Investigation of electrochemical charging behaviors of "naked" gold nanoparticles ensembles in aqueous media

Gold nanopartides were Immobilized onto the electrode surface by simple self-assembly technique. Interestingly, the ensembles of these nanopartides exhibit quantized charging behaviors in aqueous solution. Possible mechanism for such behaviors was proposed.

Studies of electrochemical quantized capacitance charging of surface ensembles of silver nanoparticles

CTAB-stabilized silver nanoparticles were synthesized by NaBH4 reduction. The as-prepared nanoparticles can be self-assembled on 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) modified gold electrode, which was supported strongly by XPS measurements. Exceptional long-term stability of the as-prepared colloidal silver aqueous solution and the desorption of silver nanoparticle ensemble on MPA after alcohol rinsing proved that these CTAB molecules adsorbed on silver core formed interdigitated bilayer structure. DPV and differential capacitance measurements were performed to characterize the as-prepared silver nanoparticle ensemble. and the interesting quantized capacitance charging behaviors were observed.

Electric characteristics of pseudo-spark during breakdown phase

An analysis of the time-dependent resistive voltage and power deposition during the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark is presented. The voltage and current were measured by specially designed low-inductance capacitive voltage divider and current measuring resistor. The measured waveforms of voltage and current are digitized and processed by a computer program to remove the inductive component, so as to obtain resistive voltage and power deposition. The influence of pressure, cathode geometry and charging voltage of storage capacitors on the electrical properties in the breakdown phase are investigated. The results suggest that the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark consists of three stages. The first stage is mainly hollow cathode discharge. In the second stage, field-enhanced thermionic emission takes place, resulting in a fast voltage drop and sharp rise of discharge current. The third stage of discharge depends simply on the parameters of the discharge circuit.

A new model for the floating potential of fine particles in plasma

In the plasma processing of ultrafine particles of material, the heat transfer and force are considerably affected by particle charging. In this communication a new model, including thermal electron emission and incorporating the effect of electric field near the particle surface, is developed for metallic spherical particles under the condition of a thin plasma sheath. Based on this model, the particle floating potential, and thus the heat transfer and force, can be detemined more accurately and more realistically than previously.

氢对锆基块体非晶合金形变和开裂的影响

通过充氢和未充氢缺口拉伸试样和三点弯曲试样在SEM下的原位加载,研究了氢对Zr65Al7.5Ni10Cu17．5块体非晶合金形变和开裂过程的影响．结果表明,无论是否有氢,块体非晶的剪切带发展到临界尺寸,剪切裂纹就沿剪切带形核、扩展,它一旦张开就导致快速的断裂．断口边缘观察到的无特征区是剪切带,而不是剪切裂纹断口;剪切断口形貌和拉伸断口形貌没有本质区别．只有当长时间充氢才能形成氢鼓泡,如鼓泡很小或尚未形成,则氢对剪切带以及裂纹的形核、扩展没有明显影响;如存在较大的氢鼓泡,则当剪切带尚未充分发展时微裂纹就形核,导致低应力脆断．

Room-temperature observation of electron resonant tunneling through InAs/AlAs quantum dots

Molecular beam epitaxy is employed to manufacture self-assembled InAs/AlAs quantum-dot resonant tunneling diodes. The resonant tunneling current is superimposed on the thermal current, and together they make up the total electron transport in devices. Steps in current-voltage characteristics and peaks in capacitance-voltage characteristics are explained as electron resonant tunneling via quantum dots at 77 or 300 K, and thus resonant tunneling is observed at room temperature in III-V quantum-dot materials. Hysteresis loops in the curves are attributed to hot electron injection/emission process of quantum dots, which indicates the concomitant charging/discharging effect. (c) 2006 The Electrochemical Society.

基于改进网络模型的大时滞网络拥塞控制算法

　随着对网络拥塞控制的深入研究,出现了许多有关网络流量的控制理论及网络模型.Misra等人于2000年基于流体流(fluidflow)理论提出的模型被研究人员广为采用.但模型在推导过程中的一些近似却使得模型对网络行为描述不精确.本文对此从理论和实验结果两方面进行了详细分析,并对原模型进行了改进.基于改进的模型,把一种PID(ProportionalIntegralDifferential)及类PID设计方法用于AQM(ActiveQueueManagement)控制器的设计.对比仿真结果表明,该算法具有更好的性能.

NS2网络仿真器功能扩展方法及实现

NS2作为开源软件缺少对最新研究算法的模拟能力 .在现有软件基础上对其进行功能扩展极其必要 ,是模拟研究新理论新算法的基础 .本文着重探讨网络仿真软件 NS2的功能扩展原理及设计实现 ,展示运用 NS2仿真器对网络行为进行研究的过程 .最后对该算法进行模拟实验 ,并与已有 RED和 PI算法进行性能对比分析 .

基于D稳定域和ITAE准则的主动队列管理算法

主动队列管理（active queue management，简称AQM）是网络拥塞控制的研究热点之一，其中的关键问题是如何设计反馈控制策略．提出一种新的基于D稳定域和时间乘以误差绝对值乘积积分（integral of time-weighted absolute error,简称ITAE）性能准则的比例-积分-微分（proportional-integral-differential，简称PID）优化设计方法（简称DITAE-PID），并用于AQM控制器的设计，控制闭环系统的理想动态性能．首先在复平面上设定一组理想的D稳定域，然后以ITAE为目标函数，通过数值优化算法求出控制器的参数，使得闭环系统的所有特征根都在D稳定域内，以降低排队延时，提高有效吞吐量．对比仿真实验结果表明孩算法能够预先探测和控制拥塞，有较好的鲁棒性，链路利用率更高，丢包率更小，平均队列长度更趋于期望值，同时，趋于期望队列长度的时间更短，其综合性能明显优于典型的随机早期探测（random early detection，简称RED）和比例-积分（proportional-integral，简称PI）算法．

一种开放源代码的网络仿真器的原理与实现

随着互联网的飞速发展,网络拥塞已经成为一个十分重要的问题,网络仿真是一种检测拥塞控制算法有效性的常用方法.该文给出了一种开放源代码的网络仿真器NS2(Network Simulator V2)的原理与实现.首先比较了四种不同仿真器的优缺点,然后详细描述了NS2的模块组成、工作环境、主代码结构以及扩展方法等,最后用RED(Random EarlyDetection)队列调度和移动IP数据传输两个典型实例说明了NS2的应用价值.

TUNNELING ESCAPE TIME OF ELECTRONS THROUGH DOUBLE-BARRIER RESONANT-TUNNELING STRUCTURES

Tunneling escape of electrons from quantum wells (QWs) has systematically been studied in an arbitrarily multilayered heterostructures, both theoretically and experimentally. A wave packet method is developed to calculate the bias dependence of tunneling escape time (TET) in a three-barrier, two-well structure. Moreover, by considering the time variation of the band-edge profile in the escape transient, arising from the decay of injected electrons in QWs, we demonstrate that the actual escape time of certain amount of charge from QWs, instead of single electron, could be much longer than that for a single electron, say, by two orders of magnitude at resonance. The broadening of resonance may also be expected from the same mechanism before invoking various inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening. To perform a close comparison between theory and experiment, we have developed a new method to measure TET by monitoring transient current response (TCR), stemming from tunneling escape of electrons out of QWs in a similar heterostructure. The time resolution achieved by this new method reaches to several tens ns, nearly three orders of magnitude faster than that by previous transient-capacitance spectroscopy (TCS). The measured TET shows an U-shaped, nonmonotonic dependence on bias, unambiguously indicating resonant tunneling escape of electrons from an emitter well through the DBRTS in the down-stream direction. The minimum value of TET obtained at resonance is accordance with charging effect and its time variation of injected electrons. A close comparison with the theory has been made to imply that the dynamic build-up of electrons in DBRTS might play an important role for a greatly suppressed tunneling escape rate in the vicinity of resonance.

Electrochemical hydrogen storage in (Ti1-xVx)(2)Ni (x=0.05-0.3) alloys comprising icosahedral quasicrystalline phase

For (Ti1-xVx)(2)Ni (x = 0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2 and 0.3) ribbons, synthesized by arc-melting and subsequent melt-spinning techniques, an icosahedral quasicrystalline phase was present, either in the amorphous matrix or together with the stable Ti2Ni-type phase. With increasing x values, the maximum discharge capacity of the alloy electrodes increased until reached 271.3 mAh/g when x = 0.3. The cycling capacity retention rates for these electrodes were approximately 80% after a preliminary test of 30 consecutive cycles of charging and discharging.