48 resultados para Carriera, Rosalba, 1675-1757.

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Extensive transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm that twinning does occur upon large plastic deformation in nanocrystalline Ni, for which no sign of deformation twinning was found in previous tensile tests. Compelling evidence has been obtained for several twinning mechanisms that operate in nanocrystalline grains, with the grain boundary emission of partial dislocations determined as the most proficient. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

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首先对气动塞式喷管内外流干扰的机理进行了分析,在此基础上对外流干扰对气动塞式喷管性能的影响进行了数值模拟研究。数值方法采用NND格式求解二维N-S方程,对于不同的背压和来流马赫数条件进行了大量的数值实验。通过计算揭示了不同外流条件下气动塞式喷管的流动特征以及外流干扰对喷管性能的影响规律。

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The middle reach of the Yangtze River, customarily called the Jingjiang River, together with its diversion channels and Dongting Lake, form a large complicated drainage system. In the last five decades, significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the drainage system, including the shrinkage of diversion channels, contraction of Dongting Lake, changes in the rating curve at the Luoshan station, and cutoffs of the lower Jingjiang River. These changes are believed to be the cause of the occurrence of abnormal floods in the Jingjiang River. Qualitative analyses suggest that the first three factors aggravate the flood situation in the lower Jingjiang River, while the last factor seems beneficial for flood prevention. To quantitatively evaluate these conclusions, a finite-volume numerical model was constructed. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to test the individual and combined effects of the aforementioned four factors, and these simulations showed that high flood stages in the Jingjiang River clearly are related to the geomorphological changes.

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During its 1990 operation, 2 large RF systems were available on JET. The Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) system was equipped with new beryllium screens and with feedback matching systems. Specific impurities generated by ICRH were reduced to negligible levels even in the most stringent H-mode conditions. A maximum power of 22 MW was coupled to L-mode plasmas. High quality H-modes (tau-E greater-than-or-equal-to 2.5 tau-EG) were achieved using dipole phasing. A new high confinement mode was discovered. It combines the properties of the H-mode regime to the low central diffusivities obtained by pellet injection. A value of n(d) tau-E T(i) = 7.8 x 10(20) m-3 s keV was obtained in this mode with T(e) approximately T(i) approximately 11 keV. In the L-mode regime, a regime, a record (140 kW) D-He-3 fusion power was generated with 10 - 14 MW of ICRH at the He-3 cyclotron frequency. Experiments were performed with the prototype launcher of the Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) systems with coupled power up to 1.6 MW with current drive efficiencies up to < n(e) > R I(CD)/P = 0.4 x 10(20) m-2 A/W. Fast electrons are driven by LHCD to tail temperatures of 100 keV with a hollow radial profile. Paradoxically, LHCD induces central heating particularly in combination with ICRH. Finally we present the first observations of the synergistic acceleration of fast electrons by Transit Time Magnetic Pumping (TTMP) (from ICRH) and Electron Landau Damping (ELD) (from LHCD). The synergism generates TTMP current drive even without phasing the ICRH antennae.

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The control role of the relative phase between the probe and driving fields on gain, dispersion and populations in an open V-type three-level system with spontaneously generated coherence is studied. The result shows that by adjusting the value of the relative phase, the transformation between lasing with inversion and lasing without inversion (LWI) can be realized and high dispersion (refractive index) without absorption can be obtained. The shape and value range of the dispersion curve are similar to those of the gain curve, and this similarity is closely related to the relative phase. The effects of the atomic exit and injection rates and the incoherent pump rate on the control role of the relative phase are also analysed. It is found easier to get LWI by adjusting the value of the relative phase using the open system rather than the closed system, and using an incoherent pump rather than without using the incoherent pump. Moreover the open system can give a larger LWI gain than the closed system.

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We experimentally study the ac Stark splitting in D2 line of cold Rb-87 atoms. The frequency span between the Autler-Townes doublets is obviously larger than that derived from theoretical calculation. Two physical effects, which increase the effective Rabi frequency, contribute to the splitting broadening. First, atoms tend to distribute in strong lield places of a inhomogeneous red-detuned light field. Second, atoms reabsorb scattered light when they are huge in number and high in density.

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We investigate mechanisms of laser induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of multi-layer dielectric gratings (AIDG,). It is found that the laser damage thresholds of MDGs and unstructured dielectric multi-layer coatings (the substrate of MDG) are 3.15J/cm(2) and 9.32 J/cm(2), respectively, at 1064nm (12ns) with the Littrow angle 51.2 degrees and the TEM00 mode. The laser-induced damage mechanism of multi-layer dielectric is presented with the analysis of the following factors: The dominant factor is the pollution on the corrugated surface, which is induced by the complex manufacture process of multi-layer dielectric gratings; another is the electric field distribution along the corrugated surface. The third reason is due to the reduction in stoichiometry of oxide films, resulting from the manufacture process of etching.

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禾本科Poaceae小麦族Triticeae Dumort.的多年生物种是该族的重要组成部分,约占该族植物总数的三分之二以上,广泛地分布于全世界各地,主要集中于北半球温带地区。由于小麦族多年生植物的种类繁多,生态环境多样、种间和种内的形态变异极大,而大多数多年生物种又具有多倍体起源,加之属间及种间的天然杂交也十分频繁,以致于造成了其系统学研究的巨大困难。通过近三十年来对小麦族植物的大量属间和种间杂交以及对其杂种的减数分裂染色体配对行为分析,对该族各个属的染色体组构成及其在进化上的关系和意义已经有了较为深入的认识。小麦族中的多倍体属是由来源不同的二倍体祖先属经过天然杂交和染色体自然加倍而形成,因而研究和分析各个二倍体属之间及与多倍体属间的染色体组亲缘关系,为揭示小麦族各属、种之间的系统与进化关系提供了非常有价值的资料。本研究通过对一些小麦族多年生植物的形态学、地理分布、属间和种间杂交以及染色体组之间的亲缘关系的一系列研究,对不同属以及同一属内不同组的物种之间的进化关系进行了深入的分析,并对其系统学进行了讨论。同时对于一些异常的细胞遗传学现象,如染色体在属间杂种的缺失、重复以及染色体配对的遗传控制也作了初步的分析。通过上述研究,本研究对于小麦族多年生的一些属、特别是披碱草属Elymus厶、拟鹅观草属Pseudorocgneria Love和大麦披碱草属Hordelymus (Jessen) Harz,的染色体组构成以及与各物种的形态学关系,物种之间的进化关系均有了更为深刻的认识。

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  毛冠菊属是菊科21个“有问题”属中的一个,主要分布于青藏高原地区。按照林镕、陈艺林的概念,它包含了Nannoglottis、.Stereosanthus、Vierhapperia、Senecio和Doronicum5个属的成员。它曾先后被放入旋覆花族、千里光族和紫菀族,在上述三族中的亚族位置也不确定。它的许多重要性状,如舌片颜色、染色体数目等等,人们所知甚少。由于缺乏野外工作以及看不到大多数名字的模式,林镕、陈艺林对该属的修订有待深入的研究。本文研究了该属的外部形态学、微形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、细胞学、生态学以及ITS序列,确定了毛冠菊属的分类位置,并建立了一个新的属下分类系统。 1.外部形态 在检查大量标本(包括大多数模式)和野外居群考察的基础上,分析了主要外部形态学性状的变异式样及其对划定物种范围的价值。共确认以下9个种:青海毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、虎克毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊、毛冠菊、玉龙毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊。川西毛冠菊被处理成狭舌毛冠菊的异名。 2.微形态学 在光镜下检查了毛冠菊属9种和紫菀族2个代表属的花柱的形状、花药顶端不育附属物、花药基部、花药基部、花盘、花丝领、药室内壁细胞等微形态性状。除了花柱基外,其他的微形态学在属内一致。管状花的花柱形态支持将毛冠菊属放在紫菀族,但其药室内壁细胞两极加厚式样表明它和广义的旋覆花有某些联系。 3.叶表皮研究 在光镜和电镜下检查了毛冠菊属8个种的叶表皮特征。.所有种的气孔器都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮细胞的为多边形,而其他种都为不规则型。青海毛冠菊表皮角质层的加厚方式也与其他种明显不同。 4.扫描电镜下的舌片和花柱分枝特征 在扫描电镜下观察毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族7个代表种的舌片近轴面表皮细胞。发现毛冠菊属的舌片近轴面表皮细胞都为板状,并且沿细胞中央特征性加厚,这与紫菀族类型的表皮细胞一致,但毛冠菊属表皮细胞的角质层主要是纵向条纹或皱纹,而紫菀族总是横向的条纹或皱纹,明显不同。 在扫描电镜下又检查了毛冠菊属8种和紫菀族8个代表种的管状花花柱分枝近轴面的结构,结果在毛冠菊属管状花花柱分枝的近轴面都发现了柱头毛状的突起,而在紫菀族8种中没有发现。从突起的形状和位置判断,它可能是残存的、未充分发育的柱头毛。这表明雌性不育管状花可能刚刚从两性管状花演化而来。 也在扫描电镜下观察了毛冠菊属6种和紫菀族8个代表种的舌状花和丝状花的花柱分枝的远轴面,结果在毛冠菊属4种中发现了类似扫集毛状的突起。从这种突起的位置和形状判断,它可能是残余的扫集毛。这种突起在除雏菊以外的其他紫菀族代表种中缺失。 5.细胞学 检查了毛冠菊属8种的细胞学性状。结果发现毛冠菊属所有种的染色体基数都为x -9。染色体长度大约4um-lOum。核型公式:毛冠菊、厚毛毛冠菊、狭舌毛冠菊、宽苞毛冠菊和云南毛冠菊都为2n=14m+2sm+2st;玉龙毛冠菊、大果毛冠菊和青海毛冠菊都为2n=12m+4sm+2st。A1、A2值在属内没有明显差异。所有种的核型都是2A型。这表明在物种形成的过程中没有多倍化参与,毛冠菊属宜放在紫菀族而不是千里光族。细胞学证据支持毛冠菊属为一单系类群。 6.分子生物学 测定了毛冠菊属7种的ITS序列,并从基因库里下载了46个ITS序列,涵盖紫菀族14个亚属和旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族。以旋覆花族、春黄菊族、金盏菊族为外类群。简约性分析显示,毛冠菊属在紫菀族中,并有较高的bootstrap值,在紫菀族中处于基部位置。Olearia和Chiliotrichum两个Hinterhuberinae亚族的代表属与毛冠菊属密切相关。在属下系统发育分析中,Olearia和Chiliotrichum被选做外类群。652个性状中,共有7】个信息位点(31个在ITSI,33个在ITS2,7个在5.8S)。简约性分析时只获得一棵最简约树。树上有两个明显的进化支,一支仅有青海毛冠菊一种,另一支包含其他种类。这种分支方式也得到形态学和生态学证据的支持。 7.毛冠菊属的系统学 从上述结果可以看出,毛冠菊属宜放入紫菀族中,在紫菀族中处于基部位置,与Hinterhuberinae亚族关系密切。综合上述研究结果,提出一个新的属下 分类系统: 毛冠菊属的新系统 组I单头组Sect. Monocephala T.G.Gao et YL.Chen Sect nov. 青海毛冠菊Nannoglottis ravida (C.Winkl.)Y.L.Chen 组II毛冠菊组Sect. Nannoglottis 系1.长舌系Ser. Delavayanae Ling et YL.Chen 厚毛毛冠菊Nannoglottis delavayi(Franch.)Ling et Y.L.Chen 狭舌毛冠菊Nannoglottis gynura(C.Winkl.) Ling et YL.Chen 虎克毛冠菊Nannoglottis hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.)Kitam. 宽苞毛冠菊Nannoglottis latisquama Ling et Y.L.Chen 大果毛冠菊Nannoglottis macrocarpa Ling et YL.Chen 系2.短舌系Ser. Nannoglottis 毛冠菊Nannoglottis carpesioides Maxim. 玉龙毛冠菊Nannoglottis hieraciphylla (Hand.-Mzt.)Ling et YL.Chen 云南毛冠菊Nannoglottis yuennanensis (Hand.-Mzt.) Hand.-Mzt.

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构树(Broussonetia papyrifera L.)为桑科(Moraceae)构树属(Broussonetia)落叶乔木,广泛分布于亚洲东部及太平洋岛屿。它是我国重要的经济林木,具有重要的经济价值,其树皮纤维品质优良,自古就是造纸的优良原料;叶片可用作饲料;果实具有重要的药用价值;环境适应性强,是迅速绿化荒山、荒滩和盐碱地的理想树种。因此对构树这些特性的深入研究和开发利用具有非常重要的实际应用价值。本研究以日本和国内构树主要分布区域的的10种生态型及杂交构树共23份材料,摸索并改进了构树DNA的提取方法,建立了稳定的SRAP分子标记体系,以杂交构树组培苗为材料从120对引物组合中筛选出条带信息较高的17对SRAP引物,以这些引物对23份构树材料进行PCR扩增和标记分析。 本研究取得的主要结果如下: (1)本实验首次将SRAP技术应用于构树的研究中,建立起构树稳定的SRAP-PCR反应体系;实验中对影响扩增的5个主要因素进行了优化,确定20 μL PCR反应体系中各因素最适浓度:模板DNA浓度80 ng/(20 μL),Mg2+浓度2.0 mM,dNTP浓度0.6 mM,引物浓度0.8 mM,Taq 酶浓度1.5 U/(20 μL)。 (2)从120对引物组合中筛选出来的17对SRAP引物对21份不同生态型构树样本(21份材料指的是除两份杂交构树材料外的其它生态型构树,以下同)进行PCR扩增,共扩增出439条带,平均每对引物25.5条,其大小介于100~1,000 bp之间,其中多态性条带319条,占总数的72.67%。 (3)用Popgene1.32软件进行分析,计算出Shannon信息指数(I)值为0.2275(0.2042),物种水平的Nei基因多样性(H)值为0.1336(0.1436),表明各生态型构树之间的平均遗传多态性不高,中国大陆各生态型构树Shannon信息指数(I)值仅为0.1675(0.2271),物种水平的Nei基因多样性(H)值为0.1039(0.1540),群体遗传多样性较低,构树的遗传分化主要存在于中国和日本之间。 (4)用NTSYS-2.10e软件进行聚类分析,发现不同生态型构树按距离关系远近及分布区域可划分为不同类群。在遗传相似系数0.57附近,对21份材料进行聚类分析发现其可分为两个群体,一类为日本生态型,另一类为中国生态型,表明日本构树与中国野生种构树种源遗传相似性较小。中国各生态型构树在遗传相似系数0.91处可分为5类,总体而言,中国各地区之间的构树遗传相似度较高。对杂交构树分析表明,其亲缘关系与日本构树(母本)更接近。 (5)日本及杂交构树的SCAR标记。本研究找到两条日本及杂交构树的特异性条带,回收、测序,再根据序列往里重新设计引物,转变成稳定性更好,更直观的SCAR标记,这为挑选性状优良的日本及杂交构树提供重要的参考,对其育种有一定的指导意义。其中一条片段经与NCBI数据库比对发现与拟南芥磺基转移酶家族基因具有较高的同源性。

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本发明涉及一种血管收缩因子及其制备方法和在制药中的应用,属于生物医学领域。该血管收缩因子是从中国两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾皮肤中分离得到的分子量为65KDa由3条肽链组成的蛋白质,包括2条相同的轻链和1条重链,轻链的分子量为16KDa,重链的分子量为33KDa,等电点6.2,糖含量17-19%。血管收缩因子轻链的N-端20个氨基酸序列结构是:Phe Ser Asp Leu Gln IleGly Ser Leu Lys Cys Ala Val Ala Ala Tyr Asp Gln Gly Ala;重链的N-端封闭。其制备方法是收集大蹼铃蟾皮肤匀浆液或者皮肤分泌物,离心去除沉淀、收集上清液冷冻干燥,经离子交换,凝胶过滤纯化即可得到。该血管收缩因子具有强烈收缩血管,诱导血小板聚集的活性,可作为制备心血管疾病治疗药物和诊断试剂的应用。