42 resultados para C–H functionalization

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。重复的基因通过表达方式和(或)编码序列的改变而导致其亚功能化(subfunctionalization)和(或)新功能化(neofunctionalization),从而使这些重复基因有可能保留在生物体中,增添生物的遗传稳定性(robustness)和多样性。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是在被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大量的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征,以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。开展对MADS-box基因家族成员的序列结构、表达模式及编码蛋白的功能研究可以为这些同源基因在生物体中的可能命运提供很好的实验依据。本研究以我国特有的蔷薇科物种太行花做实验材料,通过3’ RACE和5’ RACE方法从太行花中克隆了7个MADS-box家族的基因。序列和系统进化树分析表明这7个基因分别与拟南芥的MADS-box基因AG、SHP(SHP1/2)、PI、AP1、FUL和SEP1以及与矮牵牛MADS-box基因PhTM6具有很高的同源性并聚为一支,从而将这7个MADS-box基因分别命名为TrAG(Taihangia rupestris AG)、TrSHP(Taihangia rupestris SHP)、TrPI(Taihangia rupestris PI)、TrAP1(Taihangia rupestris AP1)、TrFUL(Taihangia rupestris FUL)、TrSEP1(Taihangia rupestris SEP1)和TrTM6(Taihangia rupestris PhTM6)。针对克隆的这些基因,具体进行了以下几方面的研究: 第一,对TrAG和TrSHP两个MADS-box基因进行了研究,它们分别属于AG亚家族中旁系同源进化系euAG和PLE进化系的成员。通过原位杂交的方法分析了旁系同源基因TrAG和TrSHP的表达方式是否发生了分化;构建组成型表达载体转化野生型拟南芥,分析了TrAG和TrSHP的编码蛋白的功能是否发生了改变;并进一步通过酵母双杂交的方法比较了TrAG和TrSHP的相互作用方式是否发生了分化。原位杂交分析表明,TrAG和TrSHP主要在雄蕊、心皮和胚珠中表达。在花发育过程中,TrAG起始表达比TrSHP早,在随后将形成雄蕊和心皮原基的分生组织区域以及雄蕊原基中表达;然而直到雄蕊原基出现前未检测到TrSHP的表达。在雄蕊原基形成之后,TrAG和TrSHP在发育的雄蕊、随后将产生心皮原基的分生组织区域以及心皮原基中表达。在花发育的晚期,TrAG在发育的柱头、花柱以及胚珠中均有表达,而TrSHP仅在胚珠中表达。35S::TrAG和35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株表现出相似的表型,包括开花提前;莲座叶和茎生叶向腹卷曲、变小;花芽在时期13前即开放,萼片包裹不住花芽;萼片和花瓣分别被同源异型转化为心皮化和雄蕊化器官,并在萼片向腹面产生异位的胚珠;在茎生叶上产生柱头化的乳突和胚珠;子房弯曲;果实提前沿着开裂区裂开,暴露出胚珠。此外,也观察到35S::TrAG和35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株的一些表型差异,35S::TrAG转基因拟南芥植株花芽呈暗绿色,而35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株花芽呈黄绿色;不同与35S::TrAG转基因植株表型的是,35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株花被脱落受到了抑制,偶尔可以观察到花丝基部融合,果实变短、育性降低。酵母双杂交分析表明TrAG可以与TrSEP3相互作用,而TrSHP不能与TrSEP3形成异源二聚体。以上研究结果表明做为旁系同源基因,TrAG和TrSHP在表达方式上发生了改变,在蛋白编码序列上保持了其祖先的功能,但是编码序列的一些差异还是导致它们之间生化作用方式的不同和一定程度上的亚功能化。基于以上研究结果并结合先前报道的在拟南芥、金鱼草和矮牵牛等物种中旁系同源基因的表达和功能数据,我们提出在不同物种中旁系同源基因在进化过程中维持部分功能冗余(redundant),但是也通过改变表达方式、编码蛋白的功能及蛋白相互作用方式呈现出不同形式的亚功能化和(或)新功能化。 第二,对TrPI基因的功能也进行了初步研究,它属于AP3/PI亚家族PI-like进化系的成员。原位杂交结果表明,TrPI主要在花瓣、雄蕊和胚珠中表达。显示出TrPI与拟南芥同源基因PI保守的表达模式。35S::TrPI转基因拟南芥植株莲座叶发生延迟、变小、并且第一至第三片莲座叶呈白色针状;莲座叶和茎生叶并不像野生型呈有规则的螺旋状排列;花序茎基部、中间或顶端发生2-3个分支;在茎生叶的叶腋内的花序抽出时间明显晚于野生型,并且很小甚至不能完全抽出而藏在叶腋内。低温条件下转基因植株莲座叶的表型更加明显,表现为莲座叶变为针状,无叶片,仅有叶柄结构。这明显不同于35S::PI转基因拟南芥植株的表型。此外,酵母双杂交分析表明TrPI自身可以形成同源二聚体。这种相互作用方式也不同与拟南芥中PI的相互作用方式。以上研究结果表明,TrPI可能与拟南芥PI具有保守的表达模式但编码的蛋白可能获得了新的功能。 第三,构建了一个AP1-like基因(TrAP1)的过量表达载体,转化野生型拟南芥植株,通过反向遗传学分析了TrAP1的功能。35S::TrAP1转基因拟南芥植株开花提前;花序以两朵花终止,形成terminal flower的表型;偶尔可以观察到雄蕊转化为花瓣化的器官;莲座叶呈黄绿色并且其边缘呈锯齿状。酵母双杂交分析表明TrAP1蛋白自身可以形成同源二聚体。这些结果表明TrAP1可能与拟南芥同源基因AP1具有保守的功能。

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大量研究表明,农田水分状况发生变化对CH<,4>排放有重大影响,水稻生长期的晒田处理不仅有利于植株生长而且能增加CH<,4>氧化,减少CH<,4>生成.但近年来注意到有利于控制CH<,4>排放的水分管理措施往往会促进N<,2>O排放,而其机理及对大气净温室效应的影响报道甚少.该文对不同水分管理下CH<,4>和N<,2>O的排放进行了定量分析并对温室效应的贡献进行了估算;同时对二种气体排放的微生物学过程进行了研究,观测了相关微生物菌群数量及田间环境因子的变化,并对不同水分处理期间的土壤理化性质对CH<,4>和N<,2>O排放及微生物数量的影响作了进一步分析,为制定综合控制稻田CH<,4>和N<,2>O的排放措施提供了科学依据.

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本文以碳氢燃料燃烧过程中最为重要和关键的自由基CH为对象,采用分子光谱测温的技术,在未采用任何滤光设备的情况下,通过CH激光诱导荧光色散谱实现了对甲烷/空气的预混本生火焰中CH自由基所处位置的温度测量。同时以平面激光诱导荧光成像的手段实现了甲烷/空气的预混本生火焰中CH的荧光分布情况的研究,从而为实现CH荧光的在线测量提供实验验证和准备。

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This review focuses on the synthesis, assembly, surface functionalization, as well as application of inorganic nanostructures. Electrochemical and wet- chemical methods are demonstrated to be effective approaches to make metal nanostructures under control without addition of a reducing agent or protecting agent. Owing to the unique physical and chemical properties of the nano-sized materials, novel applications are introduced using inorganic nanomaterials, such as electrocatalysis, photoelectricity, spectrochemistry, and analytical chemistry.

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Ordered mesoporous silica (MCM-41) particles with different morphologies were synthesized through a simple hydrothermal process. Then these silica particles were functionalized with luminescent YVO4:EU3+ layers via the Pechini sol-gel process. The obtained YVO4:Eu3+ and MCM-41 composites, which maintained the mesoporous structure of MCM-41 and the red luminescence property of YVO4:Eu3+ were investigated as drug delivery systems using ibuprofen (IBU) as model drug. The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N-2 adsorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, respectively.

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Combined with polymer wrapping and layer-by-layer techniques, a noncovalent functionalization method is developed to disperse Pt nanocubes (NCs) onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By adjusting the relative ratio of Pt NCs to CNTs, nanotubes with different Pt NC loadings are produced. The composites exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction.

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A series of novel poly(ester-carbonate)s bearing pendant allyl ester groups P(LA-co-MAC)s were prepared by ring-opening copolymerization Of L-lactide (LA) and 5-methyl-5-allyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MAC) with diethyl zinc (ZnEt2) as initiator. NMR analysis investigated the microstructure of the copolymer. DSC results indicated that the copolymers displayed a single glass-transition temperature (T-g), which was indicative of a random copolymer, and the Tg decreased with increasing carbonate content in the copolymer.

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A facile method to obtain polydisperse chemically-converted graphene sheets that are covalently functionalized with ionic liquid was reported-the resulting graphene sheets, without any assistance from polymeric or surfactant stabilizers, can be stably dispersed in water, DMF, and DMSO.

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Polydisperse, functionalized, chemically converted graphene (f-CCG) nanosheets, which can be homogeneously distributed into water, ethanol, DMF, DMSO and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), were obtained via facile covalent functionalization with APTS. The resulting f-CCG nanosheets were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TGA, EDX, AFM, SEM, and TEM. Furthermore, the f-CCG nanosheets as reinforcing components were extended into silica monoliths. Compressive tests revealed that the compressive failure strength and the toughness of f-CCG-reinforced APTS monoliths at 0.1 wt% functionalized, chemically converted graphene sheets compared with the neat APTS monolith were greatly improved by 19.9% and 92%, respectively.