈科的文献，详细研究中国科学院植物研究所标本馆所藏的桦木科植物的标本。首先以壳斗科和南青冈科作为外类群对各类性状进行了分析，得到一个由22个性状组成的数值矩阵;接着又对上述的22个性状作了和谐性分析，结果有7个性状的CN>O,2，其中3个性状在调整性状状态后被保留，有4个性状在颠倒极性和调整性状状态后仍不和谐被去除．最后得到由18个性状组成的矩阵，该矩阵和谐性检验的结果是：所有性状的KN值和CN值均为O，将此矩阵用最大同步法和最小平行演化法进行分支分析，得到一个相同的分支图。分支图用了19个演化步数，与矩阵的最小步数相同，较好地反映了桦木科植物的属间关系。分支图说明：桤木属是从桦木科植物的祖先中最早分出的一个分支，几乎保留了祖先所有的原始性状;桦木属和桤木属近缘，但并非姊妹群;榛届在桦木科中占有特殊的地位，是桦木科植物的原始类群向进化类群演化的中间纽带;虎棒子属是榛属向鹅耳枥属和铁木属进化过程中分化出的一支;铁木属和鹅耳枥属为姊妹群，在桦木科植物中演化水平最高。 2、地理分布：地理分布分析是以经典分类、系统发育和古植物学三方面的资料为基础，根据生物进化的时、序、空相互统一的观点来讨论的。 根据Takhtajan (1978)对世界植物系的分区，认为：东亚区分布6属、13组、77种，占桦木科植物全部种类的59%，为第一分布中心;大西洋一一北美区分布5属。8组、20种，为第二分布中心;环北方区分布5属、8组，35种，是桦木科植物分化的重要地区。在中国，根据吴征镒(1979)对中国植物区系的分区，认为：中国一一日本森林亚区和中国一一喜马拉雅亚区在种数，组数和属数的分布上分别位居第一和第二。四川及其毗邻省区分布6属、52种，占全部中国种类的70, 3%，是中国桦木科植物的分布中心。 桦木科最早的化石记录是具多个角萌发孔并有带状加厚的桤木粉，发现于日本桑托期．随之这类花粉和另外一种花粉类型：副桤木粉（有微弱带状加厚的三孔粉）在欧亚大陆和北美的地层中便开始普遍起来;可能的桤木属植物的叶子发现于白垩纪最晚期，而可辨认的果序的记录则开始于古新世． 8孔的具带状加厚的桦粉最早见于日本的坎佩尼期，而缺少带状加厚的拟桦粉最早发现于中国内蒙古的梅斯特利克蒂期，以上两类花粉均和现代桦木属植物的花粉相似;可归于同一个化石植物Betula leopoldae的叶子、雄花序，果序和果实的化石发现于加拿大大不列颠哥伦比亚的中始新世地层中。基于果实化石的榛属植物的最早记录发生在欧洲和北美古新世;被认为和榛属有亲缘关系的绝灭属——古鹅耳枥属的叶子，果序和雄花序的化石发现于古新世和始新世;开始见于中国梅斯特利克蒂期的拟榇粉和最早发现于苏格兰古新世的米勒三孔粉也均和榛属植物有关。基于可辨认的花粉和果苞的化石，鹅耳枥属和铁木属分别在晚始新世和早渐新世有了最早的化石记录． 最后根据化石证据和现代地理分布特征提出：以四川为中心的中国中部地区是桦木科植物起源和早期分化的中心;最早的桦木科植物生活在晚白垩纪桑托期，桤木属、榇属、桦木属可能在白垩纪最晚期或古新世时就已经出现了，而最迟不晚于中始新世;鹅耳枥属和铁木属的形成均不晚于晚始新世，到渐新世时，除虎榛子属外，桦木科其它各属均广泛分布在北半球。 3、进化分析：桦木科植物起源和早期演化的晚白垩纪和早第三纪在古地理和古环境方面主要有四个特点：(1)地球板块相对稳定;(2)气候相对一致，区带环流是大气环流的基本成份; (3)恐龙绝灭，哺乳动物作为传播媒介变得重要起来; (4)风媒和虫媒植物共荣。桦木科植物就是在上述背景下起源的。桤木属蒙自桤木组和桤木组最早从祖先类群中分化出来，接着一方面较缓慢地向欧洲散布，并在古新世到达欧洲;另一方面，向中国东北地区散布，然后迅速地扩散到了北极地区，通过白令陆桥在白垩纪最晚期到达了北美。从北美西北部和从欧洲通过大西洋北极陆桥散布到北美东部的桦木科植物在始新世时汇合，形成第二个分化中心。虎榛子属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属植物的大量分化很可能是从全球气候恶化的渐新世开始的，并在分化的同时伴随着其它的桦木科植物向南迁移。桤木属在渐新世时就散布到了当时位于中国东南部的加里曼丹岛;桤木属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属中新世时散布到了墨西哥和中美洲;第四纪冰期加速了桦木科植物的南移，桤木属到达非洲北部和南美洲，桤木属和鹅耳枥属到达台湾岛均发生在更新世。 在环境的选择压力下，桦木科植物经历了一系列的形态演化，作者将这些演化归纳成34个进化趋势。为了对桦木科植物可能祖先的大概轮廓有一个认识，我们又从34个进化趋势中总结出桦木科植物的11个原始特征，并且认为这些特征中的大多数应该是它的祖先拥有的。 (1)裸芽有柄。 (2)气孔器为轮列型或无规则型。 (3)木材具管胞，导管有螺旋加厚，为梯状穿孔。 (4)雌、雄花序共生成总状花序，雄花序位于上部。 (5)花序两性。 (6)雄花序有梗、裸露过冬。 (7)小聚伞花序由多个花组成，苞片多数。 (8)花两性，有花被，子房3室。 (9)花药药室木分离，花丝也不分叉。 (10)花粉粒4-5孔;孔具孔室;孔间有带状加厚;外壁较厚，在孔处翘起并加厚。 (11)具翅坚果小型。 本文提出桦术科植物不可能起源于现存的壳斗科植物，而两者有可能共祖，它们共同的祖先和正型粉类复合群有关，可能来源于正型粉类复合群的某些成员，那么‘正型粉类复合群是否就是金缕梅目和壳斗目进行的中间链环呢?’本文仅作为一个问题提出，而未作回答。 4、系统分类：根据分支分析和表征分类的结果，桦木科是非常自然的一个类群，科内表现出从原始到高级的演化次序并具有三条主要的演化路线。因此，将桦木科划分为三个族与科内的三条演化线相一致，比较符合其属间的系统发育关系。按照各属的变异程度，进一步在桦木族和鹅耳枥族之下分别设立两个亚族。此外在桦木科植物属之下共确立了13个组。桦木科组以上的系统排列为： Betulaceae S. F. Gray Trib. 1. Betuleae Subtrib. 1. Alninae Z. D. Chen subtrib. nov. Alnus Mill. Sect. 1. Clethropsis ( Spach ) Endl. Sect. 2. Alnus Sect. 3. Cremastogyne H. Winkl, Sect. 4. Alnobetula W. D. Koch Subtrib. 2. Betulinae Betula L. Sect. 1. Betulaster ( Spach ) Regel Sect. 2. Betula Sect. 3. Costatae Regel Sect. 4. Chinenses ( Nakai ) Z. D. Chen comb. et stat.nov. Sect. 5. Humiles W.D.Koch Trib. 2. Coryleae Aacheraon Corylus L. Sect. 1, Acanthochlamys Spach Sect. 2. Corylus Trib. 3. Carpineae A. DC. Subtrib. 1. Ostryopsinae Z. D. Chen subtrib. nov.Ostryopsis Dence. Subtrib. 2. Carpininae Ostrya Scop. Carpinus L. Sect. 1. Distegocarpus ( Sieb. et Zucc. ) Sarg. Sect. 2. Carpinus

黑龙江嘉荫地区古新世孢粉植物群及古植被、古气候研究

植物是环境变化的重要指示物之一。晚白垩至早第三纪时期，全球生态系统发生了剧烈变化，研究这一时期植物对了解地质历史时期环境变化趋势, 认识和保护当今环境有重要意义。我国黑龙江省嘉荫县有这一时期的地层发育，其中乌云煤矿和白山头是主要的露头剖面。前人曾从地质时代、孢粉及植物化石角度对这两个剖面进行过研究，但是仍有部分问题尚存争议。在本项工作中，我们对两个剖面的孢粉样品进行了系统采样，部分孢粉类型同时在光镜和电镜下进行了拍照。我们还对存在争议的这两个剖面的地质时代进行了讨论。同时，首次用共存分析法对这两个剖面的在沉积时期的气候进行了整体及分段的定量重建。另外，我们结合中其它地点的气候重建工作对不同时期的纬度温度梯度进行了研究。 乌云煤矿和白山头两个乌云组剖面的古新世孢粉植物群的研究结果表明：乌云煤矿孢粉植物群主要是与榛属（Corylus），桤木属（Alnus），桦木属（Betula），榆属（Ulmus）及松属（Pinus）有亲缘关系的植物；白山头剖面的孢粉植物类型与乌云煤矿基本一致，但是其中针叶类植物的花粉所占比重较大。 根据乌云煤矿与白山头剖面的孢粉类型在地层中的分布，以及与其它古新世地层的对比，我们认为乌云煤矿与白山头含孢粉段的地质时代为古新世。 用共存分析法得到乌云组古新世气候参数有两组。孢粉类型的共存结果为：年均温14.8-14.9℃，年降水量816-1389mm；植物化石类型的共存结果为：年均温16.3-16.8℃, 年降水：1124-1623mm。对乌云煤矿与白山头两个剖面孢粉带中的孢粉类型的气候参数分别进行共存，结果表明，除乌云煤矿孢粉第三带到第四带外，乌云地区的年均温在整个沉积时期均呈上升趋势；年均降水量的变化趋势与年均温基本一致。 根据从古新世到现代不同地点气候定量重建的年均温参数，我们计算得到了不同时期纬度温度梯度变化的值：<0.1℃/古纬度（古新世）、 0.1℃/古纬度（始新世）、0.45℃/纬度（中新世）、0.55℃/纬度（上新世）。结合当今全球的平均温度梯度值（0.7℃/纬度），我们得出纬度温度梯度的值从古新世以来呈不断上升的趋势。这一结果显示65Ma 以来赤道与极地间的温度差异逐渐增大，同时也提示了全球温度可能呈下降趋势。

川西亚高山森林生态系统辐射传输研究

辐射传输研究是贯穿森林生态系统的纽带，太阳辐射为植物的生长发育提供光合能量、适宜的环境温度以及发育信息。一方面，气候变化使到达地面辐射能的质和量发生变化，影响到植被的生长发育，改变森林的结构，而森林结构的变化又会影响林冠内辐射能的分配和质量，这些变化会进一步影响到林下土壤温度，改变森林根系活性以及土壤营养转化的效率；连锁反应的结果有可能会使森林生态系统的生产力发生变化，改变碳素和氮素源库的调节方向，从而反馈影响地球气候系统。另一方面，人类作为生态系统的成员，必然需要森林生态系统为其提供更多的原材料和更好的生态服务功能，如何实现这些目标，就需要人类适度调整干预方式和频度，达到预期的目的。本文在建立适合于川西亚高山森林的叶面积测量技术、光照辐射模型和土壤温度变化模型的基础上，对川西亚高山地带森林生态系统的辐射传输特征进行了分析，并从森林结构的角度探讨了林分内的辐射分布以及对土壤温度的影响。主要成果如下： 1. 提出了一种照相法测量叶面积的方法。通过对摆放在平面上的叶片照相，利用投影变化，把非正射图像转化为正射图像，然后经过计算机图像处理得到每一片叶片的面积、周长、长度、宽度等信息。这种方法可使用户以任意方向和距离拍摄处于平面上的叶片，能同时处理大量的叶片，适于野外离体或活体叶片测量。叶片面积分辨率可调，分辨率可以与常用的激光叶面积仪相近甚至更高，而且叶片图像可以存档查询。 2. 提出一种模拟林内光照变化的模型。利用林冠半球照片，记录视点以上半球内的林冠构件空间分布，作为林冠子模型；天空辐射子模型采用国际照明委员会(CIE)的标准晴天和阴天以及插值模型。该模型能够模拟林下某一位点处的实时光斑变化。 3. 提出一种土壤温度变化模型。把土壤视为具有容量和阻力性质的结构，利用电阻和电容器件构建土壤能量分布模型。外界太阳辐射能经过植被以及其它一些能量分配器后进入土壤，其中有一部分转化为土壤势能，即土壤温度。土壤温度的变化类似于电池的充放电过程。在已知模型参数的情况下，可以从太阳辐射计算土壤温度的变化。在模型参数未知的情况下，通过输入和输出值推算模型的参数，而模型参数中的时间常数与土壤组成和含水量有关，这样就可以知道土壤水分的变化情况。 4. 从王朗亚高山森林典型样地林分结构的测量获得林地三维结构图、树冠形态、叶面积密度等参数，这些参数输入到Brunner (1998)开发的tRAYci 模型中计算出一段时间内林分任意位置处的光照值。与林下辐射计测量值以及半球照片计算结果的比较，该模型基本上能够满足对林分光环境了解的要求。 5. 从川西亚高山森林生产力的角度，探讨了森林生产力研究的方法以及川西地区的研究历史和成果，发现了其中的一些规律和问题，特别是在叶面积测量上，还没有使用标准的叶面积指数定义。综合来看，川西地区针叶林叶面积指数(单位土地面积上植物冠层总叶面积的一半) 应在4-5 之间。降雨丰富的华西雨屏带是川西地区森林生产力最高的地区，而向西北森林生产力逐渐降低。川西地区云冷杉林森林生产力平均约为600 gDM m-2 a-1，但是根据辐射能计算的潜在生产力则达到1800 gDM m-2 a-1。实际与潜在森林生产力的巨大差异说明其它因子对生产力的影响。 6. 王朗亚高山3 个典型森林林分中，白桦林样地(BF) 林下草本以糙野青茅、牛至、紫菀等喜阳性物种为主，林下透光度较高；冷杉林样地(FF) 林下透光度最低，以喜阴性物种水金凤、蟹甲草、囊瓣芹等为主；而云杉林样地(SF)林分林龄最大，林下透光度介于冷杉林和白桦林之间，草本层仍然以喜阴性物种东方草莓、紫花碎米芥、酢浆草等为主。冷杉林和云杉林的灌木层也很丰富，卫矛属、五加属、茶藨子属、忍冬属植物很丰富，而在白桦林则以栒摘要子属、榛子属、鹅耳枥属等植物为主。藓类植物在云杉林中最丰富，并且形成毯状层，其它两个林分则很稀少。3 个样地林分结构与林下光环境有很强的相关性，从光环境特征可以在一定程度上推测林分的结构。各样地单纯从乔木层材积推算的NPP 排列顺序为BF>FF>SF，与林下辐射透射率和林分年龄的顺序相同，暗示辐射对群落演替过程的驱动作用。 7. 用半球照相法测得BF、FF 和SF 3 个样地的有效叶面积指数以SF 样地最高，BF 最低。如果考虑针叶树叶片在小枝上的丛聚分布，利用北方针叶林的数值进行校正，则SF 样地LAI 显著增加(达到89%)，其它样地的LAI 基本不变甚至有所下降。校正后的数值与文献中地面测量的结果较相近，说明在使用半球照相法测量川西亚高山针叶林LAI 时必须加以校正。 8. 在3 个样地中，白桦、岷江冷杉和方枝柏种群为丛聚分布，紫果云杉在FF和SF 样地中基本上为随机分布。3 个物种出现丛聚分布的最短距离约为2m，在最短距离以内则为随机分布。最短距离可能与树冠大小有关，种子传播特征以及对光照的需求状况可能是造成这种分布格局类型的原因。 Radiative transfer plays a key role in forest ecosystems. Solar radiation providesenergy for photosynthesis, appropriate ambient temperature and development informationfor plants. However, quality and quantity of radiation reaching land surface are affected byweather and subsequently influence the growth and development of plants, which in turnchanges the budget of radiation in forest. Soil temperature changes with the variation ofradiation under forest canopy and influences the activity of roots and rate of nutrientturnover. Thus, any changes of radiation will induce chain reactions in the entireecosystem and display in the value of net primary productivity which will possibly shiftthe relationship between carbon source and sink at local or regional scale and feed back tothe global climate system. On the other hand, as a component of ecosystems, humanbeings of course need to demand more materials and better service from ecosystems. Forthese purpose, man must adapt their pattern and frequency of interference to ecosystems.This paper aims to research on the canopy structure, the radiation distribution and theirinfluence on soil temperature from the process of radiative transfer in subalpine forestecosystem of western Sichuan. The main results are: 1 Present a new photogrammetric method for leaf area. The main idea is to convertnon-vertically taken images of planar leaves to orthoimages through projectivetransformation. The resultant images are used to get leaf morphological parametersthrough image processing. This method enables users to take photos at almost anyorientation and distance if only the leaves are placed on same plane, and to processlarge quantity of leaves in a short time, which is suitable for field measurement. Theresolution of leaf area is adjustable to fit for special requirement. 2 A model using hemispherical photos combining with solar tracks and radiation courseis provided to simulate light variation in forest. The hemispherical photos of canopyrecord the real spatial distribution of each element of plants viewed from a point. Skyradiance is simulated with CIE standard clear sky or cloudy sky model. This modelcan be used to simulate real time light variation under canopy. 3 Present a soil temperature model. Soil could be regarded as a body of resistor andcapacitor. Some of the budget of solar radiation in soil body is transformed into soilpotential energy, the soil temperature. Variation of soil temperature is driven by solarradiation, vegetation, soil properties, etc. This model has two parameters, one of whichis time constant and is related to soil water content. The inversed model can be used tosimulate the variation of soil water. 4 By using model tRAYci developed by Brunner (1998), the 3-D distribution of light inthree subalpine forest stands of Wanglang Nature Reserve has been simulated andvalidated with value of radiometers in these stands. This model can basically satisfythe need for understanding light regimes of these stands. 5 Present some principles and questions of NPP (net primary of productivity) researchesin western Sichuan. The standard leaf area index (LAI) defined by Chen and Black(1997) has not been used in this region. Total leaf area and projected leaf area indexare still used in NPP researches which may differ around 1-fold in magnitude. Thestandard LAI which is a half of total leaf area above unit land area should be between4 and 5 for typical subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan concluded fromliteratures. The maximum forest NPP occurs in West China rain belt and decreasesnorthwestwards. Average NPP of spruce-fir forest in western Sichuan is about600gDM m-2 a-1, which is below the potential NPP of 1800gDM m-2 a-1 based onmeasured radiation in this region. The significant difference between potential and realNPP suggests that other factors influence the growth of stands. 6 In the three subalpine forest stands of Wanglang Nature Reserve, herbage layer ofAbstractbirch stand (BF) with age of 40 is dominated by heliophytes of Deyeuxia scabrescens,Origanum vulgare, Aster tongoloa etc.. However, both of the other two stands aredominated by shade tolerent species, such as Impatiens noli-tangere, Impatiensdicentra, Cacalia deltophylla and Pternopetalum tanakae etc. in fir stand (FF) withage of 180 and Fragaria orientalis, Cardamine tangutorum and Oxalis corniculata etc.in spruce stand (SF) with age of 330. Shrub species in the latter two stands arerelatively rich, typical dominant genera being Euonymus, Acanthopanax, Ribes andLonicera. Birch stand has relatively sparse shrubs dominated by genera of Cotoneaster,Corylus and Carpinus. Mosses are significant only in spruce stand. The canopystructure controls the light regime of stand, which influence the composition of herblayers beneath the canopy. This light regime-community structure relationship can beused to infer the herb community from canopy structure. The NPP derived from timbervolume of arbor layer of the three stands decreases from BF to SF, which is in thesame order of transmitted total radiation under canopy and age of these stands,suggesting the driving effect of radiation in the succession of community. 7 The highest effective LAI of the three stands obtained by hemispherical photos is inplot SF and lowest in plot BF. After rectification of the clumping effect of leaves onshoot, the real LAI in plot SF increases significantly (89%) and approximate to theaverage LAI of coniferous forest in western Sichuan. Therefore, the LAI obtainedfrom hemispherical photos needs rectification for clumping effect. 8 Spatial distribution pattern for Betula platyphylla, Abies faxoniana and Sabinasaltuaria is clumpy, but Picea purpurea almost random in plot FF and SF. The shortestdistance for clumpy distribution for Betula platyphylla and Sabina saltuaria is 1.5m,and 2m for Abies faxoniana. And random pattern for these trees is exhibited within thisrange which almost coincides with the diameter of crown. Seed dispersalcharacteristics and light requirement may be the reason for different spatial pattern.

中国北方典型生态区表土孢粉组合特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系

Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.