Strong temperature dependence and no moss photosynthesis in winter CO2 flux for a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

We examined the CO2 exchange of a Kobresia meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau using a chamber system. CO2 efflux from the ecosystem was strongly dependence on soil surface temperature. The COZ efflux-temperature relationship was identical under both light and dark conditions, indicating that no photosynthesis could be detected under light conditions during the measurement period. The temperature sensitivity (Q(10)) of the COZ efflux showed a marked transition around -1.0 degrees C; Q(10) was 2.14 at soil surface temperatures above and equal to -1.0 degrees C but was 15.3 at temperatures below -1.0 degrees C. Our findings suggest that soil surface temperature was the major factor controlling winter COZ flux for the alpine meadow ecosystem and that freeze-thaw cycles at the soil surface layer play an important role in the temperature dependence of winter CO2 flux. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

中国冬小麦品种对臭氧、二氧化碳和干旱的响应

臭氧属于二次污染物，它是由机动车、工厂等人为源以及天然源排放的氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)等一次污染物在大气中经过光化学反应形成的。O3 是光化学烟雾的主要成分，可对植物生长产生抑制。近几十年来，全球O3 污染的格局正在发生着巨大改变。由于北美及西欧等经济发达地区采取了有效控制臭氧形成前体物的措施，其空气中的O3 浓度在减少，而亚洲等经济发展中地区的O3 形成前体物的排放却在急剧攀升，导致大气中O3 浓度显著增加。中国经济的快速发展以及汽车保有量的迅猛增加导致O3 前体物的大量排放，许多经济较发达的地区空气中的O3 浓度超过了75ppb。由于O3 污染将导致农作物产量显著降低，因此，亚洲尤其是中国O3 污染对本地区农业生产的影响引起了国内外科学家的广泛关注。然而，在中国开展的关于O3 对植物生长及生产影响的研究相对较少，但已有的几篇研究报道确实指出目前中国部分地区的O3 浓度可导致冬小麦产量大幅下降，并预测到2020 年由O3 污染将引起小麦产量进一步降低。 植物对臭氧的反应或敏感性取决于诸如叶片导度、叶片结构及生化解毒等很多方面。首先，由于高叶片导度将吸收较多的臭氧量，因此，叶片导度通常被认为是决定抗性最为重要的因子。处于湿润条件下的植物，通常具有较高叶片导度，受到臭氧危害的程度一般也较大。其次，植物抗氧化胁迫能力的大小也决定着其对臭氧的敏感性。同一植株的老叶首先表现出伤害症状，这是由于老叶的抗氧化能力差于新叶，体现在抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量及抗坏血酸氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性低于新叶。另外，叶片对臭氧的敏感程度与其叶片结构关系密切，拥有较大的细胞间隙对抗污染特性至关重要，由于叶片上表面的栅栏组织较海绵组织致密，因此通常较早表现出伤害症状。 影响植物对臭氧反应的环境因子很多，诸如光照、水气压亏、温度等。由于臭氧主要通过气孔进入植物体内，因此目前的研究主要集中在能显著调节气孔导度的环境因子，如土壤水分状况和在未来可能会与大气中臭氧浓度同步增加的CO2 浓度。CO2 浓度升高可降低植物的气孔导度，因此，CO2 浓度升高可减少叶片对O3 的吸收量。同时，大气CO2 浓度升高可提高净同化速率，可导致气孔的部分关闭而减少蒸腾，从而显著提高植株的水分利用效率，最终促进作物生长并提高产量。然而，二者对作物产量的交互影响尚不明确。水分胁迫被认为是影响O3 对植株伤害的一个重要环境因子。与正常供水相比，水分胁迫常常伴随着气孔导度的降低，导致进入到植株体内的O3 量相对较少而减轻植株受到的伤害程度。然而水分供应不足本身将导致小麦生长降低及产量下降。因此，水分亏缺可能会保护植株免受O3 伤害，同时也可能会加剧对植株的胁迫。 高浓度臭氧环境下，植物表现出较低的气孔导度。但研究表明，对臭氧敏感性不同的植物其气孔导度对臭氧的反应程度不同。臭氧对气孔的作用将影响植物生产力，同时也将影响植物对其它环境胁迫如干旱等的反应。短时间臭氧熏蒸小麦导致叶片细胞膜系统受损、光合产物输出受阻;而长期受臭氧污染后，小麦叶片的光合速率、光化学效率、叶绿素含量和蔗糖含量均显著降低，并与臭氧剂量的大小和峰值出现的早晚有关。O3 浓度升高将抑制光合作用，减少气孔导度，加强呼吸作用，改变C 同化物分配，加快叶片的衰老。众多研究表明，O3 导致的光合能力下降主要是由Rubisco 最大羧化效率降低导致;而O3 对光合器官捕获光的能力及光合电子传递速率的影响是光合作用下降的另一个原因。 尽管已有不少关于不同物种间对O3 敏感性的种间差异研究，然而育种方法或育种地点对中国不同冬小麦品种的O3 敏感性的影响尚不清楚。因此，我们假设育种年代、育种方法及地点将交互影响冬小麦品种对O3 的生长及生理响应。为进一步明确基因对冬小麦O3 敏感性的控制，研究了普通六倍体冬小麦的近缘体对O3 敏感性的差异。CO2 浓度升高及干旱胁迫对小麦臭氧敏感性的影响也进行了研究。论文主要从生理生化、生长及产量水平上来阐释O3 浓度升高、CO3加倍、干旱对冬小麦生长及生产影响的机理。 本研究主要是在温室中的上部开口的生长箱（open-top chamber, OTC）中进行。先后开展了四个盆栽实验研究，主要目的是确定中国不同基因型冬小麦种或品种对臭氧的敏感性及其反应机理;确定CO2 浓度升高及干旱在减轻O3 伤害方面的作用及其机理。实验材料为中国不同年代选育出的小麦品种，即1745年至2004 年间选育出的20 个品种和7 个小麦材料。主要评价指标包括相对生长速率、异速生长系数、叶绿素荧光、抗氧化活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、膜酯过氧化、气体交换、光合能力、叶绿素含量、暗呼吸、生物量及籽粒产量。实验研究得到的主要结果如下： 1) O3 升高显著降低整株及地上和地下部分的相对生长速率，显著降低异速生长系数、可变荧光、最大光化学效率、量子产额、光化学淬灭系数以及电子传递速率，但提高了非光化学淬灭系数。冬小麦不同品种对O3 的敏感性随育种年代的增加而增大，并与对照植株相对生长速率呈正相关。尽管近年来环境中的O3 浓度比过去显著增加，但新近育出的品种对臭氧的抗性却没有表现出协同进化效应。通过杂交选育的品种对臭氧的敏感性大于通过引进的和重选的品种。从生长和光合生理上来看，不同小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与育种地点没有相关性，表明冬小麦品种对臭氧的适应能力与其生长环境下的臭氧浓度无关。因此，对臭氧相对敏感的冬小麦品种主要是由培育中较高相对生长速率或较高光合能力的杂交育种方式决定的，而与选育地点环境中的臭氧浓度无关。 2) 臭氧显著降低叶片中抗坏血酸（AsA）和可溶性蛋白的含量，但提高了过氧化物酶（POD）的活性和膜酯过氧化物（MDA）的含量。臭氧浓度升高抑制饱和光强下的净光合速率（Asat），降低气孔导度（gs）和总叶绿素含量，而显著提高暗呼吸速率（Rd）和胞间CO2 浓度（Ci）。臭氧导致总生物量降低，但地下部生物量受到的影响大于地上部。不同基因型小麦对臭氧的潜在敏感性与实际观察到的抗臭氧能力存在很大差异。冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性与臭氧环境下植株气孔导度和暗呼吸速率相关。臭氧导致Ci 浓度升高以及膜酯过氧化，由此得出臭氧导致的净光合速率主要是由于臭氧降低了叶肉细胞活性及细胞膜的完整性。新品种对臭氧相对敏感，主要是由于其具有较高的气孔导度抗氧化能力下降幅度较大以及较低的暗呼吸速率，从而对蛋白和细胞膜完整性造成较高的氧化伤害。 3) 臭氧对冬小麦光合和生长的影响存在着显著的种间差异。原初栽培种表现出最大的抗性，当代品种次之，而野生种对臭氧最为敏感。在普通冬小麦不同基因组供体中，钩刺山羊草（Aegilops tauschii，DD）对臭氧最敏感，其次为栽培一粒小麦（T. monococcum，AA），而圆锥小麦（Triticum turgidum ssp.Durum，AABB）对臭氧的抗性最大。因此，当代冬小麦品种对臭氧的敏感性可能是与其D 染色体供体-钩刺山羊草对臭氧敏感有关，而与其A、B 染色体供体-圆锥小麦的关系相对较小。 4) CO2 浓度升高提高了老品种和新品种的Asat，最大羧化速率（Vcmax），最大电子传递速率（Jmax）、光和CO2 饱和光合速率（Amax）。与之相反，臭氧显著降低了这些生理参数。虽然两品种对CO2 的响应没有显著性差异，但CO2浓度升高均有效保护了臭氧对它们的伤害。这种效应与CO2 浓度升高引起的气孔导度降低无关，而与代谢活性的提高有关。 5) 水分胁迫和臭氧分别都显著降低了 Asat 和gs。干旱显著降低Vcmax 和羧化效率（CE），而对Jmax 和暗呼吸（R）的影响不显著。臭氧显著降低冬小麦不同基因型的Vcmax，Jmax，R 和CE。二者均降低了生物量的积累及最终籽粒产量。与六倍体小麦相比，四倍体小麦对干旱相对敏感，但对臭氧却表现出较高抗性。干旱降低了气孔导度从而显著减少了植株对臭氧的吸收量，但两基因型的反应截然不同。干旱使臭氧对六倍体小麦产量和收获指数的伤害分别减少了约16%和50%，而干旱对该四倍体小麦的保护效应不大。

Responses of dark respiration in the light to desiccation and temperature in the intertidal macroalga, Ulva lactuca (Chorophyta) during emersion

Dark respiration (nonphotorespiratory mitochondrial CO2 release) in the light (R-L) of the intertidal macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chorophyta) during emersion was investigated with respect to its response to variations in temperature and desiccation. R-L was estimated by CO2 gas-exchange analysis using the Kok effect method, whereas dark respiration in darkness (R-D) was determined from CO2 release at zero light. Rates of R, were significantly and consistently lower than those of R-D in emersed U. lactuca across all the temperature and desiccation levels measured. This demonstrated that dark respiration was partially depressed in the light, with the percentage inhibition ranging from 32 to 62%. Desiccation exerted a negative effect on R-L and R-D at a high temperature, 33 degrees C, whereas it had much less effect on respiration at low and moderate temperatures, 23 and 28 degrees C. In general, R-L and R-D increased with increasing temperature in U. lactuca during all stages of emersion but responded less positively to temperature change with increasing desiccation. Additionally, the Q(10) value (i.e. the proportional increase of respiration for each 10 degrees C rise in temperature) for R-L calculated over the temperature range of 23 to 33 degrees C was significantly higher than that for R-D in U. lactuca during the initial stages of emersion. Respiratory carbon loss as a percentage of gross photosynthetic carbon gain increased with increasing temperature and/or desiccation but was significantly reduced when estimated using R-L rather than R-D. It is suggested that measurements of R-L and how it changes in a variable environment are as important as estimates of R-D and photosynthesis in determining simultaneous balance between photosynthetic carbon uptake and respiratory carbon loss and in modeling the net daily carbon gain for an intertidal macroalga.

A simple and accurate method for determining accurately dissolved inorganic carbon in seawaters

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) account for more than 95% of total carbon in seawater, so it is necessary to make reliable and precise measurements of DIC to study marine carbon cycling. In order to establish a simple and speed method, an airproof device of gas extraction-absorption was designed. Finally a simple method was developed for the determination of DIC in seawater through a large mount of experiments. The determination procedure is as follows: 100 similar to 150 mL seawater was put into conical flask, then add 10% H3PO4, the DIC in seawater sample was dissolved to form CO2 gas and carried by pure N-2, then the CO2 gas was absorbed by two grades 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution. Finally the absorbed solution was titrated by HCl standard solution of 0.01000 mol/L with the end points detected with the indicator phenolphthalein and bromocresol green-methyl red mixture. The precision and accuracy of the method were satisfied. This method was used to analyse seawater samples from Jiaozhou bay in June, 2003. The result shows that the average DIC in surface seawater is 2066 mumol/L, DIC in bottom seawater is 2075 mumol/L inside bay, but the average DIC in surface seawater is 1949 mumol/L, DIC in bottom seawater is 2147 mumol/L outside bay.

Gas exchange by bubbles in waves

A simple and feasible model feet the calculation of the gas transfer by bubble clouds is proposed in this article. N-2, O-2, and CO2 transferred by bubble clouds are obtained. At wind speed of 10 m/s, the calculated supersaturation of dissolved oxygen is 1.93-3.89% in agreement with the measurement.

Gain saturation in gas flow and chemical lasers

A theoretical model for gain saturation in gas flow and chemical lasers is presented. The theory is applicable to all possible numerical values of τ/τc, where τ is the characteristie flow time for the flowing gas to move across the laser action region and τc is the characteristic collision relaxation time. The saturation effects of the convection and the "source flow" of the inverted population are revealed. A general relation of gain coefficient and some new gain saturation laws are obtained. For the special case of τ/τc1, the present theoretical results agree with the experimental results on the "anomalous" saturation phenomena in the supersonic diffusion HF chemical laser determined recently by Gross and Coffer[8]. The theory also agrees with the measured results of saturation intensity varying with τ/τc in gas flow CO2 lasers[7]. For the special case of τ/τc1, the present theory is consistent with both the standard theory[1] for gas lasers where the gas has no macroscopic motion and the known gain saturation theory[2-5] for gas flow and chemical lasers.

Preparation, characterization and gas sensing properties of high soluble metal (II) phthalocyanine thin films by spin-coating method

Three novel metal (II) phthalocyanine complexes were synthesized by cyclic tetramerisation reaction of a dicyano benzene component and different metal ions (Pd2+, Co2+, Zn2+). The structure of complexes was confirmed by elemental analysis, mass and IR spectrum. The excellent solubility of the complexes in benzene enabled us to obtain films by a spin-coating method. The films were characterized by IR, electronic spectral and AFM. The gas sensing properties to NO2 of the metal (II) phthalocyanine complex films were studied. In addition, the effects of different metal ions and the gas sensing temperature on the sensing properties were studied. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carbon source/sink function of a subtropical, eutrophic lake determined from an overall mass balance and a gas exchange and carbon burial balance

Although studies on carbon burial in lake sediments have shown that lakes are disproportionately important carbon sinks, many studies on gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface have demonstrated that lakes are supersaturated with CO2 and CH4 causing a net release of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere. In order to more accurately estimate the net carbon source/sink function of lake ecosystems, a more comprehensive carbon budget is needed, especially for gaseous carbon exchange across the water-air interface. Using two methods, overall mass balance and gas exchange and carbon burial balance, we assessed the carbon source/sink function of Lake Donghu, a subtropical, eutrophic take, from April 2003 to March 2004. With the overall mass balance calculations, total carbon input was 14 905 t, total carbon output was 4950 1, and net carbon budget was +9955 t, suggesting that Lake Donghu was a great carbon sink. For the gas exchange and carbon burial balance, gaseous carbon (CO2 and CH4) emission across the water-air interface totaled 752 t while carbon burial in the lake sediment was 9477 t. The ratio of carbon emission into the atmosphere to carbon burial into the sediment was only 0.08. This low ratio indicates that Lake Donghu is a great carbon sink. Results showed good agreement between the two methods with both showing Lake Donghu to be a great carbon sink. This results from the high primary production of Lake Donghu, substantive allochthonous carbon inputs and intensive anthropogenic activity. Gaseous carbon emission accounted for about 15% of the total carbon output, indicating that the total output would be underestimated without including gaseous carbon exchange. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Scale study of direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from biomass synthesis gas

We investigated the synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from biomass synthesis gas using a kind of hybrid catalyst consisting of methanol and HZSM-5 zeolite in a fixed-bed reactor in a 100 ton/year pilot plant. The biomass synthesis gas was produced by oxygen-rich gasification of corn core in a two-stage fixed bed. The results showed that CO conversions reached 82.00% and 73.55%, the selectivities for DME were 73.95% and 69.73%, and the space-time yields were 124.28 kg m- 3 h- 1 and 203.80 kg m- 3 h- 1 when gas hourly space velocities were 650 h- 1 and 1200 h- 1, respectively. Deoxidation and tar removal from biomass synthesis gas was critical to the stable operation of the DME synthesis system. Using single-pass synthesis, the H2/CO ratio improved from 0.98-1.17 to 2.12-2.22. The yield of DME would be increased greatly if the exhaust was reused after removal of the CO2.

A transverse field gas ionization chamber performed at RIBLL

A transverse field gas ionization chamber as Delta E detector at the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL) is described. A high detection efficiency and long plateau are achieved with the mixed gas Ar(80%)+CO2(20%). The energy resolution is 3.25% for 4.94MeV alpha particle. This ionization chamber has been tested in the experiment with 50MeV/u Ni-58 bombarding Ta at RIBLL. All the fragments can be identified clearly by the ionization chamber.

Light alkenes preparation by the gas phase oxidative cracking or catalytic oxidative cracking of high hydrocarbons

The preparation of light alkenes by the gas phase oxidative cracking (GOC) or catalytic oxidative cracking (COC) of model high hydrocarbons ( hexane, cyclohexane, isooctane and decane in the GOC process and hexane in the COC process) was investigated in this paper. The selection for the feed in the GOC process was flexible. Excellent conversion of hydrocarbons ( over 85%) and high yield of light alkenes ( about 50%) were obtained in the GOC of various hydrocarbons including cyclohexane at 750 degreesC. In the GOC process, the utilization ratio of the carbon resources was high; CO dominated the produced COX (the selectivity to CO2 was always below 1%); and the total selectivity to light alkenes and CO was near or over 70%. In the COC of hexane over three typical catalysts (HZSM-5, 10% La2O3/HZSM-5 and 0.25% Li/MgO), the selectivity to COX was hard to decrease and the conversion of hexane and yield of light alkenes could not compete with those in the GOC process. With the addition of H-2 in the feed, the selectivity to COX was reduced below 5% over 0.1% Pt/HZSM-5 or 0.1% Pt/MgAl2O4 catalyst. The latter catalyst was superior to the former catalyst due to its perfect performance at high temperature, and with the latter, excellent selectivity to light alkenes ( 70%) and the conversion of hexane (92%) were achieved at 850 degreesC ( a yield of light alkenes of 64%, correspondingly).