The possibility analysis of habitats, origin and reappearance of bloom green alga (Enteromorpha prolifera) on inshore of western Yellow Sea

Combining some information from field investigation of algae along the coastal areas in China and a few pictures materialized from the western Yellow Sea in 2008, authors analyze the necessary conditions and possible water area in China producing a large biomass, some reasons for firestorm, and the possibility of the reappearance of marine bloom green alga Enteromorpha prolifera. The change of habitats and the increase of nutritional levels related to the water area could be considered as direct reasons. It was transferred northward by the combination of the flow of rainwater, wind and alongshore marine current. The original region of large biomass produced is possibly located in the southwestern Yellow sea. It will possibly be appearing again in the coming years or in the future. A summary is also given referring to its reproduction, development and distribution worldwide.

长武塬区不同土地利用条件下土壤水分深剖面分布特征比较

通过调查取样的方法对长武塬面不同土地利用条件下(作物地,果园,苜蓿地)土壤水分状况在0~600 cm范围深度内进行对比,结果显示:长武塬区小麦收获期,不同土地利用条件下土壤水分含量总体存在较大差异,其中春玉米地由于上年小麦收获后直到春玉米播种前土地休闲,土壤含水量显著高于其它土地利用方式。其它土地利用条件下土壤平均含水量相对较低,在0~300 cm的范围内含水量分布表现为果园>苜蓿地>小麦地。300 cm以下含水量表现为小麦地>果园>苜蓿地;同时,不同利用条件下土壤水分剖面低湿层的位置深度也不相同,小麦地土壤水分低湿层深度较果园地和多年苜蓿地浅,土壤水分剖面形态与分布特征受利用模式影响显著。

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤水分入渗的对比试验

为更好地掌握黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分入渗性能,采用双环法和人工降雨法,分别对陕西省延安市燕沟流域林地、草地、农地3种土地利用方式的土壤水分入渗过程进行了对比试验。结果表明:双环法能较好的反映水向土中的入渗过程;而人工降雨法可以较为真实地反映天然降雨过程中雨水向土中的入渗过程, 两者有很大的不同,主要表现在土壤水分的入渗速率变化过程方面。前者测定的土壤水分入渗速率主要受制于土壤的物理性状,而后者:不但与土壤物理性状有关,还与降雨强度有较密切的关系。在人工模拟短历时暴雨条件下, 对于林地和荒坡草地,土壤水分入渗速率有随雨强增大而增大的趋势,而对于裸耕农地,随着雨强的增大,土壤水分入渗速率有降低的趋势。

略论延安市降水资源的潜力与高效利用模式

根据在甘肃子午岭 ,安塞墩滩和延安燕儿沟的试验观测资料 ,研究了梢林区植被对降水的拦蓄和消耗情况 ;分析了农区基本农田上和退耕还林 (草 )坡地上作物和植物对降水的拦蓄和土壤水分季节动态 ;计算了本区主要农作物和几种有代表性的乔、灌、草植物的全生育期内需水量和降水资源补给的盈亏状况 ;并提出了几种利用降水资源和河川径流的模式

浅论黄土高原集雨补灌农业的地位与作用

干旱缺水与水土流失并存是制约黄土高原经济发展的两大瓶颈性因素.集雨补灌农业作为雨水利用的更高发展阶段,更加强调了从时间和空间2个方面对有限雨水资源实施主动调控与利用.大量研究与实践证明,集雨补灌农业不仅是黄土高原不可缺少的水资源开发利用形式,也是黄土高原水土保持工程技术体系的重要组成部分,更是黄土高原旱地农业持续发展的一种综合模式和战略性措施,是对旱地农业的进一步继承和发展.另外,具有工程化、科技化、规模化内涵的集雨补灌农业也已经成为现代节水农业技术体系的重要研究内容之一.黄土高原集雨补灌农业研究的深度和广度将会持续深入,其技术发展更加依赖于高新技术的支撑与应用.

黄土高原(陕西部分)雨水资源化潜力初步分析

根据黄土高原（ 陕西部分） 的１４５ 个雨量观测站的３０ａ 逐月降水资料，分析了陕西雨水资源的时空分布特征，并在次基础上，分别对西北地区的作物地土壤拦蓄潜力，陕北、渭北、关中３ 地区居民工矿与交通用地的雨水汇流潜力进行了测算。初步结果为：两北地区作物地年总无效蒸发耗水达３３ ×１０８ ｍ３ ，若采取集流保墒措施，年可减少蒸发损失６－４ ×１０８ ｍ３ ；３ 地区居民工矿与交通用地年可汇流６－２７ ×１０８ ｍ ３ ，若一半用于粮食生产，并采取节水灌溉，初步推算黄土高原地区可增产粮食约２８－８ ×１０８ ｋｇ。

雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述

由于干旱、人口增长、地表水地下水污染等问题 ,人们对雨水资源的开发利用产生了极大的兴趣并进行了广泛的研究 ,而且已初步显示出雨水资源开发利用的巨大潜力。文中对雨水的汇集、蓄存、利用技术,雨水利用对区域环境的影响,雨水资源的评价,雨水利用的效益评估等方面的最新研究进行了全面的分析总结 ,同时 ,提出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题。

对渭北地区集雨灌溉的思考——以富平县底店乡“窖灌农业”示范区为例

合理高效地利用雨水资源对西北干旱半干旱地区尤其是地表水缺乏地下水不易利用地区的经济发展具有十分重要的意义。基于此 ,我们在陕西省“窖灌农业”试验示范基地对蓄水设施的修筑、运行、维护及水质、雨水利用现状等进行了调研和考察 ,指出了其存在的问题、解决措施及进一步发展的思路 ,为该地及整个渭北地区雨水集流灌溉的进一步发展提供指导和参考

论我国旱地农业建设的技术路线与途径

旱地农业建设是我国农业生产的重要方面 ,通过对我国旱地农业战略地位和主要特征的分析 ,从持续发展角度 ,提出了旱地农业建设的技术路线 ,总结分析了旱地农业建设的技术途径。指出我国旱地农业建设应以降水的高效利用为中心 ,提高降水利用率、降水生产潜力开发利用率和水分利用效率 ,积极发展并完善集雨补灌技术

HEC和AAM添加剂对提高黄土集流效率的试验研究

基于西北地区黄土资源丰富、地形复杂、外源材料运输困难的实际状况 ,提出将 HEC(High Strength andWater Stability Earth Consolidator)和 AAM(Active Aluminate Mixture)材料添加剂与黄土混掺 ,以期提高其集流效率。通过室内人工降雨模拟试验 ,探讨了典型黄土与 HEC和 AAM材料添加剂分别混掺后集流效率和性能的变化过程。同时 ,对照其它几种集雨材料 ,对不同雨强、雨量及坡度下的起流历时、集流效率和材料性能进行了比较。结果表明 :黄土与 HEC和 AAM添加剂混掺后形成的黄土复合集流材料具有较强的抗拉、抗压能力 ,不同雨强和雨量等级范围均具有较高的集流效率 (>78% ) ,已达到混凝土的集流效果 ,其成本仅为混凝土的 1/ 3～ 1/ 2。

Chromosome inheritance in triploid Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas thunberg

Reproduction and chromosome inheritance in triploid Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) were studied in diploid female x triploid male (DT) and reciprocal (TD) crosses. Relative fecundity of triploid females was 13.4% of normal diploids. Cumulative survival from fertilized eggs to spat stage was 0.007% for DT crosses and 0.314% for TD crosses. Chromosome number analysis was conducted on surviving progeny from DT and TD crosses at 1 and 4 years of age. At Year 1, oysters from DT crosses consisted of 15% diploids (2n = 20) and 85% aneuploids. In contrast, oysters from TD crosses consisted of 57.2% diploids, 30.9% triploids (3n = 30) and only 11.9% aneuploids, suggesting that triploid females produced more euploid gametes and viable progeny than triploid males. Viable aneuploid chromosome numbers included 2n + 1, 2n + 2, 2n + 3, 3n - 2 and 3n - 1. There was little change over time in the overall frequency of diploids, triploids and aneuploids. Among aneuploids, oysters with 2n + 3 and 3n-2 chromosomes were observed at Year 1, but absent at Year 4. Triploid progeny were significantly larger than diploids by 79% in whole body weight and 98% in meat weight at 4 years of age. Aneuploids were significantly smaller than normal diploids. This study suggests that triploid Pacific oyster is not completely sterile and cannot offer complete containment of cultured populations.

西江流域环境河水地球化学研究

River is a major component of the global surface water and CO2 cycles. The chemistry of river waters reveals the nature of weathering on a basin-wide scale and helps us understand the exogenic cycles of elements in the continent-river-ocean system. In particular, geochemical investigation of large river gives important information on the biogeochemical cycles of the elements, chemical weathering rates, physical erosion rates and CO2 consumption during the weathering of the rocks within the drainage basin. Its importance has led to a number of detailed geochemical studies on some of the world's large and medium-size river systems. Flowing in the south of China, the Xijiang River is the second largest river in the China with respect to its discharge, after the Yangtze River. Its headwaters drain the YunGui Plateau, where altitude is approximately 2000 meters. Geologically, the carbonate rocks are widely spread in the river drainage basin, which covers an area of about 0.17xl06 km2, i.e., 39% of the whole drainage basin. This study focuses on the chemistry of the Xijiang river system and constitutes the first geochemical investigation into major and trace elements concentrations for both suspended and dissolved loads of this river and its main tributaries, and Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is also investigated, in order to determine both chemical weathering and mechanical erosion rates. As compared with the other large rivers of the world, the Xijiang River is characterized by higher major element concentration. The dissolved major cations average 1.17, 0.33, 0.15, and 0.04 mmol I"1 for Ca, Mg, Na, and K, respectively. The total cation concentrations (TZ+) in these rivers vary between 2.2 and 4.4 meq I'1. The high concentration of Ca and Mg, high (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio (7.9), enormous alkalinity and low dissolved SiO2/HCO3 ratio (0.05) in river waters reveal the importance of carbonate weathering and relatively weak silicate weathering over the river drainage basin. The major elements in river water, such as the alkalis and alkaline-earths, are of different origins: from rain water, silicate weathering, carbonate and evaporite weathering. A mixing model based on mass budget equation is used in this study, which allows the proportions of each element derived from the different source to be calculated. The carbonate weathering is the main source of these elements in the Xijiang drainage basin. The contribution of rainwater, especially for Na, reaches to approximately 50% in some tributaries. Dissolved elemental concentration of the river waters are corrected for rain inputs (mainly oceanic salts), the elemental concentrations derived from the different rock weathering are calculated. As a consequence, silicate, carbonate and total rock weathering rates, together with the consumption rates of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of each of these lithologies have been estimated. They provide specific chemical erosion rates varying between 5.1~17.8 t/km2/yr for silicate, 95.5~157.2 t/km2/yr for carbonate, and 100.6-169.1 t/km2/yr for total rock, respectively. CO2 consumptions by silicate and carbonate weathering approach 13><109and 270.5x10 mol/yr. Mechanical denudation rates deduced from the multi-year average of suspended load concentrations range from 92-874 t/km2/yr. The high denudation rates are mainly attributable to high relief and heavy rainfall, and acid rain is very frequent in the drainage basin, may exceed 50% and the pH value of rainwater may be <4.0, result from SO2 pollution in the atmosphere, results in the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates and hence accelerates the chemical erosion rate. The compositions of minerals and elements of suspended particulate matter are also investigated. The most soluble elements (e.g. Ca, Na, Sr, Mg) are strongly depleted in the suspended phase with respect to upper continent crust, which reflects the high intensity of rock weathering in the drainage basin. Some elements (e.g. Pb, Cu, Co, Cr) show positive anomalies, Pb/Th ratios in suspended matter approach 7 times (Liu Jiang) to 10 times (Nanpan Jiang) the crustal value. The enrichment of these elements in suspended matter reflects the intensity both of anthropogenic pollution and adsorption processes onto particles. The contents of the soluble fraction of rare earth elements (REE) in the river are low, and REE mainly reside in particulate phase. In dissolved phase, the PAAS-normalized distribution patterns show significant HREE enrichment with (La/Yb) SN=0.26~0.94 and Ce depletion with (Ce/Ce*) SN=0.31-0.98, and the most pronounced negative Ce anomalies occur in rivers of high pH. In the suspended phase, the rivers have LREE-enriched patterns relative to PAAS, with (La/Yb) SN=1 -00-1 .40. The results suggest that pH is a major factor controlling both the absolute abundances of REE in solution and the fractionation of REE of dissolved phase. Ce depletion in river waters with high pH values results probably from both preferential removal of Ce onto Fe-Mn oxide coating of particles and CeC^ sedimentation. This process is known to occur in the marine environment and may also occur in high pH rivers. Positive correlations are also observed between La/Yb ratio and DOC, HCO3", PO4", suggesting that colloids and (or) adsorption processes play an important role in the control of these elements.