Long period grating for 3-5 mu m quantum-well infra-red photodetectors

By considering all possible high order diffracted waves, the authors calculate the coupling efficiency of long period gratings for 3-5 mu m quantum-well infra-red photodetectors (QWIPs) on the basis of the modal expansion model (MEM). A large coupling efficiency for 3-5 mu m QWIPs has been demonstrated. This greatly reduces the difficulties in fabricating 3-5 mu m grating coupled QWIPs and opens the way to fabricate high performance 3-5 mu m and two colour QWIPs image arrays.

科尔沁沙地退化草场土壤养分的空间结构分析

利用地统计学的方法对科尔沁沙地东南缘退化草场土壤养分的空间分析表明:该草场土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效钾都具有明显的空间结构特征,但结构异质性的程度和尺度表现各不相同,空间相关度依次为0.788,0.470,0.758和0.650,变程依次为7.8,18.4,5.9和6.5m,分数维依次为1.857,1.881,1.933和1.920。Moran'sI系数在近距离(1～2m)内均在0.4左右,随着距离增大,迅速减少,克立格制图进一步形象地直观描述该地退化草场土壤特性的空间结构特征。指出土壤全氮是该地区草地生态系统退化和恢复关注的重点。

栉孔扇贝大规模死亡病原学研究

用平板画线法从患病栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）体内分离到了一种原核生物（简称QDP）。QDP可以在改进的液体培养基MEM（含2.2%NaCl，5%小牛血清）和脑心浸液（含2.2% NaCl）中生长；菌落在显微镜下（150×）为无色、透明的小点状；革兰氏染色阴性；菌体为圆形或近似圆形。QDP在发育过程中有两种状态，一种为未成熟阶段，直径小于100nm；另一种为成熟阶段，直径变化很大，最小约60nm，最大可达4µm以上。较小的个体有拟核、核糖体和新月状的空泡，未见细胞壁；较大的个体有细胞壁，胞内大部分被空泡充满，未见拟核和核糖体。栉孔扇贝组织超簿切片电镜观查证实QDP的存在。QDP的密度随着生长发育时间的不同而有所变化，繁殖高峰期密度较大。 建立了密度梯度离心结合滤膜过滤分离技术，优化人工培养条件。最适生长温度为23℃，最适生长pH值为7.4，最适生长盐度相当于细胞培养液所需的盐浓度（0.85%NaCl）。 提取的QDP核酸能被RNase A 降解，且没有检测到DNA。以PCR、RT-PCR扩增其16SrRNA基因序列片段，PCR反应没有扩增出扩增子，而RT-PCR则扩增出了16S rRNA基因序列片段，经测定其序列全长度为1430bp，经与GENEBANK中的16S rRNA片段比较分析，与6种不同科的微生物的同源率最高的为95%-95.47%。 采用温度梯度和病原浓度梯度回归感染实验方法，较为系统地研究了QDP的致病性。研究结果表明：QDP对栉孔扇贝有强烈的致病作用，高温（23℃以上）是其致病的必要条件，证实DQP是栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的病原体之一。

哺乳动物种群系统时空变异性透视

综述了数学和统计学对哺乳动物种群系统生态学过程与环境随机过程交互作用的研究进展，以及种群波动同步性的Moran原理及效应。自然种群最普遍的现象是其数量在时间和空间上的变异性。在不同种群之间，种群大小的波动方式存在显著的差异。阐明和理解这种差异，探讨其随环境条件而改变的潜在规律，是种群和群落生态学的主要挑战之一。种群变异性存在空间分量，在相对大的距离内，种群的波动常同步发生。对种群内部密度制约过程与诸如环境变异性等外部因子交互作用的检验正在成为哺乳动物种群系统生态学领域关注的论题。

Effect of spatial variation on areal evapotranspiration simulation in Haibei, Tibet plateau, China

Quantification of areal evapotranspiration from remote sensing data requires the determination of surface energy balance components with support of field observations. Much attention should be given to spatial resolution sensitivity to the physics of surface heterogeneity. Using the Priestley-Taylor model, we generated evapotranspiration maps at several spatial resolutions for a heterogeneous area at Haibei, and validated the evapotranspiration maps with the flux tower data. The results suggested that the mean values for all evapotranspiration maps were quite similar but their standard deviations decreased with the coarsening of spatial resolution. When the resolution transcended about 480 m, the standard deviations drastically decreased, indicating a loss of spatial structure information of the original resolution evapotranspiration map. The absolute values of relative errors of the points for evapotranspiration maps showed a fluctuant trend as spatial resolution of input parameter data layers coarsening, and the absolute value of relative errors reached minimum when pixel size of map matched up to measuring scale of eddy covariance system. Finally, based on the analyses of the semi-variogram of the original resolution evapotranspiration map and the shapes of spatial autocorrelation indices of Moran and Geary for evapotranspiration maps at different resolutions, an appropriate resolution was suggested for the areal evapotranspiration simulation in this study area.