47 resultados para Castellion, Sébastien, 1515-1563.

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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We present in this paper an iterative method using consistent mass matrix in axisymmetrical finite element analysis of hypervelocity impact. To retain the advantage of integration on an element-by-element basis which is at the heart of modern hydrocodes, we suggest that the first step should be to solve for accelerations at an advanced time step by using the lumped mass approach, then iterate using a consistent mass matrix to improve the estimate. Examples are given to show the improved resolution with the new method.

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In order to investigate the influence of the vertical vibration loading on the liquefaction of saturated sand, one dimensional model for the saturated sand with a vertical vibration is presented based on the two phase continuous media theory. The development of the liquefaction and the liquefaction region are analyzed. It is shown that the vertical vibration loading could induce liquefaction. The rate of the liquefaction increases with the increase of the initial limit strain or initial porosity or amplitude and frequency of loading, and increases with the decrease of the permeability or initial modulus. It is shown also that there is a phase lag in the sand column. When the sand permeability distribution is non-uniform, the pore pressure and the strain will rise sharply where the permeability is the smallest, and fracture might be induced. With the development of liquefaction, the strength of the soil foundation becomes smaller and smaller. In the limiting case, landslides or debris flows could occur.

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Gravity may influence the velocity and temperature distributions, bouyancy may induce Rayleigh instability and the instability may be excited due to the change of free surface shape associating with gravity in the thermocapillary convection. These effects have been studied in the present paper. The results show that gravity may have an important effect in thermocapillary oscillatory convection even for the cases of small Bond number experiments either on the ground or in space.

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植物络合素(phytochelatins,PCs)是含有γ-Glu-Cys重复结构的小分子多肽,其结构通式为:(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly(n=2-11)。植物络合素(PCs)由植物络合素合酶(PCS)催化谷胱甘肽(GSH)聚合而成,能够络合重金属离子而具有解毒功能,这是植物解毒重金属胁迫的重要机制之一。本文克隆了来源于重金属抗性植物绊根草(Cynodon dactylon cv Goldensun)的植物络合素合酶基因,通过基因工程手段使其在烟草中过量表达,得到了一些有望用于植物修复(phytoremediation)的工程植株。同时,在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子中利用RNAi技术抑制植物络合素合酶基因的表达,以降低重金属离子在人类最重要的粮食作物水稻的籽粒中的积累。 1. 通过RACE(Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends)方法从抗性植物绊根草中克隆了植物络合素合酶基因CdPCS1,其1515 bp的读码框编码一个含505个氨基酸的蛋白质,蛋白质序列分析表明它具有植物络合素合酶的结构特征,同时还具有磷酸化位点和亮氨酸拉链结构。 2. CdPCS1基因可以互补对铜和镉离子敏感的酵母突变株ABDE-1(cup1Δ)中缺失的金属硫蛋白基因CUP1的功能,也可以互补对砷离子敏感的酵母突变体FD236-6A(acr-3Δ)中的离子外排载体基因ARC3的缺失。 3. 将CdPCS1转入烟草,共获得过表达CdPCS1的烟草44个株系,其中融合GFP的株系16个。对T0代的转基因植株的PCs含量以及重金属抗性和吸收能力进行了分析,其中抗性实验表明,在300μmol/L 的Cd2+离子胁迫11天之后,野生型植株的叶片出现斑点状坏死,而两个转基因烟草株系S6和K49的植株没有出现受伤害症状。在100μmol/L的CdSO4处理一周后,转基因植株中的PCs含量比对照有不同程度的提高,最多提高了2.88倍。当用300μmol/L Cd2+处理9天再用600μmol/L Cd2+处理2天后,Cd的积累量比野生型植株增加了2倍多;用50μmol/L As3+处理7天再用100μmol/L As3+处理2天后,转基因植株对As的积累量最多增加了3倍多。说明转入绊根草PC合酶基因的烟草增加了植物络合素的合成,并由此增加了对镉离子的抗性以及对镉离子和砷离子的积累。 4. 对转基因烟草中的CdPCS1进行了亚细胞定位研究。在激光共聚焦显微镜和荧光显微镜下分别用转基因烟草叶片组织和叶肉细胞原生质体观察融合GFP的CdPCS1,结果表明融合蛋白定位于细胞核中。 5. .利用RNAi技术抑制水稻种子中植物络合素合酶基因的表达,共获得39个转基因株系。其中35个株系为种子特异性ZMM1启动子驱动OsPCS1基因的RNAi,其余4个株系由组成型的Ubiquitin启动子驱动。RT-PCR的分析结果表明:一个由ZMM1启动子驱动的RNAi转基因水稻株系的种子中,OsPCS1的mRNA水平比对照中的下降了一半。

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利用动态气室法(Li-Cor 8100),于2005-2007年生长季对我国北方温带典型草原生态系统的土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子进行了野外动态观测。研究结果表明,温带典型草原生态系统的土壤呼吸及其影响因子存在明显的季节变化和年际变化。土壤呼吸的季节变化主要受土壤温度和土壤水分控制,峰值出现在温度高、水分适中的6、7和8月。在生长季初期和末期,土壤温度和土壤水分较低,土壤呼吸接近于零。土壤呼吸年际变化受到降水分配的影响,植物生长旺季降水充足土壤呼吸较高,2007年的夏季干旱抑制了土壤呼吸。 土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈指数相关,与土壤水分呈二项式关系。与未去除植物的样方相比,去除植物后土壤温度降低,其中2005年达到显著水平(P < 0.01);土壤水分在三年中都显著提高(P < 0.001)。利用土壤呼吸与温度、水分建立的模拟方程表明,异养呼吸约占土壤呼吸的49.19%,根际呼吸占50.81%,两者对土壤呼吸的贡献大致相当,但呈现明显的季节变化,根际呼吸在植物生长旺季的贡献大于异养呼吸。同时,根际呼吸的比例受到降水分布的影响,在干旱时期,根际呼吸的比例远大于异养呼吸,说明在这个干旱半干旱的生态系统中植物更能忍受水分胁迫。 根据土壤呼吸与温度、水分三者的模拟方程分析表明,2005-2007三年的土壤呼吸和异养呼吸均值分别为1.65和1.07 µmol m-2 s-1,分别比实测值1.79和1.30 µmol m-2 s-1减少了8.6和18.04%;如果测定频次改为每周一次,土壤呼吸和异养呼吸则分别减少了10.51和13.76%。由此说明,降水对土壤呼吸产生的脉冲效应在一个完整的生长季中也存在,异养呼吸下降的比例更高,说明异养呼吸对降水脉冲效应的响应较大。因此,研究土壤呼吸时不能忽略降水的脉冲效应,同时应当考虑不同组分对脉冲效应的差异。 综合三年的研究数据表明,在不同水分条件下土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10) 不一致。在四个土壤水分(<5%,5-10%,10-15%和>15%)范围内,土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为1.58,1.80,2.10和2.06;在土壤水分为5-10%,10-15%和>15%的范围内,异养呼吸的Q10值分别为1.58,1.70和1.66。由此表明,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性在10-15%水分范围内最高。在不同水分条件下,异养呼吸的Q10值都低于包含了根际呼吸的土壤呼吸的Q10值,表明根际呼吸的Q10值高于异养呼吸,根际呼吸对土壤温度的变化更为敏感。从年际变化来看,2005年异养呼吸和土壤呼吸的Q10值并没有显著差异(均为2.05);异养呼吸的Q10值在2006和2007年显著低于土壤呼吸的Q10值(分别为2006年:2.09和1.81;2007年:1.44和1.36);受到夏季干旱的影响,2007年的土壤呼吸和异养呼吸的Q10值与2005和2006年相比显著降低。

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人类活动能显著地改变生态系统的属性和功能。这些变化不仅发生在容易观察的局部层面上,如土壤沙化、植被退化等;还能更深刻地影响到微生物控制的温室气体释放,进而影响大尺度上气候的变化。本论文根据2 年田间试验结果报告了人类干扰(草地退耕和施肥)和降水增加30%对中国北部农牧交错区(内蒙古多伦县)半干旱草地生态系统生产力和温室气体排放的影响。 本研究发现氮是影响该区草地和弃耕地生产力的最重要因子,即使低量的氮肥应用(5 g N y-1)也能使该区草地地上净初级生产力(ANPP)增加36-46%。然而氮对草地生产力影响主要集中在地上部分,对地下净初级生产力(BNPP) 影响比较微弱。单独使用磷肥对ANPP 和BNPP 均无显著影响,氮磷混施对ANPP 有显著正交互作用。增加的降水对草地和弃耕地ANPP 和BNPP 有弱的正效应,增加30%降水使草地对照ANPP 增加9-25%,BNPP 增加12%-17%,弃耕地对照ANPP 增加7%-37%,BNPP 增加36%-37% 。草地和弃耕地对照ANPP 并无显著差别,由于高于弃耕地1-3 倍的BNPP,总体上草地比弃耕地有更高的固碳能力。这个结果也说明草地能更有效地把植物地上部分固定的碳转移到地下,这与草地长期发育积累的丰富地下根系和高根冠比物种组成有关。 水肥处理及土地利用方式也深刻改变了温室气体排放。温带草地和弃耕地CO2 排放(系统呼吸:Re)存在显著季节变化,温度、水分和地上生物量是控制这些变化的主要因子。在气候温暖的6-9 月份,生物量和土壤水分是决定系统呼吸季节变化主要因子,而与温度无明显相关。随着氮肥使用,草地和弃耕地呼吸速率加大,其温度敏感系数Q10 也明显升高,这主要与氮肥使用后增加的地上生物量有关。由于水分促进作用和生物量的弱增长,增加的降水也加大了草地和弃耕地CO2 排放。低的地下生物量和有机碳氮并没有导致弃耕地低的CO2 排放,显示了农垦后土壤结构破坏导致的有机碳分解增加不会在农业弃耕后短期内(5-6 年)停止。 除了对生物量的不敏感性外,中国北部半干旱生态系统N2O 排放表现出与CO2 排放类似的变化规律:水分和温度是N2O 季节变化的主导因子;氮肥使用和降水增加都增加了N2O 排放;N2O 排放在草地对照和弃耕地对照之间没有显著差别。更少的根系对无机氮的竞争导致了弃耕地比草地有更高的N2O 释放因子(单位氮添加所引起N2O 释放)。低的土壤水分(<70% WFPS )和无机氮都是限制反硝化发生的重要条件,因此硝化可能是草地和弃耕地N2O 的最主要来源。半干旱草地生态系统N2O 排放与CO2 排放之间存在着显著线性关系。 中国北部半干旱草地和弃耕地都起着CH4 汇的生态功能。水分是控制CH4 吸收季节变异的主导变量,土壤空隙水含量(WFPS)与CH4 指数递减方程能解释其变异的64%-83% 。增加的降水导致了土壤水分增加,从而引起甲烷氧化菌所需基质(CH4 和O2)扩散受阻,减小了土壤CH4 吸收功能。施肥并没有抑制CH4 吸收,相反由于施肥后植物速生对土壤水的抽干作用,施肥增加了植物速生期时的CH4 吸收。CH4 吸收对农垦引起的土壤微生物生境结构破坏非常敏感,在农业措施停止5-6 年后的弃耕地,CH4 吸收仍比草地低24%。 本研究初步分析了影响中国北部农牧交错区草地生态系统生产力及温室气体排放的自然环境因子和人为因子,给出了它们之间的定性、定量关系,为科学地管理中国北部草地,充分发挥其生态和经济效益功能提供了有效信息。

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依据倒刺属内部骨骼和外部形态特征,结合其地理分布.首次探讨了该属鱼的物种分化与区域地理演变历史的关系。研究结果表明,倒刺属鱼类共有3个共同离征。其一级姐妹群的分布范围在中国东南沿海地区有较大的重叠。二级姐妹群的分化与云贵高原的抬升和相应的水系分流有密切的关系。三级和四级姐妹群的分化主要是由于生活环境的差异所致。

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A highly active cobra venom factor (CVF) was isolated from the venom of Naja kaouthia by sequential column chromatography. It displays strong anticomplementary activity, and has 1515 U of anti complementary activity per mg protein. A single dose of 0.1 mg/kg CVF given i.v. to rats completely abrogated complement activity for nearly 5 days. Given 0.02 mg/kg of CVF. the complement activity of rats was reduced by more than 96.5% in 6 It. In guinea pig-to-rat heart transplant model, rats treated with a single dose of 0.05 mg/kg CVF had significantly prolonged xenograft survival (56.12 +/- 6.27 h in CVF-treated rats vs. 0.19 +/- 0.07 h in control rats, P < 0.001). (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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In this study, by the use of partial least squares (PLS) method and 26 quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian, a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was developed for reductive dehalogenation rate constants of 13 halogenated aliphatic compounds in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions. The model can be used to explain the dehalogenation mechanism. Halogenated aliphatic compounds with great energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E-lumo), total energy (TE), electronic energy (EE), the smallest bond order of the carbon-halogen bonds (BO) and the most positive net atomic charges on an atom of the molecule (q(+)) values tend to be reductively dehalogenated slow, whereas halogenated aliphatic compounds with high values of molecular weight (Mw), average molecular polarizability (a) and core-core repulsion energy (CCR) values tend to be reductively dehalogenated fastest. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Resonant tunnelling diodes with different structures were grown. Their photoluminescence spectra were investigated. By contrast, the luminescence in the quantum well is separated from that of other epilayers. The result is obtained that the exciton of the luminescence in the quantum well is partly come from the cap layer in the experiment. So the photoluminescence spectrum is closely related to the electron transport in the resonant tunnelling diode structure. This offers a method by which the important performance of resonant tunnelling diode could be forecast by analysing the integrated photoluminescence intensities.

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Modes in square resonators are analyzed and classified according to the irreducible representations of the point group C-4v. If the mode numbers p and q that denote the number of wave nodes in the directions of two orthogonal square sides are unequal and have the same even-odd characteristics, the corresponding double modes are accidentally degenerate and can be combined into two new distributions with definite parities relative to the square diagonal mirror planes. The distributions with odd parities belong to the whispering-gallery-like modes in square resonators. The mode frequencies and quality factors are also calculated by the finite-difference time-domain technique and Pade approximation method. The numerically calculated mode frequencies agree with the theoretical ones very well and the whispering-gallery-like modes have quality factors much higher than other modes, including their accidentally degenerate counterparts in square resonators.