Sequence Characterization of the MC1R Gene in Yak (Poephagus grunniens) Breeds with Different Coat Colors

Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene plays a key role in determining coat color in several species, including the cattle. However, up to now there is no report regarding the MC1R gene and the potential association of its mutations with coat colors in yak (

Size Effects in Micro-bending Deformation of MEMS Devices Based on the Discrete Dislocation Theory

In the present research, the discrete dislocation theory is used to analyze the size effect phenomena for the MEMS devices undergoing micro-bending load. A consistent result with the experimental one in literature is obtained. In order to check the effectiveness to use the discrete dislocation theory in predicting the size effect, both the basic version theory and the updated one are adopted simultaneously. The normalized stress-strain relations of the material are obtained for different plate thickness or for different obstacle density. The prediction results are compared with experimental results.

Upwind compact method and direct numerical-simulation of driven flow in a square cavity

A high-order accurate finite-difference scheme, the upwind compact method, is proposed. The 2-D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved in primitive variables. The nonlinear convection terms in the governing equations are approximated by using upwind biased compact difference, and other spatial derivative terms are discretized by using the fourth-order compact difference. The upwind compact method is used to solve the driven flow in a square cavity. Solutions are obtained for Reynolds numbers as high as 10000. When Re less than or equal to 5000, the results agree well with those in literature. When Re = 7500 and Re = 10000, there is no convergence to a steady laminar solution, and the flow becomes unsteady and periodic.

THE ORIGIN AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF NATIVE BREEDS OF PIGS IN SOUTHWEST CHINA - AN APPROACH FROM MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA POLYMORPHISM

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of six breeds of native domestic pigs from Yunnan province, southwest China, and two wild boars obtained from Sichuan, China, and Vietnam was analyzed using 20 restriction endonucleases that recognize six nucleotides. Restriction maps were made by double-digestion methods and polymorphic sites were located on the map. According to their mtDNA restriction types, all the breeds were classified into six groups. Genetic distances among groups were calculated to define their phylogenetic relationships. The relationship between the Sichuan wild boar and domestic pigs is close, while the Vietnamese wild boar is relatively far from them, so the domestic pigs in southwest China are likely to have originated from a wild pig which distributed in west China. We compare our results with previous reports in literature and discuss the relationship among Chinese pigs, Japanese pigs, and European pigs. The mtDNA cleavage pattern of the Mingguang pig digested by EcoRV was identical to that of Duroc; mutations at the EcoRI site, detected in the mtDNA of two Dahe pigs, are the same as in the Vietnamese wild boar, suggesting that mutational hot spots exist in the mtDNA of pigs.

Assessment of Microscale Test Methods of Peeling and Splitting along Surface of Thin-Film/Substrates

Peel test methods are assessed through being applied to a peeling analysis of the ductile film/ceramic substrate system. Through computing the fracture work of the system using the either beam bend model (BB model) or the general plane analysis model (GPA model), surprisingly, a big difference between both model results is found. Although the BB model can capture the plastic dissipation phenomenon for the ductile film case as the GPA model can, it is much sensitive to the choice of the peeling criterion parameters, and it overestimates the plastic bending effect unable to capture crack tip constraint plasticity. In view of the difficulty of measuring interfacial toughness using peel test method when film is the ductile material, a new test method, split test, is recommended and analyzed using the GPA model. The prediction is applied to a wedge-loaded experiment for Al-alloy double-cantilever beam in literature.

A Novel Inverse Method For Determining The Refractive Indices Of Medium And Dispersed Particles Simultaneously By Turbidity Measurement

The refractive indices of particles and dispersion medium are important parameters in many colloidal experiments using optical techniques, such as turbidity and light scattering measurements. These data are in general wavelength-dependent and may not be available at some wavelengths fitting to the experimental requirement. in this Study we present a novel approach to inversely determine the refractive indices of particles and dispersion medium by examining the consistency of measured extinction cross sections of particles with their theoretical values using a series of trial values of the refractive indices. The colloidal suspension of polystyrene particles dispersed in water was used as an example to demonstrate how this approach works and the data obtained via such a method are compared with those reported in literature, showing a good agreement between both. Furthermore, the factors that affect the accuracy of measurements are discussed. We also present some data of the refractive indices of polystyrene over a range of wavelengths smaller than 400 nm that have been not reported in the available literature. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Pressure-Correction Method And Its Applications On An Unstructured Chimera Grid

In this paper, an unstructured Chimera mesh method is used to compute incompressible flow around a rotating body. To implement the pressure correction algorithm on unstructured overlapping sub-grids, a novel interpolation scheme for pressure correction is proposed. This indirect interpolation scheme can ensure a tight coupling of pressure between sub-domains. A moving-mesh finite volume approach is used to treat the rotating sub-domain and the governing equations are formulated in an inertial reference frame. Since the mesh that surrounds the rotating body undergoes only solid body rotation and the background mesh remains stationary, no mesh deformation is encountered in the computation. As a benefit from the utilization of an inertial frame, tensorial transformation for velocity is not needed. Three numerical simulations are successfully performed. They include flow over a fixed circular cylinder, flow over a rotating circular cylinder and flow over a rotating elliptic cylinder. These numerical examples demonstrate the capability of the current scheme in handling moving boundaries. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental and computational data in literature. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of the surface tension on non-propagating solitary waves

In this paper, the effect of the surface tension is considered carefully in the study of non-propagating solitary waves. The parameter plane of the surface tension and the fluid depth is divided into three regions; in two of them a breather soliton can be produced. In literature the parameters of breather solitons are all in one of the parameter regions. The new region reported here has been confirmed by our experiments. In the third region, the theoretical solution is a kink soliton, but a kind of the non-propagating solitary wave similar to the breather soliton was found in our experiments besides the kink soliton.

Computation of flow over a rotating body on unstructured Chimera mesh

Flow around moving boundary is ubiquitous in engineering applications. To increse the efficienly of the algorithm to handle moving boundaries is still a major challenge in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The Chimera grid method is one type of method to handle moving boundaries. A concept of domain de-composition has been proposed in this paper. In this method, sub-domains are meshed independently and governing equations are also solved separately on them. The Chimera grid method was originally used only on structured (curvilinear) meshes. However, in a problem which involves both moving boundary and complex geometry, the number of sub-domains required in a traditional (structured) Chimera method becomes fairly large. Thus the time required in the interior boundary locating, link-building and data exchanging also increases. The use of unstructured Chimera grid can reduce the time consumption significantly by the reduction of domain(block) number. Generally speaking, unstructured Chimera grid method has not been developed. In this paper, a well-known pressure correction scheme - SIMPLEC is modified and implemented on unstructured Chimera mesh. A new interpolation scheme regarding the pressure correction is proposed to prevent the possible decoupling of pressure. A moving-mesh finite volume approach is implemented in an inertial reference frame. This approach is then used to compute incompressible flow around a rotating circular and elliptic cylinder. These numerical examples demonstrate the capability of the proposed scheme in handling moving boundaries. The numerical results are in good agreement with other experimental and computational data in literature. The method proposed in this paper can be efficiently applied to more challenge cases such as free-falling objects or heavy particles in fluid.

Cloning of cDNAs encoding C-type lectins from Elapidae snakes Bungarus fasciatus and Bungarus multicinctus

A number of C-type lectins with various biological activities have been purified and characterized from Viperidae snake venoms. In contrast, only a few reports could be found in literature concerning the C-type lectins in Elapidae snake venoms. Based on t

Effect of beta-irradiation on photoluminescence of MOCVD grown GaN

The effect of beta particles interaction on the optical properties of MOCVD grown GaN is reported. A significant change in luminescence properties of GaN is observed after exposing the material with 0.6 MeV beta particles with low dose of 10(12) cm(-2). The results obtained from photoluminescence measurements of irradiated GaN samples in low dose are found contradictory to those reported in literature for samples irradiated with heavy dose (> 10(15) cm(-2)) of electron. An increase in intensity of yellow luminescence has been observed with increasing dose of beta particles which is in disagreement to the already reported results in literature for heavily irradiated samples. A model has been proposed to sort out this inconsistency. The increase in YL intensity at low dose is attributed to the increase in concentration of VGaON complex whereas production of non-radiative VGaON clusters is assumed to justify the decrease in YL intensity at high dose.

Research on color matching of LED backlight for large-color-gamut LCD application - art. no. 68410Y

Comparing with the conventional CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) backlight, three-basic-color LEDs backlight has some advantages such as good color reproduction, long life and lead free etc. Theoretically, the color gamut is determined by x, y coordinates of the three basic colors in CIE chromaticity diagram, and the x, y coordinates of each basic color can derived from the relative spectrum distribution (RSD) of the LED. In this paper, the red, green and blue LEDs' RSD models are established to calculate and analyze the color gamut of a backlight. By simulating those models, the relationships that the color gamut of a LED backlight varies with each color are analyzed, and the optimum combination of three colors is obtained within the given wavelengths ranges. Moreover, the combinations of three colors for the gamut of 115% NTSC and 110% NTSC are plotted in pictures, respectively.

Solving MIN UR problem by triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques

In this paper, as an extension of minimum unsatisfied linear relations problem (MIN ULR), the minimum unsatisfied relations (MIN UR) problem is investigated. A triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques is proposed for MIN UR problem. Different with algorithms in literature, it solves MIN problem directly, rather than transforming it into many sub-problems. The proposed algorithm is also applicable for the special case of MIN UR, in which it involves some mandatory relations. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective for MIN UR problem and it outperforms Sadegh's algorithm in sense of the resulted minimum inconsistency number, even though the test problems are linear.

沙蜥属部分物种分类性状评价

沙蜥属Phrynocephalus Kaup，1825隶属于爬行纲（Reptilia）有鳞目（Squamata）蜥蜴亚目（Lacertilia）鬣蜥科（Agamidae），是欧亚大陆荒漠和稀疏草原常见蜥蜴。沙蜥属的分类及系统演化关系、地理分布格局与新生代第三纪以来古地中海的变迁、青藏高原的抬升及亚洲内陆干旱荒漠化的过程有密切的关系，长期以来有关沙蜥属的研究一直受到中外学者们的关注。由于沙蜥属地理分布广、形态变异大、体色和斑纹变化复杂，虽然前人使用过许多形态性状来描述和分类沙蜥属物种，但是仍然存在许多问题。性状的分类学意义不明确是造成这些问题的主要原因之一，因此本研究针对沙蜥属常用的鉴别性状进行分类意义的分析，希望能对沙蜥属物种鉴定及分类学其它研究有所裨益。 中国沙蜥属物种主要分布于西北的干旱荒漠区域及青藏高原的大部分地区，大约为18种。 本文研究了中国境内12种沙蜥：青海沙蜥（Phrynocephalus vlangalii）、西藏沙蜥（P. theobaldi）、南疆沙蜥（P. forsythii）、变色沙蜥（P. versicolor）、旱地沙蜥（P. helioscopus）、荒漠沙蜥（P. przewalskii）、乌拉尔沙蜥（P. guttatus）、草原沙蜥（P. frontalis）、叶城沙蜥（P. axillaris）、白稍沙蜥（P. koslowi）、无斑沙蜥（P. immaculatus）和白条沙蜥（P. albolineatus），对它们的65项外部形态性状进行了观察和测量，其中数量性状29项、质量性状36项。评价了这些性状的序级性、间断性和代表性，结论如下： 1. 对于数量性状，得出了适合各级分类的数值区间； 2. 给出了在不同序级上适合分类的质量性状。 并利用各性状评价的结果，给出12种沙蜥的检索表，以及对中国沙蜥物种某些尚存在争议的问题进行了探讨。 详细记录了青海沙蜥红原亚种的骨骼系统，首次发现并命名了肘骨（elbow bone）和垫骨（stepping bone），为沙蜥属系统学研究补充了骨骼方面的证据；解剖了乌拉尔沙蜥、旱地沙蜥、荒漠沙蜥的雌体和雄体的骨骼系统，并在14项骨骼形态性状上对这3种沙蜥进行了比较。 Phrynocephalus （Squamata，Agamidae） is a familiar genus of lizards inhabited desert and sparse steppes in Eurasia. The taxonomics, phylogenetics and distribution pattern of Phrynocephalus are relative intensely to these events: the vicissitudes of the archaic Mediterranean sea since the Cainozoic, the uplift of Qingzang Plateau and the expending arid areas in the inland of Asia. Owing to the wide distribution, the large variability of the morphology and the different colors in Phrynocephalus, it is difficult to identify them. Tough many morphological characters are used to describe and discriminate them，a lot of questions still exist. One of the most important reasons is the confusion in the morphological characters. In this study, we demonstrate the validity and the invalidity of the familiar characters. There are about 18 species of the genus Phrynocephalus in China, which exist in arid desert in Northwest China and Qingzang Plateau. Twelve Chinese species was analyzed in this paper. They are P. vlangalii，P. theobaldi，P. forsythia，P. versicolor，P. helioscopus，P. przewalskii，P. guttatus，P. frontalis，P. axillaris，P. koslowi，P. immaculatus，P. albolineatus. We measure 29 quantitative characters and observe 36 qualitative characters in each individual. Through analyzing these characters, we made some conclusions as follows: 1. to every quantitative character, we get a clear numeric area to discriminate the different operational taxonomic units. 2. we chose the valid qualitative characters in these operational taxonomic units. This paper is the first to describe the “elbow bone”, which is a bone in pectoral appendage equivalent to patella，and “stepping bone”, which is a bone under carpal. A detailed description of the skeletal system of female Phrynocephalus vlangalii hongyuanensis was conducted. We also anatomise the skeletal systems of three species: P. guttatus，P. przewalskii，P. helioscopus, and compare or contrast 14 skeletal characters in them. What’s more，this paper offers some suggestions to the questions of Chinese Phrynocephalus species and keys to 12 species of Phrynocephalus basing on our conclusions on the evaluation of the morphological characters.

欧报春(Primula vulgaris)不同花色与色素关系及花色遗传初步分析

为了掌握欧报春各花色遗传规律服务于良种生产,通过对欧报春各色花进行色素吸收光谱和薄层层析分析,进行不同花色杂交研究,分析了欧报春各色花所含色素类型及各花色遗传规律。结果显示欧报春群体含多种花色素,单株也可含有多种花色素,形成多变的粉色、红色及蓝色花。黄色深浅主要由类胡萝卜素含量决定。白色对粉色及黄色为隐性遗传,黄色、粉色为显性遗传并有数量遗传特征,黄色与粉色独立遗传。蓝色为多基因控制的隐性遗传,并具有数量遗传特征。